This document provides an overview of transport in vascular plants. It discusses how plants evolved roots and shoots to transport nutrients throughout their bodies over long distances via vascular tissue. Transport occurs on three scales: at the cellular level between cells, over short distances within tissues and organs, and over long distances within the xylem and phloem throughout the whole plant. A variety of physical processes drive this transport, including water potential differences and bulk flow.
The document summarizes key aspects of plasma membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that forms a selective barrier between the cell's interior and exterior. The membrane contains integral proteins that span it and peripheral proteins that are attached to its surface. It also contains transport proteins that allow substances to pass through, either passively via diffusion or facilitated diffusion, or actively through processes like the sodium-potassium pump that require energy. The membrane's structure enables it to regulate the passage of substances and carry out vital functions for the cell.
This document discusses the structure and function of cells. It begins by outlining cell theory - that cells are the basic unit of life and organisms depend on individual and collective cell activity. It then describes the structure of a generalized cell, including the plasma membrane that separates intracellular and extracellular fluids. The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is a double bilayer of lipids and proteins. Membrane proteins have transport or attachment functions. The document goes on to describe various membrane transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, as well as vesicular transport. It also discusses the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like the ER, Golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and their roles in cellular structure
Lecture notes- transport & mitosis keyToppermost64
This document discusses cell physiology, including membrane transport, solutions, selective permeability, passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis, active transport processes like solute pumping and vesicular transport, the cell life cycle including interphase and cell division, DNA replication, the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. It provides diagrams to illustrate these concepts and processes.
This document discusses cellular structure and function. It begins by outlining the cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic unit of life, organismal activity depends on cellular activity, and biochemical activities are dictated by subcellular structures. It then provides an overview of plasma membrane structure and function, including the fluid mosaic model, membrane proteins, membrane junctions, and passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport is discussed through the example of the sodium-potassium pump, which establishes electrochemical gradients using ATP.
This document discusses cell membrane structure and function. It begins by outlining the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, describing it as a double bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins. It then discusses several types of passive membrane transport mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport is also covered, using the sodium-potassium pump as an example of how ATP is used to actively transport ions against their concentration gradients.
Plants have developed two pathways for transporting water and nutrients throughout their systems:
1) The apoplast pathway transports substances through the cell walls and extracellular spaces between cells.
2) The symplast pathway allows direct transport between cell cytoplasm through plasmodesmata.
The main driving forces for transport in plants are root pressure, which pushes water up short distances, and transpiration pull, where water loss through leaves creates suction to draw water up from the roots. Transpiration is driven by temperature, light exposure, humidity, and other environmental factors.
Together these pathways and driving forces work to transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant body to sustain growth and survival.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including:
- Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins to move solutes against a concentration gradient in symport, antiport, primary active transport, or secondary active transport.
- Vesicular transport moves large particles and macromolecules via exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Membrane potential results from ion concentration gradients and differential membrane permeability, and is maintained by active transport of ions via the sodium-potassium pump.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including:
- Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins to move solutes against a concentration gradient in symport, antiport, primary active transport, or secondary active transport.
- Vesicular transport moves larger particles and macromolecules via exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Membrane potential results from ion concentration gradients and differential membrane permeability, and is maintained by active transport of ions via the sodium-potassium pump.
The document summarizes key aspects of plasma membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that forms a selective barrier between the cell's interior and exterior. The membrane contains integral proteins that span it and peripheral proteins that are attached to its surface. It also contains transport proteins that allow substances to pass through, either passively via diffusion or facilitated diffusion, or actively through processes like the sodium-potassium pump that require energy. The membrane's structure enables it to regulate the passage of substances and carry out vital functions for the cell.
This document discusses the structure and function of cells. It begins by outlining cell theory - that cells are the basic unit of life and organisms depend on individual and collective cell activity. It then describes the structure of a generalized cell, including the plasma membrane that separates intracellular and extracellular fluids. The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is a double bilayer of lipids and proteins. Membrane proteins have transport or attachment functions. The document goes on to describe various membrane transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, as well as vesicular transport. It also discusses the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like the ER, Golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and their roles in cellular structure
Lecture notes- transport & mitosis keyToppermost64
This document discusses cell physiology, including membrane transport, solutions, selective permeability, passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis, active transport processes like solute pumping and vesicular transport, the cell life cycle including interphase and cell division, DNA replication, the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. It provides diagrams to illustrate these concepts and processes.
This document discusses cellular structure and function. It begins by outlining the cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic unit of life, organismal activity depends on cellular activity, and biochemical activities are dictated by subcellular structures. It then provides an overview of plasma membrane structure and function, including the fluid mosaic model, membrane proteins, membrane junctions, and passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport is discussed through the example of the sodium-potassium pump, which establishes electrochemical gradients using ATP.
This document discusses cell membrane structure and function. It begins by outlining the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, describing it as a double bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins. It then discusses several types of passive membrane transport mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport is also covered, using the sodium-potassium pump as an example of how ATP is used to actively transport ions against their concentration gradients.
Plants have developed two pathways for transporting water and nutrients throughout their systems:
1) The apoplast pathway transports substances through the cell walls and extracellular spaces between cells.
2) The symplast pathway allows direct transport between cell cytoplasm through plasmodesmata.
The main driving forces for transport in plants are root pressure, which pushes water up short distances, and transpiration pull, where water loss through leaves creates suction to draw water up from the roots. Transpiration is driven by temperature, light exposure, humidity, and other environmental factors.
Together these pathways and driving forces work to transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant body to sustain growth and survival.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including:
- Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins to move solutes against a concentration gradient in symport, antiport, primary active transport, or secondary active transport.
- Vesicular transport moves large particles and macromolecules via exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Membrane potential results from ion concentration gradients and differential membrane permeability, and is maintained by active transport of ions via the sodium-potassium pump.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including:
- Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins to move solutes against a concentration gradient in symport, antiport, primary active transport, or secondary active transport.
- Vesicular transport moves larger particles and macromolecules via exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Membrane potential results from ion concentration gradients and differential membrane permeability, and is maintained by active transport of ions via the sodium-potassium pump.
This document summarizes key points about cell membranes and cellular transport from Chapter 5 of a biology textbook. It discusses how membranes are composed of phospholipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. It describes different types of passive transport including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Large molecules are transported across membranes via exocytosis and endocytosis. The chapter emphasizes that ATP acts as the cell's energy currency, powering various types of cellular work through energy coupling reactions.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model, including that membranes are made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates. It explains different types of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport. Diffusion and osmosis rely on concentration gradients but active transport works against gradients using protein carriers and ATP. Membrane transport controls exchange of materials and signals between cells and their environments.
This document provides an overview of cell membrane transport. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and describes the various transport mechanisms like passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis and exocytosis. It explains the structures involved in transport like membrane proteins, channels, carriers and pumps. It also differentiates between osmoregulation in plant and animal cells and the importance of selective permeability and maintaining ion gradients.
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms and cell division. It describes two methods of transport across the cell membrane - passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which uses cellular energy. It explains different types of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, and active transport processes like solute pumping and vesicular transport. The document then covers the stages of the cell cycle including DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis and describes each stage of cell division.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
Transport systems are necessary in multicellular plants due to their large size and low surface area to volume ratio. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals and is located in the center of roots and around the edges of stems. Phloem tissue transports sugars and is located between the arms of the xylem in roots and on the outer edges of vascular bundles in stems. Water moves through the plant via osmosis from the root cortex through the Casparian strip, symplast pathway, xylem and finally out of the leaves through stomata. Factors like temperature, light and humidity affect the rate of transpiration and water loss from the plant.
The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in plant and animal cells. It explains the structure of the plasma membrane and the different types of transport mechanisms, including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport which requires energy. The effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant and animal cells are explained. Examples of wilting in plants and food preservation are also provided. The movement of substances is essential for cell survival and occurs in a continuous, controlled manner.
The document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function from Chapter 7 of Biology, Seventh Edition. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, which states that membranes are fluid structures composed of a phospholipid bilayer with various proteins embedded within. Membranes exhibit selective permeability, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion or facilitated diffusion while actively transporting other substances against their gradients using transport proteins and cellular energy. Membrane proteins play important roles including transport, signaling, cell-cell recognition and attachment to the cytoskeleton. Membrane fluidity and composition impact these functions.
This document provides an overview of resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants. It describes the three scales of transport as (1) individual cells, (2) short-distance transport between tissues and organs, and (3) long-distance transport throughout the plant via xylem and phloem. Key mechanisms discussed include the proton pump, osmosis, water potential, and co-transport. Long-distance transport occurs via transpiration pull, where water is pulled up from the roots to the leaves through the xylem due to transpiration and cohesion-tension.
Passive and active transport mechanisms allow substances to move across the plasma membrane. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which allow movement down concentration gradients without energy usage. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients through carrier proteins and requires energy from ATP. When cells are placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solutions, water will move in and out through osmosis, causing cell swelling, shrinking, or no net movement respectively. These processes allow important functions and applications in plants, medicine, and more.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including: passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which do not require energy; and active transport mechanisms like protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis which require energy. It provides details on the structure of the cell membrane and defines each transport process. Examples are given of molecules that diffuse through membranes as well as the sodium-potassium pump as an example of active transport.
The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function:
1. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, which explains that membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with integral and peripheral proteins that give the membrane a fluid structure.
2. The key components of cell membranes are phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. Transport proteins like channel and carrier proteins allow selective permeability across the membrane.
3. Membrane proteins have a variety of important roles including cell-cell recognition, transport, enzymatic activity, and attachment to intracellular structures. The fluid mosaic structure and selective permeability of membranes allows them to regulate cellular traffic.
The plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It has a fluid mosaic structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. This structure allows small hydrophobic molecules to pass through the membrane freely via diffusion, while hydrophilic molecules require transport proteins like channels and carriers. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane through active or passive transport.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from Campbell Biology on membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a fluid mosaic structure. Specific topics covered include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane structure results in selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. Both passive and active transport processes allow cells to regulate what enters and leaves across the membrane.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral proteins embedded within it, peripheral proteins attached to its surface, and lipid-anchored proteins. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion using channel proteins, and active transport using carrier proteins that require ATP. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow bulk transport across the membrane through vesicles.
The plasma membrane encloses the cell and maintains differences between the cytosol and external environment. It has a bilayer structure of lipid and protein molecules. Early models like the Danielli and Davson model proposed a trilamellar structure of lipid bilayers separated by protein layers. The fluid mosaic model further described the membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins dispersed within. Transport across the membrane occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, and active transport using carrier proteins and ion pumps. The membrane undergoes modifications like formation of microvilli, cilia, desmosomes and plasmodesmata to support cell functions.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure, with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within or attached to the phospholipid bilayer. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It also contains proteins that act as carriers, channels, pumps, receptors, enzymes, and adhesion molecules that perform important cell functions.
The document discusses the structure and function of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms a fluid mosaic with embedded proteins. This structure allows the membrane to regulate what passes in and out of the cell while maintaining the cell's shape. The document also outlines the different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport. It describes active transport processes like pumps and endocytosis that require cellular energy to move molecules against gradients.
1. The document discusses plant anatomy and transport systems. It describes the basic tissues and organs of dicotyledonous plants including dermal, vascular and ground tissues. It also discusses secondary growth in stems and roots.
2. The document explains how water and minerals are taken up by roots through transmembrane, symplastic and apoplastic pathways, and transported through the xylem. Environmental factors like transpiration pull water up from the roots and through the stems and leaves.
3. The products of photosynthesis are transported from source to sink tissues through the phloem. Sucrose moves from leaves to areas of storage or growth through phloem translocation.
This document summarizes key points about cell membranes and cellular transport from Chapter 5 of a biology textbook. It discusses how membranes are composed of phospholipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. It describes different types of passive transport including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Large molecules are transported across membranes via exocytosis and endocytosis. The chapter emphasizes that ATP acts as the cell's energy currency, powering various types of cellular work through energy coupling reactions.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model, including that membranes are made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates. It explains different types of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport. Diffusion and osmosis rely on concentration gradients but active transport works against gradients using protein carriers and ATP. Membrane transport controls exchange of materials and signals between cells and their environments.
This document provides an overview of cell membrane transport. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and describes the various transport mechanisms like passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis and exocytosis. It explains the structures involved in transport like membrane proteins, channels, carriers and pumps. It also differentiates between osmoregulation in plant and animal cells and the importance of selective permeability and maintaining ion gradients.
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms and cell division. It describes two methods of transport across the cell membrane - passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which uses cellular energy. It explains different types of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, and active transport processes like solute pumping and vesicular transport. The document then covers the stages of the cell cycle including DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis and describes each stage of cell division.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
Transport systems are necessary in multicellular plants due to their large size and low surface area to volume ratio. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals and is located in the center of roots and around the edges of stems. Phloem tissue transports sugars and is located between the arms of the xylem in roots and on the outer edges of vascular bundles in stems. Water moves through the plant via osmosis from the root cortex through the Casparian strip, symplast pathway, xylem and finally out of the leaves through stomata. Factors like temperature, light and humidity affect the rate of transpiration and water loss from the plant.
The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in plant and animal cells. It explains the structure of the plasma membrane and the different types of transport mechanisms, including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport which requires energy. The effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant and animal cells are explained. Examples of wilting in plants and food preservation are also provided. The movement of substances is essential for cell survival and occurs in a continuous, controlled manner.
The document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function from Chapter 7 of Biology, Seventh Edition. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, which states that membranes are fluid structures composed of a phospholipid bilayer with various proteins embedded within. Membranes exhibit selective permeability, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion or facilitated diffusion while actively transporting other substances against their gradients using transport proteins and cellular energy. Membrane proteins play important roles including transport, signaling, cell-cell recognition and attachment to the cytoskeleton. Membrane fluidity and composition impact these functions.
This document provides an overview of resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants. It describes the three scales of transport as (1) individual cells, (2) short-distance transport between tissues and organs, and (3) long-distance transport throughout the plant via xylem and phloem. Key mechanisms discussed include the proton pump, osmosis, water potential, and co-transport. Long-distance transport occurs via transpiration pull, where water is pulled up from the roots to the leaves through the xylem due to transpiration and cohesion-tension.
Passive and active transport mechanisms allow substances to move across the plasma membrane. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which allow movement down concentration gradients without energy usage. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients through carrier proteins and requires energy from ATP. When cells are placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solutions, water will move in and out through osmosis, causing cell swelling, shrinking, or no net movement respectively. These processes allow important functions and applications in plants, medicine, and more.
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including: passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which do not require energy; and active transport mechanisms like protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis which require energy. It provides details on the structure of the cell membrane and defines each transport process. Examples are given of molecules that diffuse through membranes as well as the sodium-potassium pump as an example of active transport.
The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function:
1. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, which explains that membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with integral and peripheral proteins that give the membrane a fluid structure.
2. The key components of cell membranes are phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. Transport proteins like channel and carrier proteins allow selective permeability across the membrane.
3. Membrane proteins have a variety of important roles including cell-cell recognition, transport, enzymatic activity, and attachment to intracellular structures. The fluid mosaic structure and selective permeability of membranes allows them to regulate cellular traffic.
The plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It has a fluid mosaic structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. This structure allows small hydrophobic molecules to pass through the membrane freely via diffusion, while hydrophilic molecules require transport proteins like channels and carriers. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane through active or passive transport.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from Campbell Biology on membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a fluid mosaic structure. Specific topics covered include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane structure results in selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. Both passive and active transport processes allow cells to regulate what enters and leaves across the membrane.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral proteins embedded within it, peripheral proteins attached to its surface, and lipid-anchored proteins. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion using channel proteins, and active transport using carrier proteins that require ATP. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow bulk transport across the membrane through vesicles.
The plasma membrane encloses the cell and maintains differences between the cytosol and external environment. It has a bilayer structure of lipid and protein molecules. Early models like the Danielli and Davson model proposed a trilamellar structure of lipid bilayers separated by protein layers. The fluid mosaic model further described the membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins dispersed within. Transport across the membrane occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, and active transport using carrier proteins and ion pumps. The membrane undergoes modifications like formation of microvilli, cilia, desmosomes and plasmodesmata to support cell functions.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure, with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within or attached to the phospholipid bilayer. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It also contains proteins that act as carriers, channels, pumps, receptors, enzymes, and adhesion molecules that perform important cell functions.
The document discusses the structure and function of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms a fluid mosaic with embedded proteins. This structure allows the membrane to regulate what passes in and out of the cell while maintaining the cell's shape. The document also outlines the different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport. It describes active transport processes like pumps and endocytosis that require cellular energy to move molecules against gradients.
1. The document discusses plant anatomy and transport systems. It describes the basic tissues and organs of dicotyledonous plants including dermal, vascular and ground tissues. It also discusses secondary growth in stems and roots.
2. The document explains how water and minerals are taken up by roots through transmembrane, symplastic and apoplastic pathways, and transported through the xylem. Environmental factors like transpiration pull water up from the roots and through the stems and leaves.
3. The products of photosynthesis are transported from source to sink tissues through the phloem. Sucrose moves from leaves to areas of storage or growth through phloem translocation.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).