The document discusses different types of research approaches including inductive, deductive, abductive, empirical, conceptual, basic, applied, experimental, explorative, phenomenological, evaluative, action research, and ethnographic research. It provides examples of how these different approaches could be applied in translation studies research and clarifies key terminology used in research such as methodology, methods, concepts, theories, models and frameworks.
A research paradigm is “the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientist. about how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1970)
61122 Research_Paradigms & Qual Res by sir Waheed.pptTanzeelaBashir1
This document provides an overview of different research paradigms that can be applied in educational research. It discusses the positivist, interpretivist/constructivist, and critical paradigms. For each paradigm, it describes elements like epistemology, ontology, methodology, and axiology. It also discusses key concepts like normal science versus scientific revolution in the positivist paradigm. The document aims to define what a research paradigm is and explain the common beliefs and assumptions that define different paradigms.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES (BRM)Osama Yousaf
The document outlines 7 key characteristics of the scientific method:
1. Empirical - concerned with observable realities through sensory experiences to generate knowledge.
2. Verifiable - observations are verified again to confirm or refute previous findings.
3. Cumulative - researchers build upon existing bodies of knowledge to advance understanding.
4. Deterministic - scientists seek to identify causal relationships and explain phenomena through logic rather than chance.
5. Ethical and ideological neutrality - conclusions must be objective and based on empirical data, not personal biases.
6. Statistical generalization - sampling aims for findings that generalize beyond specific settings.
7. Rationalism - explanations are logically reasoned through deductive and inductive logic rather
This document provides an overview of research paradigms. It discusses key paradigms including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism. For each paradigm, it describes the underlying ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods. It also discusses the components of a research paradigm including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods. Quantitative and qualitative research designs are introduced. Experimental designs such as true experiments and quasi-experiments are covered as well as non-experimental designs like descriptive and correlational designs.
This document discusses understanding philosophy of research. It begins by explaining why philosophy is important for research as research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and understood. It then discusses key aspects of research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, axiology, positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Ontology concerns assumptions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerns what constitutes knowledge. Axiology refers to the role of values. The document provides descriptions of different philosophical approaches to research.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines paradigms as systems of thinking that include basic assumptions and research techniques accepted within a scientific community. Paradigms describe an established model like positivism or interpretivism. Approaches refer to specific research designs or methods. The three major paradigms discussed are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. The document also examines the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines a paradigm as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a scientific community that guides research. The three major paradigms are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. It also differentiates between paradigms and approaches, and discusses the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. Philosophical alignment between these foundations is important for valid research.
A research paradigm is “the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientist. about how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1970)
61122 Research_Paradigms & Qual Res by sir Waheed.pptTanzeelaBashir1
This document provides an overview of different research paradigms that can be applied in educational research. It discusses the positivist, interpretivist/constructivist, and critical paradigms. For each paradigm, it describes elements like epistemology, ontology, methodology, and axiology. It also discusses key concepts like normal science versus scientific revolution in the positivist paradigm. The document aims to define what a research paradigm is and explain the common beliefs and assumptions that define different paradigms.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES (BRM)Osama Yousaf
The document outlines 7 key characteristics of the scientific method:
1. Empirical - concerned with observable realities through sensory experiences to generate knowledge.
2. Verifiable - observations are verified again to confirm or refute previous findings.
3. Cumulative - researchers build upon existing bodies of knowledge to advance understanding.
4. Deterministic - scientists seek to identify causal relationships and explain phenomena through logic rather than chance.
5. Ethical and ideological neutrality - conclusions must be objective and based on empirical data, not personal biases.
6. Statistical generalization - sampling aims for findings that generalize beyond specific settings.
7. Rationalism - explanations are logically reasoned through deductive and inductive logic rather
This document provides an overview of research paradigms. It discusses key paradigms including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism. For each paradigm, it describes the underlying ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods. It also discusses the components of a research paradigm including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods. Quantitative and qualitative research designs are introduced. Experimental designs such as true experiments and quasi-experiments are covered as well as non-experimental designs like descriptive and correlational designs.
This document discusses understanding philosophy of research. It begins by explaining why philosophy is important for research as research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and understood. It then discusses key aspects of research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, axiology, positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Ontology concerns assumptions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerns what constitutes knowledge. Axiology refers to the role of values. The document provides descriptions of different philosophical approaches to research.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines paradigms as systems of thinking that include basic assumptions and research techniques accepted within a scientific community. Paradigms describe an established model like positivism or interpretivism. Approaches refer to specific research designs or methods. The three major paradigms discussed are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. The document also examines the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines a paradigm as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a scientific community that guides research. The three major paradigms are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. It also differentiates between paradigms and approaches, and discusses the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. Philosophical alignment between these foundations is important for valid research.
This document provides an overview of the three main research paradigms in social sciences: positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. It defines each paradigm and discusses their key assumptions. Positivism adheres to natural science methods and believes in an objective reality that can be observed and measured. Interpretivism sees social reality as constructed by human experiences and best studied contextually by reconciling participants' views. Pragmatism uses whichever philosophical or methodological approach works best for the research problem without prioritizing methods. The document notes that researchers' paradigms influence their methodologies and methods and connects these concepts with how research questions are approached. It concludes by assigning students to justify applying a research
D821 beliefs and evidence presentation 2010 Martin Le Voi and Eileen MansfieldMartin Voi
Here are some ways the different positions discussed could approach ECA topics:
- Positivist: Take a detached, objective view. Form hypotheses and test them empirically through controlled experiments. Aim to establish causal relationships or generalizable laws. Use quantitative methods.
- Interpretivist: Emphasize understanding meaning and experience from participants' perspectives. Consider social and cultural contexts. Use qualitative methods like interviews to explore diverse viewpoints.
- Critical realist: Acknowledge complexity and unseen influences like social structures. Study open systems with many factors. Use mixed methods to explore observable behaviors and underlying realities. Theories cannot be decisively proven or falsified.
- Postmodern: Question notions of objective truth and fixed
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic process of solving a research problem. It involves understanding which research methods and techniques are applicable to specific problems. The chapter then describes the procedural aspects used in the research process, including research philosophy, philosophical worldviews, research approach, research design, data collection strategies, data analysis, and ethical considerations. It presents the figure showing the methodological structure of research. Finally, it discusses various philosophical worldviews including postpositivism that guide researchers in determining the appropriate research design based on the research question.
In this paper various approaches, steps and objectives of research are listed and briefly discussed.
This paper discusses four common research approaches, Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods and
Advocacy/participatory research, which were commonly used when conducting research. Research is indeed
civilization and determines the economic, social and political development of a nation. Research is Systematic
investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. All research
Approaches Examine and explore the different claims to knowledge and are designed to address a specific type
of research question.
Unlocking the Essentials: A Beginner's Guide to ResearchRAJUSHATHABOINA
Embarking on a research journey can be an exhilarating yet daunting experience. Whether you're a student, a budding scholar, or a curious individual eager to explore new realms of knowledge, understanding the basics of research is essential. This PowerPoint presentation serves as a comprehensive guide to help demystify the research process and equip you with the foundational knowledge needed to navigate this exciting domain.
Key Topics Covered:
What is Research?
Importance of Research: Unveiling Its Significance
Types of Research: Exploring Various Methodologies
Research Design: Building the Framework for Inquiry
Data Collection Techniques: Gathering Information Effectively
Data Analysis: Making Sense of Research Findings
Ethical Considerations in Research: Upholding Integrity and Responsibility
Tips for Successful Research: Practical Insights and Strategies
Conclusion: Empowering You to Embark on Your Research Journey
Sociological inquiry (SI) aims to provide understanding of the social world through exploration of human social and cultural conditions. SI publishes both theoretical and empirical work using varied research methods. SI follows certain procedures like defining problems, gathering and analyzing data, and verifying results. Commonly used methods include experiments, surveys, and case studies which may employ qualitative or quantitative techniques like observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The overall goal of SI is to obtain understanding of how social phenomena work and change over time and context.
This document outlines several social science paradigms used in research, including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism. It also discusses deductive and inductive theory construction. Positivism views reality as objective and values empirical observation, while constructivism sees reality as subjective and values interpretation. Deductive research reasons from existing theories to hypotheses, while inductive research uses observation to discover patterns and develop theories.
The document discusses theories in behavior science research. It defines theory as an explanation for how things work together that can make predictions. A good theory can be tested and either supported or discarded based on the evidence. The major goal of science is to generate and verify theories, as theories predict and explain natural phenomena. The document provides examples of theories like Marx's theory and Freud's theory. It distinguishes theories from hypotheses, noting that a proven hypothesis becomes a theory. It outlines several functions and roles of theories in research, such as guiding research, classifying concepts, summarizing knowledge, and predicting facts. The document also discusses deductive, inductive, and adaptive approaches to relating theory and research. Finally, it outlines several characteristics of
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses different types of research including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive research. It also outlines the qualities of a good researcher and covers deductive, inductive, and retroductive approaches to research logic. Additionally, it presents a combined inductive-deductive approach and depicts the research process in a flow chart showing key steps like defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.
Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan. Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative and qualitative.
This document provides an overview of theoretical perspectives and methodologies used in learning design research. It discusses how researchers come from a variety of disciplines including education, computer science, psychology, and more. Common theoretical perspectives discussed include sociocultural theories like cultural historical activity theory, communities of practice, and actor network theory. Methodologies used include qualitative approaches like ethnography, case studies, and action research as well as quantitative content analysis and evaluation. The relationship between theories, methods, and different epistemological stances is also examined.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
This document discusses different views and definitions of research. It notes that research can be defined as a systematic process of gaining new information or answering questions. It also discusses research paradigms and the three main components - ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory are examined as the three major research paradigms. Key characteristics and assumptions of each are outlined. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are associated with positivism and interpretivism respectively. Specific methodologies like surveys, experiments, ethnography, phenomenology, and case studies are also discussed. The role of ethics in research is briefly covered at the end.
The document outlines different research paradigms including positivism, which uses scientific methods and quantitative data, interpretivism/constructivism, which relies on participants' views and qualitative data, and pragmatism, which
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social research including qualitative research. It discusses that social research aims to understand aspects of society that are not fully resolved by drawing on ideas from social sciences. Social research topics are often motivated by developments in society. The summary discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as case studies and experiments. It also outlines important elements of the social research process from developing research questions to data analysis and writing up results. Key criteria for high quality social research are discussed as reliability, which aims for consistent and repeatable findings, and validity.
HI6008 Business Research Lecture 01(1) (1).pptxabeerarif
Assignment 3 Reflective writing aims to get you to think
about your learning and understand your learning experiences.Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience
Make judgements that are clearly connected to observations you have made.
Answer the questions:
− What is your opinion about learning experience?
− What is the value of this experience?
2. Explain how this learning process will be useful to you
Consider: In what ways might this learning experience serve you in:course
− program
− future career
− life generally
Answer the question: ‘How you will transfer or apply your new knowledge and
insights in the future?’
3. Describe objectively what happened in the learning process
Give the details of what happened in the learning process. Answer the question:
‘What you did, read, see, and hear?
4. Evaluate what you learn
Make judgments connected to observations you have made in the Business
Research. Answer the question: ‘How Business Research was useful for your
Research Learning Process?’
5. Explain your learning process:
This document discusses the process of theory construction in social science research. It defines a theory as a set of statements about relationships between concepts or constructs. Theories can take various forms, such as models or hypotheses, and can be used in both basic and applied research. A good theory is useful, has consensus among scientists, and is logically consistent, agrees with known facts, and is testable. While science aims to be objective, the process of developing theories inherently involves some subjectivity.
This document discusses research philosophy and different philosophical schools of thought. It covers ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology examines the nature of reality, whether social phenomena are objective or subjective. Epistemology studies the nature and sources of knowledge. Axiology assesses the role of values in research. Rationalism and empiricism are discussed as different views on the origins of knowledge. Positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism are presented as four common research philosophies. Positivism adheres to an objective, detached approach focused on facts and quantification.
This presentation is provide introduction to research design with focus on distinction between different strategies' of Research. Especially qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. .
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of the three main research paradigms in social sciences: positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. It defines each paradigm and discusses their key assumptions. Positivism adheres to natural science methods and believes in an objective reality that can be observed and measured. Interpretivism sees social reality as constructed by human experiences and best studied contextually by reconciling participants' views. Pragmatism uses whichever philosophical or methodological approach works best for the research problem without prioritizing methods. The document notes that researchers' paradigms influence their methodologies and methods and connects these concepts with how research questions are approached. It concludes by assigning students to justify applying a research
D821 beliefs and evidence presentation 2010 Martin Le Voi and Eileen MansfieldMartin Voi
Here are some ways the different positions discussed could approach ECA topics:
- Positivist: Take a detached, objective view. Form hypotheses and test them empirically through controlled experiments. Aim to establish causal relationships or generalizable laws. Use quantitative methods.
- Interpretivist: Emphasize understanding meaning and experience from participants' perspectives. Consider social and cultural contexts. Use qualitative methods like interviews to explore diverse viewpoints.
- Critical realist: Acknowledge complexity and unseen influences like social structures. Study open systems with many factors. Use mixed methods to explore observable behaviors and underlying realities. Theories cannot be decisively proven or falsified.
- Postmodern: Question notions of objective truth and fixed
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic process of solving a research problem. It involves understanding which research methods and techniques are applicable to specific problems. The chapter then describes the procedural aspects used in the research process, including research philosophy, philosophical worldviews, research approach, research design, data collection strategies, data analysis, and ethical considerations. It presents the figure showing the methodological structure of research. Finally, it discusses various philosophical worldviews including postpositivism that guide researchers in determining the appropriate research design based on the research question.
In this paper various approaches, steps and objectives of research are listed and briefly discussed.
This paper discusses four common research approaches, Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods and
Advocacy/participatory research, which were commonly used when conducting research. Research is indeed
civilization and determines the economic, social and political development of a nation. Research is Systematic
investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. All research
Approaches Examine and explore the different claims to knowledge and are designed to address a specific type
of research question.
Unlocking the Essentials: A Beginner's Guide to ResearchRAJUSHATHABOINA
Embarking on a research journey can be an exhilarating yet daunting experience. Whether you're a student, a budding scholar, or a curious individual eager to explore new realms of knowledge, understanding the basics of research is essential. This PowerPoint presentation serves as a comprehensive guide to help demystify the research process and equip you with the foundational knowledge needed to navigate this exciting domain.
Key Topics Covered:
What is Research?
Importance of Research: Unveiling Its Significance
Types of Research: Exploring Various Methodologies
Research Design: Building the Framework for Inquiry
Data Collection Techniques: Gathering Information Effectively
Data Analysis: Making Sense of Research Findings
Ethical Considerations in Research: Upholding Integrity and Responsibility
Tips for Successful Research: Practical Insights and Strategies
Conclusion: Empowering You to Embark on Your Research Journey
Sociological inquiry (SI) aims to provide understanding of the social world through exploration of human social and cultural conditions. SI publishes both theoretical and empirical work using varied research methods. SI follows certain procedures like defining problems, gathering and analyzing data, and verifying results. Commonly used methods include experiments, surveys, and case studies which may employ qualitative or quantitative techniques like observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The overall goal of SI is to obtain understanding of how social phenomena work and change over time and context.
This document outlines several social science paradigms used in research, including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism. It also discusses deductive and inductive theory construction. Positivism views reality as objective and values empirical observation, while constructivism sees reality as subjective and values interpretation. Deductive research reasons from existing theories to hypotheses, while inductive research uses observation to discover patterns and develop theories.
The document discusses theories in behavior science research. It defines theory as an explanation for how things work together that can make predictions. A good theory can be tested and either supported or discarded based on the evidence. The major goal of science is to generate and verify theories, as theories predict and explain natural phenomena. The document provides examples of theories like Marx's theory and Freud's theory. It distinguishes theories from hypotheses, noting that a proven hypothesis becomes a theory. It outlines several functions and roles of theories in research, such as guiding research, classifying concepts, summarizing knowledge, and predicting facts. The document also discusses deductive, inductive, and adaptive approaches to relating theory and research. Finally, it outlines several characteristics of
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses different types of research including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive research. It also outlines the qualities of a good researcher and covers deductive, inductive, and retroductive approaches to research logic. Additionally, it presents a combined inductive-deductive approach and depicts the research process in a flow chart showing key steps like defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.
Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan. Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative and qualitative.
This document provides an overview of theoretical perspectives and methodologies used in learning design research. It discusses how researchers come from a variety of disciplines including education, computer science, psychology, and more. Common theoretical perspectives discussed include sociocultural theories like cultural historical activity theory, communities of practice, and actor network theory. Methodologies used include qualitative approaches like ethnography, case studies, and action research as well as quantitative content analysis and evaluation. The relationship between theories, methods, and different epistemological stances is also examined.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
This document discusses different views and definitions of research. It notes that research can be defined as a systematic process of gaining new information or answering questions. It also discusses research paradigms and the three main components - ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory are examined as the three major research paradigms. Key characteristics and assumptions of each are outlined. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are associated with positivism and interpretivism respectively. Specific methodologies like surveys, experiments, ethnography, phenomenology, and case studies are also discussed. The role of ethics in research is briefly covered at the end.
The document outlines different research paradigms including positivism, which uses scientific methods and quantitative data, interpretivism/constructivism, which relies on participants' views and qualitative data, and pragmatism, which
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social research including qualitative research. It discusses that social research aims to understand aspects of society that are not fully resolved by drawing on ideas from social sciences. Social research topics are often motivated by developments in society. The summary discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as case studies and experiments. It also outlines important elements of the social research process from developing research questions to data analysis and writing up results. Key criteria for high quality social research are discussed as reliability, which aims for consistent and repeatable findings, and validity.
HI6008 Business Research Lecture 01(1) (1).pptxabeerarif
Assignment 3 Reflective writing aims to get you to think
about your learning and understand your learning experiences.Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience
Make judgements that are clearly connected to observations you have made.
Answer the questions:
− What is your opinion about learning experience?
− What is the value of this experience?
2. Explain how this learning process will be useful to you
Consider: In what ways might this learning experience serve you in:course
− program
− future career
− life generally
Answer the question: ‘How you will transfer or apply your new knowledge and
insights in the future?’
3. Describe objectively what happened in the learning process
Give the details of what happened in the learning process. Answer the question:
‘What you did, read, see, and hear?
4. Evaluate what you learn
Make judgments connected to observations you have made in the Business
Research. Answer the question: ‘How Business Research was useful for your
Research Learning Process?’
5. Explain your learning process:
This document discusses the process of theory construction in social science research. It defines a theory as a set of statements about relationships between concepts or constructs. Theories can take various forms, such as models or hypotheses, and can be used in both basic and applied research. A good theory is useful, has consensus among scientists, and is logically consistent, agrees with known facts, and is testable. While science aims to be objective, the process of developing theories inherently involves some subjectivity.
This document discusses research philosophy and different philosophical schools of thought. It covers ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology examines the nature of reality, whether social phenomena are objective or subjective. Epistemology studies the nature and sources of knowledge. Axiology assesses the role of values in research. Rationalism and empiricism are discussed as different views on the origins of knowledge. Positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism are presented as four common research philosophies. Positivism adheres to an objective, detached approach focused on facts and quantification.
This presentation is provide introduction to research design with focus on distinction between different strategies' of Research. Especially qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. .
Similar to Chapter One principles and Ethics in Research.pptx (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. Ontology and epistemology
• Ontology (
علم
الوجود
) is “the way the social world is seen to be and what can be
assumed about the nature and reality of the social phenomena that make up the
social world” (Matthews and Ross 2010:23).
• Epistemology (
علم
المعرفة
) , which is “the theory of knowledge and how we know
things” (ibid.)
• There are three different ways of seeing the social world – objectivism,
constructivism and realism – and three epistemological positions linked to these
ontological categories: positivism, interpretivism and realism.
3. • Objectivism “asserts that the social phenomena that make up our social world
have an existence of their own […], apart from and independent of the social
actors (humans) who are involved”.
• This position derives from the approach adopted by natural scientists when they
investigate phenomena in nature and assume that the researchers’ relationship to
the phenomena they study is one of objective observation.
• Constructivism asserts that social phenomena “are only real in the sense that they
are constructed ideas which are continually being reviewed by those involved in
them [the social actors]”.
• In other words, the meanings of any social phenomenon are not inherent but are
ascribed to it by social actors.
•
4. • Realism presents an intermediate position between objectivism and
constructivism: it accepts that social phenomena can have a reality that is separate
from the social actors involved in it but also recognizes that there is another
dimension that relates to what we know about the social world as social beings.
• This dimension includes “structures and mechanisms that trigger or affect the
social reality that can be observed.”
• The ontological position of objectivism assumes a positivist epistemology,
which asserts that social phenomena can be objectively researched, data about the
social world can be collected and measured, and the resulting observations must
remain independent of the researchers’ subjective understandings
• That is to say, the researcher remains independent and has no impact on the data.
5. • Positivism is often linked with quantitative approaches to research and to
empiricism, i.e. the collection of observable evidence.
•
• - In postpositivist research, empiricism and objectivism are treated as distinct
positions; just because research is ‘empirical’ in nature does not mean that it is
‘objective’ (Tymoczko 2007:146).
• -In postpositivism it is held that observation and measurement are fallible, and
the participation and influence of the researcher are acknowledged.
6. • As Crisafulli (2002:33) puts it, empirical facts do not exist independently of the
scholar’s viewpoint; indeed, it is the scholar who creates the empirical facts of the
analysis by making observable (raw) data relevant to his/her perspective.
• Interpretivism is linked to the ontological position of constructivism;
• it prioritizes people’s subjective understandings and interpretations of social
phenomena and is often linked with qualitative approaches to research, where
the researchers attempt to explore the social world from the point of view of the
actors and reflect on their own subjective interpretations.
7. • Realism is both an ontological and epistemological position.
• As an epistemological approach it claims that certain social phenomena exist
outside the human mind and can be objectively investigated using approaches
similar to those in the natural sciences.
• In this respect, realism agrees with positivism. However, it also recognizes the
existence of invisible but powerful structures and mechanisms that cannot be
directly observable but whose effects are apparent, and these effects can provide
evidence of the underlying structures and mechanisms (Matthews and Ross
2010:29);
8. • Realist approaches to research might typically adopt both quantitative and
qualitative tools and methods.
• - As Guba and Lincoln state, “there is no single ‘truth’ … all truths are but partial
truths” (2005:212).
• - However, as researchers bring a number of beliefs, prior knowledge and
experience to research, it is helpful to reflect on these prior to commencing
research.
9. Research terminology
• A model is a representation of the ‘reality’ of your research topic or domain.
• A framework is the set of ideas and approaches that can be used to view and
gather knowledge about a particular domain.
• A concept is an idea deriving from a model or a framework.
• A theory organizes sets of concepts to define and explain some phenomenon or,
in Chesterman’s words, a theory is “an instrument of understanding” (2007:1).
• A typology is a typical model of the way items tend to be found in relation to each
other. For example, one might try to construct a typology of translation strategies
used in specific circumstances.
10. • A methodology is a general approach to studying a phenomenon whereas a
method is a specific research technique.
• - In Sealy’s words, “methodology is the science of method” (2010:61).
• - Saukko differentiates between the two concepts in the following way (2003:8; our
emphasis): whereas methods refer to practical ‘tools’ to make sense of empirical
reality, methodology refers to the wider package of both tools and a
philosophical and political commitment that come with a particular research
approach.
• The relation between a theory and a method is expressed by Chesterman as:
“methods are the ways in which one actually uses, develops, applies methods are the
ways in which one actually uses, develops, applies and tests a theory in order to
reach the understanding it offers” (2007:1).
11. • Methods and tools are also frequently confused.
• Perhaps the best way to demonstrate how these terms might be applied to a domain
within translation studies would be to take the example of translation process
research.
• In this example, our model might be a particular model of cognitive
processing, i.e. a representation of the phenomenon whereby the brain perceives
signals, processes them and converts them into meaning and instructions.
• Our framework might be cognitive load, i.e. a set of ideas about brain processing
capacity during a specific task, where we expect that there is a limit to the amount
of information (signals) that can be processed by the human brain at any moment
in time.
12. • Concepts within that framework might include the translation process, i.e. an
activity the brain engages in when a human is translating from one language to
another, short-term memory, long-term memory, limitations on the capacity of the
brain, to name just a few.
• Our theory might be the MiniMax theory (otherwise known as the ‘principle of
least effort’ (Krings 1986a, Séguinot 1989, Lörscher 1991), which posits that
humans (translators in this case) opt for a strategy whereby they employ the highest
level of cognitive processing possible and do not proceed to a deeper level of
processing, which entails a greater cognitive load, unless the first level proves to be
unsuccessful or unsatisfactory.
13. • Our methodology for studying this might be empirical (we will gather evidence
from translators at work) and might combine both qualitative and quantitative
methods such as think-aloud protocol and keystroke logging.
•
• -We propose a typology of the translation strategies used to achieve the
principle of least effort. Finally, the tools we might use are a voice recording device,
screen recording software and a keystroke logging tool. We summarize this example
in Figure 2.1.
14.
15. Types of research
• There are many questions to be answered before conducting research, such as:
• What is the research question?
• Which method or methods are most appropriate?
• What kind of data will be collected?
• How will the data be analyzed?
• It is worthwhile thinking about one’s epistemological framework before diving into such
details.
• It is important to consider what type of research we are engaging in.
• An initial question pertaining to type of research is what logical system it subscribes to, i.e.
whether it is being conducted from an inductive or a deductive positioning.
16. • Induction involves the development of theories and hypotheses from the data
collected (it moves from particular instances to general statements).
• Deduction involves the testing of existing theories or hypotheses through data (it
moves from general statements to specific instances).
• Abduction proposes to isolate the most convincing reasons (hypotheses) from a
research result and to research these hypotheses further.
• Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004:17) helpfully characterize the three as discovery
of patterns (induction), testing of hypotheses (deduction) and seeking
understanding by uncovering and relying on “the best of a set of explanations for
understanding one’s results”.
17. • Williams and Chesterman (2002:58) explain that empirical research “seeks new
data, new information derived from the observation of data and from experimental
work; it seeks evidence which supports or disconfirms hypotheses, or generates
new ones”.
• This type of research is generally seen in opposition to conceptual research,
which “aims to define and clarify concepts, to interpret or reinterpret new ideas, to
relate concepts into larger systems, to introduce new concepts or metaphors or
frameworks that allow a better understanding of the object of research” (ibid.).
• The distinction is not always clear-cut and these two types of research are not
mutually exclusive
18. • Empirical researchers can engage in either basic or applied research.
• Although the distinction between these two types is not clear-cut either, basic research is
generally understood to mean fundamental research, the primary aim of which is to
acquire new knowledge.
• Applied research is generally understood to mean research on practical problems,
research that has an application in life.
• experimental, in which case the researcher seeks to establish cause and effect relations (if
X happens, then what is the effect on Y?).
• Such research might be carried out in a controlled environment, although this is not
always practical in humanities and social science research, and is often comparative;
• it compares two groups and their properties of behaviour when certain variables are
manipulated.
19. • It may be designed in such a way that there is an ‘experimental group’ (also
known as a ‘treatment group’) and a ‘control group’
• Members of the former group are exposed to some sort of ‘treatment’, or
manipulation, while the latter are not.
• Note that the groups are not necessarily populated by humans, but can also be
composed of texts, for example.
• The creation of control groups in translation studies research is not without
challenges, however.
• Comparable groups of translators or translations may simply not exist.
20. • To compensate for this, Tymoczko (2002:21) suggests the use of other translations
of the translated text that is under investigation or even other passages from the
translated text that ‘are neutral with respect to the issues being investigated’, or the
use of a corpus of parallel texts .
• Basic or applied research does not necessarily have to be experimental, though,
and might also be explorative.
• An example of explorative research is phenomenology, where rather than asking
what is the effect on Y if X happens, or what X is, the lived experience or
appearance of a particular phenomenon is explored.
• Phenomenology الخبرة
الحدسية is an interpretive, subjective approach to research,
which is interested in gaining insights from personal experiences.
21. • Research can also be evaluative, attempting to establish the value of a
particular initiative once it has been implemented.
• Action research tackles “real-world problems in participatory and
collaborative ways in order to produce action and knowledge in an integrated
fashion through a cyclical process” (O’Leary 2010:146).
• Research might also be ethnographic, when it explores cultural groups “in a
bid to understand, describe, and interpret a way of life from the point of
view of its participants” (ibid.:116).