This document discusses the anatomy of the female pelvis, which forms the birth canal through which a fetus must pass during childbirth. It describes the boundaries and divisions of the pelvis, including the true pelvis and false pelvis divided by the linea terminalis. The diameters and walls of the pelvic inlet, mid-pelvis, outlet, and cavity are defined. The curves and axes of the birth canal are explained. Different pelvic types including gynecoid, android, anthropic, and platypelloid are classified based on their anatomical characteristics. The clinical significance of abnormalities and different pelvic shapes on labor and delivery is summarized.
The pelvis consists of bones that form a bony ring and cavity. There are differences in pelvic measurements between males and females to facilitate childbirth. The female pelvis has a wider inlet and cavity to allow passage of the infant's head. Key measurements include the anteroposterior diameter, oblique diameter, and transverse diameter of the inlet, mid-pelvis, and outlet. The plane of greatest dimensions is in the mid-pelvis. Sex differences exist in structures like the sciatic notch, ischiopubic index, and acetabulum to accommodate childbirth in females.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the maternal pelvis. It describes how the pelvis is composed of bones that fuse together, including the innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It then discusses the different planes and diameters of the pelvis, including the inlet, cavity, and outlet. For each, it provides the bony landmarks and average diameters. The document emphasizes how the shape and angles of the pelvis impact labor and delivery.
This document discusses female pelvis anatomy and pelvimetry. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, including the sacrum, coccyx, hip bones and pubis. It outlines the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet, including their boundaries and diameters. The pelvic planes and axes are defined. Finally, it briefly mentions pelvic types and the process of pelvimetry.
The female pelvis is made up of four main bones that form a curved canal for childbirth. It has three main divisions: the brim, cavity, and outlet. The brim is oval-shaped, while the cavity is round. The outlet has the largest anteroposterior diameter to allow baby to pass. Key measurements like the true conjugate must be adequate for labor. The sacrum, coccyx, and two innominate bones articulate to provide structure and protection for pelvic organs.
**Ethical Considerations in Anatomy Practice:**
1. **Respect for Donors:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Acknowledging the humanity of donors and their altruistic contribution.
- **Implications:** Fostering a culture of gratitude and reverence among practitioners and students toward those who donated their bodies for educational purposes.
2. **Cadaver Treatment:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Ensuring humane and respectful treatment of cadavers during dissection and study.
- **Implications:** Establishing guidelines for proper handling, avoiding disrespectful behavior, and emphasizing the educational purpose without compromising dignity.
3. **Communication and Consent:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Maintaining clear communication about the use of cadavers and obtaining explicit consent.
- **Implications:** Creating an environment that promotes openness and transparency, ensuring that donors and their families fully understand the educational and research aspects of body donation.
4. **Sensitive Content Handling:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Approaching sensitive anatomical content with empathy and cultural sensitivity.
- **Implications:** Recognizing diverse perspectives on death and the human body, ensuring educational materials and practices are respectful of different cultural and religious beliefs.
5. **Educational Integrity:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Ensuring that anatomical education is conducted with professionalism and academic integrity.
- **Implications:** Discouraging any behavior that goes beyond the scope of educational necessity, emphasizing the ethical responsibility of practitioners to uphold the integrity of their profession.
**Legal Considerations in Anatomy Practice:**
1. **Consent Laws:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Adhering to laws governing the consent process for body donation.
- **Implications:** Ensuring that consent procedures comply with legal requirements to avoid potential legal issues and protect the rights of donors.
2. **Occupational Health and Safety:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Complying with regulations to ensure the health and safety of those working with cadavers.
- **Implications:** Implementing measures such as proper storage, use of personal protective equipment, and disposal protocols to prevent occupational hazards and adhere to legal standards.
3. **Facility Accreditation:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Meeting accreditation standards set by relevant authorities for anatomy facilities.
- **Implications:** Ensuring that facilities adhere to legal requirements regarding infrastructure, sanitation, and overall conditions to maintain accreditation.
4. **Record-Keeping and Documentation:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Maintaining accurate records of donor information, consent, and cadaver use.
- **Implications:** Legal documentation helps in tracking the legal status of body donations, ensuring compliance with laws, and facilitating transparency in case of audits or legal inquirie
The document provides an overview of the female pelvis. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis (innominate bones, sacrum, coccyx), pelvic ligaments and joints. It discusses the diameters and landmarks of the true pelvis, including the brim, cavity and outlet. It also outlines the functions of the pelvis and variations in pelvic shape, including gynaecoid, anthropoid, android and platypelloid types. The learning objectives are to describe the pelvic bones and joints, explain the planes and diameters of the true pelvis, and mention variations in pelvis shape.
The pelvis consists of bones that form a bony ring and cavity. There are differences in pelvic measurements between males and females to facilitate childbirth. The female pelvis has a wider inlet and cavity to allow passage of the infant's head. Key measurements include the anteroposterior diameter, oblique diameter, and transverse diameter of the inlet, mid-pelvis, and outlet. The plane of greatest dimensions is in the mid-pelvis. Sex differences exist in structures like the sciatic notch, ischiopubic index, and acetabulum to accommodate childbirth in females.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the maternal pelvis. It describes how the pelvis is composed of bones that fuse together, including the innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It then discusses the different planes and diameters of the pelvis, including the inlet, cavity, and outlet. For each, it provides the bony landmarks and average diameters. The document emphasizes how the shape and angles of the pelvis impact labor and delivery.
This document discusses female pelvis anatomy and pelvimetry. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, including the sacrum, coccyx, hip bones and pubis. It outlines the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet, including their boundaries and diameters. The pelvic planes and axes are defined. Finally, it briefly mentions pelvic types and the process of pelvimetry.
The female pelvis is made up of four main bones that form a curved canal for childbirth. It has three main divisions: the brim, cavity, and outlet. The brim is oval-shaped, while the cavity is round. The outlet has the largest anteroposterior diameter to allow baby to pass. Key measurements like the true conjugate must be adequate for labor. The sacrum, coccyx, and two innominate bones articulate to provide structure and protection for pelvic organs.
**Ethical Considerations in Anatomy Practice:**
1. **Respect for Donors:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Acknowledging the humanity of donors and their altruistic contribution.
- **Implications:** Fostering a culture of gratitude and reverence among practitioners and students toward those who donated their bodies for educational purposes.
2. **Cadaver Treatment:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Ensuring humane and respectful treatment of cadavers during dissection and study.
- **Implications:** Establishing guidelines for proper handling, avoiding disrespectful behavior, and emphasizing the educational purpose without compromising dignity.
3. **Communication and Consent:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Maintaining clear communication about the use of cadavers and obtaining explicit consent.
- **Implications:** Creating an environment that promotes openness and transparency, ensuring that donors and their families fully understand the educational and research aspects of body donation.
4. **Sensitive Content Handling:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Approaching sensitive anatomical content with empathy and cultural sensitivity.
- **Implications:** Recognizing diverse perspectives on death and the human body, ensuring educational materials and practices are respectful of different cultural and religious beliefs.
5. **Educational Integrity:**
- **Ethical Aspect:** Ensuring that anatomical education is conducted with professionalism and academic integrity.
- **Implications:** Discouraging any behavior that goes beyond the scope of educational necessity, emphasizing the ethical responsibility of practitioners to uphold the integrity of their profession.
**Legal Considerations in Anatomy Practice:**
1. **Consent Laws:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Adhering to laws governing the consent process for body donation.
- **Implications:** Ensuring that consent procedures comply with legal requirements to avoid potential legal issues and protect the rights of donors.
2. **Occupational Health and Safety:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Complying with regulations to ensure the health and safety of those working with cadavers.
- **Implications:** Implementing measures such as proper storage, use of personal protective equipment, and disposal protocols to prevent occupational hazards and adhere to legal standards.
3. **Facility Accreditation:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Meeting accreditation standards set by relevant authorities for anatomy facilities.
- **Implications:** Ensuring that facilities adhere to legal requirements regarding infrastructure, sanitation, and overall conditions to maintain accreditation.
4. **Record-Keeping and Documentation:**
- **Legal Aspect:** Maintaining accurate records of donor information, consent, and cadaver use.
- **Implications:** Legal documentation helps in tracking the legal status of body donations, ensuring compliance with laws, and facilitating transparency in case of audits or legal inquirie
The document provides an overview of the female pelvis. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis (innominate bones, sacrum, coccyx), pelvic ligaments and joints. It discusses the diameters and landmarks of the true pelvis, including the brim, cavity and outlet. It also outlines the functions of the pelvis and variations in pelvic shape, including gynaecoid, anthropoid, android and platypelloid types. The learning objectives are to describe the pelvic bones and joints, explain the planes and diameters of the true pelvis, and mention variations in pelvis shape.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the maternal pelvis. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis and divides it into regions. It outlines the planes and diameters within each region, specifically noting the important obstetric measurements at the inlet, midpelvis, and outlet. Key anatomical landmarks are defined. Common pelvic classifications and their characteristics are also summarized.
The pelvis is made of bones that form three areas - the inlet, cavity, and outlet. The inlet is oval shaped and its diameters include the obstetric conjugate and transverse diameter. The midpelvis is at the level of the ischial spines and its diameters are important for fetal engagement and rotation. The outlet has triangular shapes defined by the ischial tuberosities and subpubic arch. The pelvis can be classified based on the shape of these areas.
Pelvis definition, pelvis parts, pelvis functions, pelvis structure, pelvis ligaments, pelvic floor, pelvic joints, effect on labour, pelvic inclination, possible injuries in birth canal during labour, ways of preventing injuries in birth canal during labour.
The pelvis is composed of bones that form a ring and basin shape, including the two innominate bones joined in front by the pubic symphysis and joined behind to the sacrum. The pelvis contains the true and false pelvis, with the true pelvis located below the pelvic brim and containing reproductive organs. Differences exist between male and female pelvises to accommodate childbirth in females, such as a wider and more circular inlet in females. The pelvis has important clinical measurements like the conjugate diameter of the inlet.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system, with a focus on the pelvis, pelvic floor, and fetal skull. It describes the functions and structures of the bony pelvis, including the pelvic bones, joints, ligaments, diameters, types of pelvis, and its comparison to the male pelvis. It also details the anatomy and functions of the pelvic floor muscles and its layers. Finally, it outlines the parts and measurements of the fetal skull and its importance during childbirth. The overall objective is to enhance knowledge of midwifery to ensure safe delivery.
The anterior abdominal wall has 7 layers and is divided into 9 regions. It contains several muscles including the external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis. The inguinal ligament and superficial inguinal ring allow passage of structures like the spermatic cord. The rectus sheath encloses the rectus abdominis muscle. Common incisions include midline, paramedian, and Pfannenstiel incisions. Hernias can occur if there is a weakness in the abdominal wall layers.
The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscles (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus) and the coccygeus muscle. These muscles originate on pelvic bones and insert into the coccyx, anococcygeal body, or perineal body to support the pelvic organs. The pelvic diaphragm is innervated by sacral plexus branches.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the female pelvis. It describes the four pelvic bones - the two innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It details the structures of the innominate bones including the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone. It discusses the pelvic joints and ligaments. It also describes the false pelvis, true pelvis including the brim, cavity, and outlet. It notes the diameters and landmarks of the brim. It concludes by summarizing the muscles of the pelvic floor.
1-Anatomy of the female genital organ (1).pptchandan kumar
The document discusses female pelvic anatomy and fetal skull anatomy. It aims to understand the relationship between the female pelvis bones/tissues and the fetal skull to explain labor mechanisms. It also aims to understand fetal circulation changes during and after pregnancy to predict and prevent postpartum hemorrhage. The objectives are for students to understand pelvic organ relationships, fetal skull engagement in the pelvis during labor, and fetal circulation variants compared to adults. Key structures discussed include the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic bones, pelvic floor, fetal skull bones and sutures.
The abdominal wall has 9 layers and develops from the lateral plate mesoderm. It closes by the end of the third month except at the umbilical ring. There are 4 muscles of the abdominal wall along with fascia layers. The rectus sheath surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the abdominal wall. Congenital abnormalities include umbilical hernias such as omphalocele and gastroschisis. Persistence of the omphalomesenteric duct can lead to abnormalities like Meckel's diverticulum.
The female pelvis is formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and supports the intestines. The pelvis allows for childbirth through its shape and flexibility. It has several diameters and planes that are important for assessing fetal head engagement and progression during labor. Common pelvic types include gynaecoid, anthropoid, and android shapes that can impact birthing outcomes. Deformities such as contracted or asymmetric pelvises may complicate delivery.
The document describes the anatomy of the pectoral region, including muscles like the pectoralis major and minor, and serratus anterior. It also discusses the mammary gland/breast, describing its structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and applied aspects like mammography and breast abscesses. Key structures mentioned include the clavicle, sternum, ribs, humerus, and scapula.
ANATOMY OF FEMALE PELVIS AND FETAL SKULL.pptMishiSoza
The document describes the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull in the context of labor and delivery. It discusses the components of the bony pelvis including the innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx as well as pelvic joints. Dimensions of the pelvic brim, cavity, and outlet are provided. Characteristics of the normal female pelvis are compared to the male pelvis. Different types of female pelvises including gynaecoid, anthropoid, and android are outlined. Finally, regions and diameters of the fetal skull are defined to describe its role in labor.
This document provides an overview of the pelvis. It describes the pelvis as a bowl-shaped bony structure containing important organs and forming attachments for the trunk and lower limbs. The pelvis is formed from four bones: the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It is divided into the false pelvis above the pelvic brim and true pelvis below. The true pelvis has an inlet, outlet, and cavity to allow childbirth. The anterior, posterior, and lateral walls of the pelvis are described along with important ligaments and muscles that provide structure and support.
The document describes the different types of female pelvis that can impact childbirth - the gynecoid, android, anthropic, and platypelloid pelvises. The gynecoid pelvis, found in 50-55% of women, has a shape that is ideal for childbirth with a slightly oval inlet and less prominent ischial spines that facilitate fetal passage. In contrast, the android pelvis resembles the male pelvis and can often require C-sections due to its narrower shape. The document also outlines the bones that make up the female pelvis and describes the measurements and landmarks of the true pelvis.
This document describes the female pelvis. It defines the pelvis as a ring of bones formed by the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It discusses the types of pelvic bones and their features. It also describes the structures of the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. It outlines the landmarks and diameters of the inlet. Finally, it discusses the common types of pelvis and deformities that can occur.
This document defines and describes the female pelvis. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, including the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It describes the structures of the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. It defines the landmarks and diameters of the inlet. It also discusses types of pelvis including gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis. Finally, it lists some common deformities of the pelvis.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the maternal pelvis. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis and divides it into regions. It outlines the planes and diameters within each region, specifically noting the important obstetric measurements at the inlet, midpelvis, and outlet. Key anatomical landmarks are defined. Common pelvic classifications and their characteristics are also summarized.
The pelvis is made of bones that form three areas - the inlet, cavity, and outlet. The inlet is oval shaped and its diameters include the obstetric conjugate and transverse diameter. The midpelvis is at the level of the ischial spines and its diameters are important for fetal engagement and rotation. The outlet has triangular shapes defined by the ischial tuberosities and subpubic arch. The pelvis can be classified based on the shape of these areas.
Pelvis definition, pelvis parts, pelvis functions, pelvis structure, pelvis ligaments, pelvic floor, pelvic joints, effect on labour, pelvic inclination, possible injuries in birth canal during labour, ways of preventing injuries in birth canal during labour.
The pelvis is composed of bones that form a ring and basin shape, including the two innominate bones joined in front by the pubic symphysis and joined behind to the sacrum. The pelvis contains the true and false pelvis, with the true pelvis located below the pelvic brim and containing reproductive organs. Differences exist between male and female pelvises to accommodate childbirth in females, such as a wider and more circular inlet in females. The pelvis has important clinical measurements like the conjugate diameter of the inlet.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system, with a focus on the pelvis, pelvic floor, and fetal skull. It describes the functions and structures of the bony pelvis, including the pelvic bones, joints, ligaments, diameters, types of pelvis, and its comparison to the male pelvis. It also details the anatomy and functions of the pelvic floor muscles and its layers. Finally, it outlines the parts and measurements of the fetal skull and its importance during childbirth. The overall objective is to enhance knowledge of midwifery to ensure safe delivery.
The anterior abdominal wall has 7 layers and is divided into 9 regions. It contains several muscles including the external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis. The inguinal ligament and superficial inguinal ring allow passage of structures like the spermatic cord. The rectus sheath encloses the rectus abdominis muscle. Common incisions include midline, paramedian, and Pfannenstiel incisions. Hernias can occur if there is a weakness in the abdominal wall layers.
The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscles (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus) and the coccygeus muscle. These muscles originate on pelvic bones and insert into the coccyx, anococcygeal body, or perineal body to support the pelvic organs. The pelvic diaphragm is innervated by sacral plexus branches.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the female pelvis. It describes the four pelvic bones - the two innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It details the structures of the innominate bones including the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone. It discusses the pelvic joints and ligaments. It also describes the false pelvis, true pelvis including the brim, cavity, and outlet. It notes the diameters and landmarks of the brim. It concludes by summarizing the muscles of the pelvic floor.
1-Anatomy of the female genital organ (1).pptchandan kumar
The document discusses female pelvic anatomy and fetal skull anatomy. It aims to understand the relationship between the female pelvis bones/tissues and the fetal skull to explain labor mechanisms. It also aims to understand fetal circulation changes during and after pregnancy to predict and prevent postpartum hemorrhage. The objectives are for students to understand pelvic organ relationships, fetal skull engagement in the pelvis during labor, and fetal circulation variants compared to adults. Key structures discussed include the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic bones, pelvic floor, fetal skull bones and sutures.
The abdominal wall has 9 layers and develops from the lateral plate mesoderm. It closes by the end of the third month except at the umbilical ring. There are 4 muscles of the abdominal wall along with fascia layers. The rectus sheath surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the abdominal wall. Congenital abnormalities include umbilical hernias such as omphalocele and gastroschisis. Persistence of the omphalomesenteric duct can lead to abnormalities like Meckel's diverticulum.
The female pelvis is formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and supports the intestines. The pelvis allows for childbirth through its shape and flexibility. It has several diameters and planes that are important for assessing fetal head engagement and progression during labor. Common pelvic types include gynaecoid, anthropoid, and android shapes that can impact birthing outcomes. Deformities such as contracted or asymmetric pelvises may complicate delivery.
The document describes the anatomy of the pectoral region, including muscles like the pectoralis major and minor, and serratus anterior. It also discusses the mammary gland/breast, describing its structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and applied aspects like mammography and breast abscesses. Key structures mentioned include the clavicle, sternum, ribs, humerus, and scapula.
ANATOMY OF FEMALE PELVIS AND FETAL SKULL.pptMishiSoza
The document describes the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull in the context of labor and delivery. It discusses the components of the bony pelvis including the innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx as well as pelvic joints. Dimensions of the pelvic brim, cavity, and outlet are provided. Characteristics of the normal female pelvis are compared to the male pelvis. Different types of female pelvises including gynaecoid, anthropoid, and android are outlined. Finally, regions and diameters of the fetal skull are defined to describe its role in labor.
This document provides an overview of the pelvis. It describes the pelvis as a bowl-shaped bony structure containing important organs and forming attachments for the trunk and lower limbs. The pelvis is formed from four bones: the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It is divided into the false pelvis above the pelvic brim and true pelvis below. The true pelvis has an inlet, outlet, and cavity to allow childbirth. The anterior, posterior, and lateral walls of the pelvis are described along with important ligaments and muscles that provide structure and support.
The document describes the different types of female pelvis that can impact childbirth - the gynecoid, android, anthropic, and platypelloid pelvises. The gynecoid pelvis, found in 50-55% of women, has a shape that is ideal for childbirth with a slightly oval inlet and less prominent ischial spines that facilitate fetal passage. In contrast, the android pelvis resembles the male pelvis and can often require C-sections due to its narrower shape. The document also outlines the bones that make up the female pelvis and describes the measurements and landmarks of the true pelvis.
This document describes the female pelvis. It defines the pelvis as a ring of bones formed by the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It discusses the types of pelvic bones and their features. It also describes the structures of the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. It outlines the landmarks and diameters of the inlet. Finally, it discusses the common types of pelvis and deformities that can occur.
This document defines and describes the female pelvis. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, including the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It describes the structures of the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. It defines the landmarks and diameters of the inlet. It also discusses types of pelvis including gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis. Finally, it lists some common deformities of the pelvis.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
3. BOUNDARIES OF A TRUE PELVIS
•The pelvis is an important structure from the
obstetric point of view, as it forms the canal
through which the fetus has to pass.
•The pelvis is divided by the linea terminalis into
two parts:
oThe upper part known as pelvis major or false
pelvis
oThe lower part called pelvis minor or true pelvis
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4. ABOVE
• Promontory and alae of the sacrum, linea
terminalis and the upper margin of the pubic
bones
• The linea terminalis is formed by the upper
border of the sacral vertebra, the arcuate line of
the ilium and the pectineal line of the pubis
BELOW • The pelvic outlet
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5. STRUCTURE
OF THE
PELVIS
• The pelvic cavity is cylindrical in shape.
• Extent: Inlet lies above the outlet below.
• Shape: Bent cylinder with the posterior wall
deeper than the anterior wall.
• The depth of the posterior wall is 10 cm.
• The anterior wall is 5 cm.
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6. AXIS OF THE
BIRTH
CANAL
•The upper part is directed downwards and
backwards.
•The lower part curves downwards and forwards.
•Called the curve of Carus.
•The curve of Carus is an imaginary line joining
the midpoints of the AP diameters of the inlet,
cavity and the outlet.
•This line runs downwards and backwards in the
upper half of pelvis, then turns downwards and
forwards in the lower half of the pelvis.
UNIVERSITIES PRESS PVT. LTD.
7. •The descent of the fetal
head follows the curve of
Carus.
•At this level, the
contraction of the pelvic
floor muscles direct the
fetal head downwards
and forwards until
delivery.
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8. WALLS
OF THE
PELVIS
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Posteriorly The anterior surface of the
sacrum
Laterally The inner surface of the ischial
bones and the sacrosciatic
notches and ligaments
Anteriorly The pubic bones, the ascending
superior rami of the ischial
bones, and the obturator
foramina
9. MUSCLES
OF THE
TRUE PELVIS
•The pelvic diaphragm is
a musculo-aponeurotic
part separating the
pelvis above from the
perineum and vulva
below. This is formed by
the levator ani and the
coccygei muscles.
•Three orifices, namely,
the urinary meatus, the
vulval outlet and the
anus, pierce this
diaphragm.
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Location Muscles forming the
walls
Sides The pyriformis
Posteriorly The coccygeus muscles
Laterally The obturator internus
Inferiorly The levator ani
10. PLANES AND
DIAMETERS
OF THE PELVIS
•The plane of the pelvic inlet (superior
strait)
•The plane of the pelvic outlet (inferior
strait)
•The plane of the least pelvic dimensions
(midpelvis)
•The plane of the greatest pelvic dimensions
in the cavity (no obstetrical significance)
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11. BOUNDARIES AND DIAMETERS OF THE PELVIC INLET
The three boundaries are:
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1 Posterior Sacral promontory and alae of the sacrum
2 Lateral Linea terminalis
3 Anterior Horizontal rami of the pubic bones and
symphysis pubis
12. The three diameters at
the brim are:
•Anteroposterior
•Transverse
•Right and left oblique
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13. There are three anteroposterior
diameters:
•The obstetric conjugate
•The diagonal conjugate
•The anatomical conjugate (conjugate vera)
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14. DIAMETERS
OF THE
INLET
1. ANTERO–POSTERIOR
a) Obstetric conjugate
• Middle of sacral promontory to middle of
the posterior margin of the pubic symphysis
• Measures 10 cm
b) Diagonal conjugate
• Subpubic angle to middle of the sacral
promontory
• Measures 12 cm
Subtracting 1.5–2 cm from the diagonal
conjugate gives the obstetric conjugate.
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15. c) Anatomic conjugate
• Middle of sacral promontory to the
upper portion of the inner surface of
the symphysis pubis
• Measures 11 cm
• No obstetric significance
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16. TRANSVERSE DIAMETER
•Widest distance between the linea terminalis on both
sides.
•Measures 13 cm.
OBLIQUE DIAMETER
•Extends from the right sacroiliac joint to the
iliopectineal eminence on the opposite side.
•It is occupied by the suboccipito bregmatic diameter of
the fetal head in occipitoanterior position.
•Measures about 13 cm.
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18. SACROCOTYLOID DIAMETER
•It is the distance from the midpoint of the sacral
promontory to the ilio-pectineal eminence on the same
side
•Measures 9 cm
POSTERIOR SAGITTAL DIAMETER:
•It is that part of the AP diameter which lies posterior to
the transverse diameter
•This diameter increases from the pelvic brim to the
outlet.
•At the brim, the posterior sagittal diameter measures 5
cm
Clinical importance at the pelvic brim
The cardinal movement of engagement occurs at the
pelvic brim
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19. PELVIC OUTLET
•Diamond-shaped
•Lithotomy
◦ Produces upward gliding movement
of the sacroiliac joint and thus
increases the transverse diameter of
outlet (ITD) by 1.5 to 2 cm
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Posteriorly By the tip of the
coccyx
Laterally By the ischial
tuberosities
Anteriorly By the pubic arch formed by
inferior rami of the ischium
and the pubis as they converge
towards the symphysis pubis
Boundaries
22. DIAMETERS
OF THE PELVIC
OUTLET
Anteroposterior diameter
•Inferior margin of the pubic symphysis to the
posterior aspect of tip of sacrum
•Measures 12 cm
Transverse diameter
• Distance between the inner edges of 2
ischial tuberosities
• Measures 10.5–11 cm
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23. Posterior sagittal diameter:
•Extends from the middle of the transverse
diameter to the tip of the sacrum
•The posterior sagittal diameter of the outlet
usually exceeds 7 cm
Anterior sagittal diameter:
•Extends from the lower border of the
symphysis pubis to the centre of the
bituberous diameter
•Measures 6 cm
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DIAMETERS
OF THE PELVIC
OUTLET
24. WASTE
SPACE OF
MORRIS
•Normally, the width of the pubic arch is such
that a round disk of 9.4 cm (diameter of a well-
flexed head) can pass through the pubic arch at
a distance of 1 cm from the inferior border of
the symphysis pubis.
•This distance is known as the waste space of
Morris.
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25. •Angle formed by approximation of
the two descending pubic rami
forming the pubic arch
•In a normal gynecoid pelvis, this
angle should be >90o
•If this angle is smaller, the
transverse diameter of the outlet is
also smaller
•Clinically, the subpubic angle
should admit two fingers
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SUBPUBIC
ANGLE
26. CAVITY
Extends from the inlet to the outlet
Plane of greatest pelvic dimension
Plane of least pelvic dimension
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27. •This plane has no obstetrical significance
•Roomiest part.
•It passes through the junction of the second and third sacral vertebrae, and
laterally through the ischial bones over the middle of the acetabulum and
posterior surface of the symphysis pubis
•It is nearly circular
•The anteroposterior diameter measures 12.5 cm
•The transverse diameter measures 12.75 cm
PLANE OF GREATEST PELVIC DIMENSION
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28. PLANE OF
LEAST PELVIC
DIMENSION
•Midpelvis
•Important plane of pelvis
•The arrest of labor can take place here
•Extends from the apex of the subpubic arch
through the ischial spines to the sacrum (s4 &
s5)
Boundaries
1. Lower border of the pubic symphysis
2. White line
3. Ischial spine
4. Sacrospinous ligament
5. Sacrum
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29. DIAMETERS
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Transverse diameter or
interspinous diameter
This is the distance between the two ischial
spines and is the smallest diameter of the
pelvis. It measures 10 cm.
Antero-posterior diameter It extends from the lower border of the
symphysis pubis to the junction of the 4th and
5th sacral vertebrae. This distance should be a
minimum of 11.5 cm.
Posterior sagittal diameter It extends from the mid point of the inter
ischial diameter to the junction of the 4th and
5th sacral vertebrae. This measures 6 cm.
30. MID-CAVITY
ASSESSMENT
In a mid-cavity contraction:
•The ischial spines are prominent
•The sacrum is not curved and is flat
•The pelvic side walls are converging
•The sacrosciatic notch does not allow 2
fingers
•The subpubic arch is narrow and does not
admit 2 fingers
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32. •There is relaxation of the sacroiliac joints during pregnancy due to hormonal
changes.
•Marked mobility of the pelvis—upward gliding movement of the sacroiliac
joint.
•Relaxation of the symphysis pubis—starts in early pregnancy but increases
during the last three months and regresses after delivery.
•When vaginal delivery is conducted in the dorsal lithotomy position,
displacement of the sacroiliac joint is greatest and increases the diameter of
the outlet by 1.5–2 cm.
•In shoulder dystocia, McRobert’s maneuver is successful due to the mobility of
the sacroiliac joint.
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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PELVIC JOINTS
34. 1. GYNECOID PELVIS
CHARACTERISTICS
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Inlet • Since the transverse diameter is only slightly
greater than or equal to the anteroposterior
diameter, the inlet is slightly oval or round.
• The posterior sagittal diameter at the inlet is
slightly less than the anterior sagittal diameter.
• The sides of the posterior segment are well
rounded and wide.
Midpelvis • In the midpelvis, the side walls of the pelvis
are straight, and the spines are not
prominent. The transverse diameter at the
ischial spines is 10 cm or more.
Outlet • At the outlet, the pubic arch is wide.
Sacrum • The sacrosciatic notch is well-rounded.
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2. ANDROID PELVIS: CHARACTERISTICS
Inlet The posterior sagittal diameter is less than the
anterior sagittal diameter. This restricts the use of
posterior space. The sides of the posterior
segment are not rounded, and the anterior pelvis
is narrow and triangular.
Midpelvis The side walls are usually convergent, and the
ischial spines are prominent.
Outlet The subpubic arch is narrowed.
Sacrum It is set forward in the pelvis and is usually
straight, with little or no curvature. The
sacrosciatic notch is narrow and highly arched.
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3. ANTHROPOID PELVIS: CHARACTERISTICS
Inlet The anteroposterior diameter is greater than the
transverse diameter. The anterior segment is narrow
and pointed.
Midpelvis The sidewalls are often convergent, and the ischial
spines are likely to be prominent.
Outlet The subpubic arch is narrowed but well shaped.
Sacrum It usually has six segments and is straight. The
sacrosciatic notch is large.
37. •This pelvis is the rarest of the pure varieties and is found in less
than 3% of women.
•The characteristics of the platypelloid pelvis are:
Transverse oval inlet
Very wide rounded subpubic angle
Very wide flat posterior segment
Narrow sacrosciatic notch
Average sacral inclination
Very wide subpubic arch
Straightside walls
Very wide interspinous and intertuberous diameters
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4. PLATYPELLOID PELVIS: CHARACTERISTICS
38. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Small gynecoid pelvis
•In this type, the diameters are proportionately reduced,
but the shape is normal.
•Hence, there is a delay at every stage of labour due to
the lack of space.
•Powerful uterine contractions are required to push the
presenting part downward. Can cause CPD.
Android pelvis
•With this type of pelvis, the occipitoposterior position is
common.
•Due to the funnel shape of the pelvis, progressive
difficulty is faced, rotation fails to occur, and transverse
arrest is common.
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39. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Anthropoid pelvis
•In this pelvis, persistent occipito posterior position is
common.
Platypelloid pelvis
•In this type of pelvis, there is asynclitic engagement.
•Face presentation can occur.
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40. •Rachitic flat pelvis
•Nagele’s pelvis
•Robert’s pelvis
•Kyphoscoliosis
•Obliquely contracted pelvis
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ABNORMALITIES
OF THE PELVIS