This document provides an introduction to electronic communication systems. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. It also classifies communication systems as either analog or digital. Modulation techniques are described which allow baseband signals to be transmitted over a channel by modifying a carrier signal. The document outlines some fundamental limitations of communication systems including noise, distortion and bandwidth. It discusses different types of signal distortion and techniques for equalization and companding to overcome nonlinear distortion.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
ELH – 3.1: ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION UNIT – I Digital modulation techniq...Kuvempu University
Digital modulation techniques: Digital modulation formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques, Coherent quadrature – modulation techniques, Non-coherent binary modulation techniques, Comparison of binary and quaternary modulation techniques, M-ray modulation techniques, Power spectra, Bandwidth efficiency, M-array modulation formats viewed in the light of the channel capacity theorem, Effect of inter symbol interference, Bit verses symbol error probabilities, Synchronization, Applications.
This document provides an overview of wireless networks and communication systems. It discusses digital and analog communications, examples of wireless systems, and the differences between wireless and wired networks. It also covers wireless system architecture, multiple access techniques, the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G, and various wireless technologies like WLANs, Bluetooth, ad hoc networks, and more. Key concepts around cellular concepts and the components of communication systems are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication. It describes various guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables and their characteristics. It also discusses unguided media like radio waves, microwave transmission and infrared transmission. The document explains concepts like multiplexing, network switching techniques including circuit switching, message switching and packet switching. It provides an overview of computer networks, defining a computer network and describing applications of networks.
A brief discussion of Introduction to communication systems.
Prof. H.Amindavar complementary notes for the first session of "Advanced communications theory" course, Spring 2021
Data Communications (under graduate course) Lecture 4 of 5Randa Elanwar
Undergraduate course content:
Introduction: Types and sources of data, communication models, standards.
Data transmission: techniques, transmission media and characteristics.
Information theory: Information sources, information measure, entropy, source codes.
Line codes: characteristics, return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero signaling, bipolar alternate mark inversion, code (radix, redundancy and efficiency), important codes in current use, frequency spectra characteristics of common line codes, receiver clock synchronization, optical fiber systems, scramblers.
Modems: characteristics, modulation, equalization, control, V-standards.
Error Control: Transmission impairments, forward error control, linear block codes, feedback error control.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
ELH – 3.1: ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION UNIT – I Digital modulation techniq...Kuvempu University
Digital modulation techniques: Digital modulation formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques, Coherent quadrature – modulation techniques, Non-coherent binary modulation techniques, Comparison of binary and quaternary modulation techniques, M-ray modulation techniques, Power spectra, Bandwidth efficiency, M-array modulation formats viewed in the light of the channel capacity theorem, Effect of inter symbol interference, Bit verses symbol error probabilities, Synchronization, Applications.
This document provides an overview of wireless networks and communication systems. It discusses digital and analog communications, examples of wireless systems, and the differences between wireless and wired networks. It also covers wireless system architecture, multiple access techniques, the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G, and various wireless technologies like WLANs, Bluetooth, ad hoc networks, and more. Key concepts around cellular concepts and the components of communication systems are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication. It describes various guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables and their characteristics. It also discusses unguided media like radio waves, microwave transmission and infrared transmission. The document explains concepts like multiplexing, network switching techniques including circuit switching, message switching and packet switching. It provides an overview of computer networks, defining a computer network and describing applications of networks.
A brief discussion of Introduction to communication systems.
Prof. H.Amindavar complementary notes for the first session of "Advanced communications theory" course, Spring 2021
Data Communications (under graduate course) Lecture 4 of 5Randa Elanwar
Undergraduate course content:
Introduction: Types and sources of data, communication models, standards.
Data transmission: techniques, transmission media and characteristics.
Information theory: Information sources, information measure, entropy, source codes.
Line codes: characteristics, return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero signaling, bipolar alternate mark inversion, code (radix, redundancy and efficiency), important codes in current use, frequency spectra characteristics of common line codes, receiver clock synchronization, optical fiber systems, scramblers.
Modems: characteristics, modulation, equalization, control, V-standards.
Error Control: Transmission impairments, forward error control, linear block codes, feedback error control.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Fiber-optic communication transmits information using pulses of light through transparent fibers made of glass or plastic. It has high bandwidth, can transmit over long distances with immunity to electromagnetic interference, and is used widely in telecommunications, networking, and data transmission. Key developments include the introduction of single-mode fibers with increasing bit rates and repeater spacing over successive generations. The basic components of a fiber-optic system include a transmitter, fiber channel, and receiver.
Ch 01 part 2 - history of telecommunications and regulations sakariachromabook
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes. It includes various components and subsystems that work together to transfer information. Communication signals can be analog, representing continuous variations in amplitude, frequency, or other properties, or digital, representing information as a series of binary digits. Baseband signals are the original information signals like audio or video, while broadband signals modulate a carrier wave at a higher frequency to transmit the baseband signal. Telecommunication has evolved over time from early electrical telegraph systems to current fixed, mobile, and data communication networks that transmit both analog and digital signals and information. The International Telecommunications Union establishes standards and regulations for global telecommunication networks and services.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication. It begins with definitions of wireless communication and a brief history noting Marconi's pioneering work. Benefits of wireless include mobility, flexibility, low infrastructure costs and reliability. Challenges include interference, security concerns and potential health effects from radiation. The basic elements of a wireless system are described as the transmission path, channel and reception path. Wireless systems can operate in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex modes.
This document provides an outline for a course on communication systems. It covers several key topics:
1) The different types of modulation techniques used in analog and digital communication systems including amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse modulation.
2) The basic components and functioning of a communication system including information sources, encoding, transmission over a channel, reception and decoding.
3) Characteristics of communication channels such as bandwidth, transmitted power, and how these resources are used efficiently.
4) Differences between analog and digital communication systems and some advantages of digital systems.
This document discusses computer networking and communication. It defines networking as exchanging messages among parties, known as communication. Data communication consists of a sender, receiver, and medium. Communication can be simplex with one-way data flow, or duplex with two-way data flow. Wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics are guided, while wireless uses radio waves or infrared. Protocols govern digital data exchange within or between networks. Synchronization and acknowledgement ensure correct data transmission and reception. Signals carry data as electrical or electromagnetic currents. Modulation encodes digital data onto analog carrier signals for transmission.
Wireless telecommunications involves the transfer of information between two or more points without a physical connection. It uses forms of energy like radio frequencies to transmit information over various distances, from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. While wireless operations allow for long-range communication without wires, the wireless channel is susceptible to factors like interference, path loss, and fading that restrict reliability and throughput. Adaptation techniques and MIMO can help improve performance but spectrum and interference remain limitations of wireless networks.
Communication is the exchange of information through transmission and reception of messages. The basic elements of communication are an information source, transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. There are different types of electronic communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Analog signals vary continuously while digital signals change in discrete steps. Channel multiplexing and modulation techniques like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing allow efficient transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information as light pulses along optical fibers and have advantages over traditional metal cable systems like increased bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
Wireless communication involves transmitting information such as voice and data through electromagnetic waves without wires. It allows for flexible and mobile connectivity between devices. The document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including point-to-point communication, multiuser systems, modulation techniques, channel models and capacity. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and applications.
Communication channel and networktechnologies.pdfmouizakhan4
1) The document discusses various topics related to telecommunication systems including communication channels, signals, and network components. It describes how speech signals are converted to electrical forms and transmitted over channels.
2) The communication channel acts as a conduit between the transmitter and receiver. Impairments like noise, attenuation and bandwidth limitations can degrade signals during transmission.
3) A communication system requires a transmitting device, transport mechanism, and receiving device to effectively transfer information. Networks facilitate communication between users across geographical boundaries using various transmission media and standards.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and communication engineering. It discusses analog and digital signals, different modulation techniques used in communication systems including amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. Key aspects covered include:
- Analog signals are continuous over time and amplitude while digital signals involve quantization.
- A basic communication system includes a source, transmitter to convert the signal to a transmission format, a channel with noise, a receiver to decode the signal, and a destination.
- Modulation involves varying properties of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to transmit a message signal over a channel.
- Common modulation techniques are amplitude modulation which varies signal strength, and frequency modulation which varies carrier frequency.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and communication engineering. It discusses analog and digital signals, the components of a basic communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. It describes different types of modulation used in communication systems including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and pulse modulation. It also includes block diagrams of wireless communication systems and their components such as the transmitter, encoder, noisy channel, decoder and receiver.
Development of an Audio Transmission System Through an Indoor Visible Light ...Mohammad Liton Hossain
This study presents an approach to develop an indoor visible light communication system capable of transmitting audio signal over light beam within a short distance. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a pretty new technology which used light sources to transmit data for communication. In any communication system, both analog and digital signal transmission are possible, though, due to having the capability of providing a faithful quality of signal regeneration after the transmission process, digital communication system is much more popular than the analog one. In the current project, digital communication process was adopted also. To convert the analog audio signal into the digital transmission signal and vice versa, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was used as the signal encoding strategy. As the light emitter, white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used and as photo sensor, a solar cell was used instead of a photodiode to obtain greater signal power and sensitivity. In the system, the carrier signal for transmission was chosen to have a frequency of 50 KHz. At the receiving end, a 4th order Butterworth lowpass filter having a cutoff frequency of 8 KHz was used to demodulate the audio signal. Using only 2 white LEDs, the indoor transmission range of this visible light communication system was found to be 5 meters while reproducing a satisfactory quality audio.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
The document discusses digital modulation techniques used in modern telecommunication systems. It describes techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM that are used to modulate digital signals for transmission. It also discusses multiplexing techniques like FDM and TDM that allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over the same medium. The document outlines the evolution from analog to digital networks, including the introduction of techniques like PCM, TDM and optical fiber that enabled widespread digitization of telecom networks and improved quality, features and costs.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Fiber-optic communication transmits information using pulses of light through transparent fibers made of glass or plastic. It has high bandwidth, can transmit over long distances with immunity to electromagnetic interference, and is used widely in telecommunications, networking, and data transmission. Key developments include the introduction of single-mode fibers with increasing bit rates and repeater spacing over successive generations. The basic components of a fiber-optic system include a transmitter, fiber channel, and receiver.
Ch 01 part 2 - history of telecommunications and regulations sakariachromabook
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes. It includes various components and subsystems that work together to transfer information. Communication signals can be analog, representing continuous variations in amplitude, frequency, or other properties, or digital, representing information as a series of binary digits. Baseband signals are the original information signals like audio or video, while broadband signals modulate a carrier wave at a higher frequency to transmit the baseband signal. Telecommunication has evolved over time from early electrical telegraph systems to current fixed, mobile, and data communication networks that transmit both analog and digital signals and information. The International Telecommunications Union establishes standards and regulations for global telecommunication networks and services.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication. It begins with definitions of wireless communication and a brief history noting Marconi's pioneering work. Benefits of wireless include mobility, flexibility, low infrastructure costs and reliability. Challenges include interference, security concerns and potential health effects from radiation. The basic elements of a wireless system are described as the transmission path, channel and reception path. Wireless systems can operate in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex modes.
This document provides an outline for a course on communication systems. It covers several key topics:
1) The different types of modulation techniques used in analog and digital communication systems including amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse modulation.
2) The basic components and functioning of a communication system including information sources, encoding, transmission over a channel, reception and decoding.
3) Characteristics of communication channels such as bandwidth, transmitted power, and how these resources are used efficiently.
4) Differences between analog and digital communication systems and some advantages of digital systems.
This document discusses computer networking and communication. It defines networking as exchanging messages among parties, known as communication. Data communication consists of a sender, receiver, and medium. Communication can be simplex with one-way data flow, or duplex with two-way data flow. Wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics are guided, while wireless uses radio waves or infrared. Protocols govern digital data exchange within or between networks. Synchronization and acknowledgement ensure correct data transmission and reception. Signals carry data as electrical or electromagnetic currents. Modulation encodes digital data onto analog carrier signals for transmission.
Wireless telecommunications involves the transfer of information between two or more points without a physical connection. It uses forms of energy like radio frequencies to transmit information over various distances, from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. While wireless operations allow for long-range communication without wires, the wireless channel is susceptible to factors like interference, path loss, and fading that restrict reliability and throughput. Adaptation techniques and MIMO can help improve performance but spectrum and interference remain limitations of wireless networks.
Communication is the exchange of information through transmission and reception of messages. The basic elements of communication are an information source, transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. There are different types of electronic communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Analog signals vary continuously while digital signals change in discrete steps. Channel multiplexing and modulation techniques like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing allow efficient transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information as light pulses along optical fibers and have advantages over traditional metal cable systems like increased bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
Wireless communication involves transmitting information such as voice and data through electromagnetic waves without wires. It allows for flexible and mobile connectivity between devices. The document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including point-to-point communication, multiuser systems, modulation techniques, channel models and capacity. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and applications.
Communication channel and networktechnologies.pdfmouizakhan4
1) The document discusses various topics related to telecommunication systems including communication channels, signals, and network components. It describes how speech signals are converted to electrical forms and transmitted over channels.
2) The communication channel acts as a conduit between the transmitter and receiver. Impairments like noise, attenuation and bandwidth limitations can degrade signals during transmission.
3) A communication system requires a transmitting device, transport mechanism, and receiving device to effectively transfer information. Networks facilitate communication between users across geographical boundaries using various transmission media and standards.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and communication engineering. It discusses analog and digital signals, different modulation techniques used in communication systems including amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. Key aspects covered include:
- Analog signals are continuous over time and amplitude while digital signals involve quantization.
- A basic communication system includes a source, transmitter to convert the signal to a transmission format, a channel with noise, a receiver to decode the signal, and a destination.
- Modulation involves varying properties of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to transmit a message signal over a channel.
- Common modulation techniques are amplitude modulation which varies signal strength, and frequency modulation which varies carrier frequency.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and communication engineering. It discusses analog and digital signals, the components of a basic communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. It describes different types of modulation used in communication systems including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and pulse modulation. It also includes block diagrams of wireless communication systems and their components such as the transmitter, encoder, noisy channel, decoder and receiver.
Development of an Audio Transmission System Through an Indoor Visible Light ...Mohammad Liton Hossain
This study presents an approach to develop an indoor visible light communication system capable of transmitting audio signal over light beam within a short distance. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a pretty new technology which used light sources to transmit data for communication. In any communication system, both analog and digital signal transmission are possible, though, due to having the capability of providing a faithful quality of signal regeneration after the transmission process, digital communication system is much more popular than the analog one. In the current project, digital communication process was adopted also. To convert the analog audio signal into the digital transmission signal and vice versa, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was used as the signal encoding strategy. As the light emitter, white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used and as photo sensor, a solar cell was used instead of a photodiode to obtain greater signal power and sensitivity. In the system, the carrier signal for transmission was chosen to have a frequency of 50 KHz. At the receiving end, a 4th order Butterworth lowpass filter having a cutoff frequency of 8 KHz was used to demodulate the audio signal. Using only 2 white LEDs, the indoor transmission range of this visible light communication system was found to be 5 meters while reproducing a satisfactory quality audio.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
The document discusses digital modulation techniques used in modern telecommunication systems. It describes techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM that are used to modulate digital signals for transmission. It also discusses multiplexing techniques like FDM and TDM that allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over the same medium. The document outlines the evolution from analog to digital networks, including the introduction of techniques like PCM, TDM and optical fiber that enabled widespread digitization of telecom networks and improved quality, features and costs.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
1. Woldia University
Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Chapter One
Introduction to Electronic Communication
Systems
1 / 22
3. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Elements of Communication Systems
3 Classification of Communication Systems
2 / 22
4. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Introduction to Electronic communication
A communication system can be broadly defined as the transfer of
information signals from a source, located at one point in space, to
a user destination, located at another point
It could be over short or long distances, out of which
communication at a distance is known as telecommunication
In today’s world, there are number of modern communication
systems in use, which may include radio telephony and telegraph,
broadcasting (both radio and television), point to point and mobile
communication, radio telemetry, internet and so on.
In order to become familiar with these communication systems, it
is necessary to understand the basic building blocks of
communication systems, the concept of noise, modulation,
multiplexing, and various other systems.
3 / 22
5. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Elements of Communication Systems
As shown in figure 1 below, any communication system consists of
basic elements such as, information source, input transducer,
transmitter block, communication channel/medium, receiver block,
output transducer and information sink/destination.
The source originates a message, such as a human voice, a
television picture, a computer text message, or data.
If the data is non-electrical (human voice, teletype message,
television picture), it must be converted by an input
transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the
baseband signal or message signal.
Figure 1: Basic parts of communication system
4 / 22
6. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Transmittere
Transmitter
The main purpose of the transmitter is to modify the message
signal into a form suitable for transmission over the channel.
It may involve signal processing techniques such as,
multiplexing, modulation, encoding and amplification.
Modulation is a process of mixing the message signal with a
very high frequency carrier, which is suitable for propagation.
Multiplexing is also another process that allows two or more
signals to share the same medium or channel.
5 / 22
7. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Communication Channel
Is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one
place to another. Many different types of media are used in
communication systems, including wire conductors, fiber-optic
cable, and free space.
Various unwanted and undesirable effects crop up in the course of
signal transmission.
Attenuation is undesirable since it reduces signal strength at
the receiver.
More serious, however, are distortion, interference, and noise,
which appear as alterations of the signal shape.
Although such contamination may occur at any point, the
standard convention is to blame them entirely on the channel,
treating the transmitter and receiver as being ideal.
6 / 22
8. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Noise refers to random and unpredictable electrical signals
produced by natural processes both internal and external to
the system.
Filtering reduces noise contamination, but there inevitably
remains some amount of noise that cannot be eliminated.
This noise constitutes one of the fundamental system
limitations.
Interference is contamination by extraneous signals from
human sources, other transmitters, power lines and machinery,
switching circuits, and so on.
Distortion Distortion is waveform perturbation caused by
imperfect response of the system to the desired signal itself.
Unlike noise and interference, distortion disappears when the
signal is turned off.
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9. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Receiver
The main purpose of the receiver is to reproduce the original
message signal from the degraded version of the transmitted
signal after propagation through the channel.
This is accomplished by using a process of demodulation and
amplification.
Demodulation is a reverse of modulation. It is a process of
extracting the original message from the received signal.or
Output Transducer
This device converts the electric signal at its input into the
form desired by the system user.
Perhaps the most common output transducers may include a
loudspeaker or ear phone, monitor, etc.
The destination is the unit to which the message is
communicated.
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10. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
There are three ways in which communication systems are
classified: analog or digital systems, one-way (simplex) or two-way
(half full duplex) systems, and base band or modulated systems.
According to the message signal communicated, communication
systems can be classified in to two types: Analog and Digital.
Analog communication system is the one in which message
signal is transmitted and received in analog form.
Digital communication systems are systems in which message
signal is transmitted and received in digital form.
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11. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Analog Communication System
Figure 2: Typical Block diagram of Analog communication Systems
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12. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Digital Communication System
Figure 3: Typical Block diagram of digital Communication Systems
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13. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Comparison of Digital and Analog communication Systems
Digital communication has a number of advantages
Relatively inexpensive digital circuits can be used
Privacy is preserved by using data encryption
Greater dynamic range is possible
Data from voice, video, and data sources can be merged and
transmitted over a common digital transmission system.
In long distance systems, noise does not accumulate from
repeater to repeater.
Errors in detected data are small, even when there is a large
amount of noise on the received signal.
Errors can often be corrected by the use of coding
Digital communication also has disadvantages
Generally more bandwidth is required than that for analog
systems.
Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is
required. 12 / 22
14. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Base Band Transmission
In a communication system, the original information signal
(baseband signals) could be transmitted over the medium.
Putting the original signal directly into the medium is referred
to as baseband transmission.
Limitations of Baseband Transmission
There are many instances when the baseband signals are
incompatible for direct transmission over the communication
medium.
Although it is theoretically possible to transmit voice signals
directly by radio, realistically it is impractical.
For example, voice signals can’t travel longer distances in air
as they get attenuated rapidly.
Hence to overcome the limitations of baseband transmission,
modulation techniques has to be used.
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15. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Modulation Techniques
In modulation process, the baseband signal (such as voice,
video, etc.) modifies another higherfrequency signal called
carrier which is usally a sinusoidal wave that is higher in
frequency than the highest baseband signal frequency.
The baseband signal modifies the amplitude or frequency or
phase of the carrier in the modulation process.
Need for Modulation We have seen that baseband signals are
incompatible for direct transmission over the medium and therfore
we have to use modulation techniques for the communication of
baseband signal.
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16. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
The advantages of using modulation technique are as given below;
Reduce the height of antenna
Avoids mixing of signals
Increase the range of communication
Allows multiplexing of signals
Allows adjustments in the bandwidth
Modulation Types There are many modulation and demodulation
techniques;
Continuous wave modulation- DSB, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB, FM,
PM
Pulse modulation- PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM, DPCM, DM
Digital modulation- ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM
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17. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Fundamental Limitations of Communication Systems
The goal of a communication system engineer is to design
systems that provide high quality service for the maximum
number of user with the smallest cost and least usage of
limited resources.
Communication systems face fundamental limitations such as
noise, distortion and bandwidth which determine the
performance each system.
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18. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Signal Distortion in Transmission
A signal transmission medium is the electrical channel
between an information source and destination.
These systems range in complexity from a simple pair of wires
to a sophisticated laseroptics links
Distortion-less Transmission
Distortion-less transmission means that the output signal has
the same shape as the input.
More precisely, given an input signal x(t) we say that the
output is undistorted if it differs from the input by a
multiplying constant and a finite time delay.
Analytically, we have distortion-less transmission if its output is
related to its input as;
y(t) = Kx(t − td ) (1)
Where K and td are constants.
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19. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
For the purpose of studying distortion effects on various
signals, we’ll define three major types of distortion:
The first two types can be grouped under the general
designation of linear distortion, described in terms of the
transfer function of a linear system.
For the third type, the nonlinearity prevents the existence of a
transfer function.
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20. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Linear Distortion includes any amplitude or delay distortion
associated with a linear transmission system
Nonlinear Distortion A system having nonlinear elements
cannot be described by a transfer function. Instead, the
instantaneous values of input and output are related by a
curve or function y(t) = T[x(t)], commonly called the
transfer characteristic.
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21. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Equalization
Linear distortion-both amplitude and delay-is theoretically curable
through the use of equalization networks.
Figure 4: Channel with equalization for linear distortion
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22. Introduction
Elements of Communication Systems
Classification of Communication Systems
Companding
To utilizes two nonlinear signal processors, a compressor at
the input and an expander at the output as shown below
Figure 5: Companding System
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