This document discusses various approaches to systems development, including planning, the systems development life cycle (SDLC), and alternative methods like prototyping, rapid application development, and object-oriented development. It describes the phases of the SDLC including planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It emphasizes that systems development requires understanding business needs and technical requirements to construct effective information system solutions.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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What is Information System?
The system is a collection of various elements or entities that are used to process input into an output. Inputs and outputs can be either raw or intact data into information — depending on the processing designed to work in the system.
Meanwhile, information is the result of data processing used for a particular purpose. As for what data means is raw facts that have not been processed and can not provide stimulus for users to take action.
Thus, an information system can be interpreted as a set of interconnected elements to process a given input into a particular output produced. The next stage of an information system is a MIS (Management Information System) which has a higher complexity with the final goal being used for the needs of analysis and decision making.
What is Information Systems Development?
As the name suggests, information system development or commonly known as SLC (Systems Life Cycle) or SLDC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process of making and changing the system and the model and methodology used. In other words, an SDLC is the preparation of a new system to replace the old system, both in whole and only partially.
Development of information systems is generally done because of problems that cannot be accommodated by the old system. For example, the hospital where you work make an overhaul SIMRS (Sistem Informasi Manajemen Rumah Sakit/Hospital Management Information System) because of applications that previously could not do bridging with BPJS. Considering the fact that the government has required it, then inevitably the hospital must adjust the SIMRS it already has.
As for carrying out an information system development, the related team will consist of several personnel, namely the project coordinator, system analyst and design, network designer, programmer, technician (hardware), administrator, software tester, graphic designer, and documentary.
Information System Development Stages
An information system development consists of six important stages, it is system survey, needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, change and maintenance.
1) System Survey
The SLDC phase also consists of three main points: system identification, selection, and system planning.
1) System Identification
This process is to identify the problems facing the company and the system it has. The team will look for any opportunities that can be done to overcome this.
2) Selection
The selection phase will apply evaluation points to the development project to ensure the solutions are created in accordance with the company’s expected targets.
3) System Planning
This step is the step of developing a formal plan to start working on and implementing the information system development concept that has been chosen.
2) Needs Analysis
System requirements analysis is a technique for solving problems by decomposing the components of the system. The aim is none other than to find out more about how each component works and th
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is
What is Information System?
The system is a collection of various elements or entities that are used to process input into an output. Inputs and outputs can be either raw or intact data into information — depending on the processing designed to work in the system.
Meanwhile, information is the result of data processing used for a particular purpose. As for what data means is raw facts that have not been processed and can not provide stimulus for users to take action.
Thus, an information system can be interpreted as a set of interconnected elements to process a given input into a particular output produced. The next stage of an information system is a MIS (Management Information System) which has a higher complexity with the final goal being used for the needs of analysis and decision making.
What is Information Systems Development?
As the name suggests, information system development or commonly known as SLC (Systems Life Cycle) or SLDC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process of making and changing the system and the model and methodology used. In other words, an SDLC is the preparation of a new system to replace the old system, both in whole and only partially.
Development of information systems is generally done because of problems that cannot be accommodated by the old system. For example, the hospital where you work make an overhaul SIMRS (Sistem Informasi Manajemen Rumah Sakit/Hospital Management Information System) because of applications that previously could not do bridging with BPJS. Considering the fact that the government has required it, then inevitably the hospital must adjust the SIMRS it already has.
As for carrying out an information system development, the related team will consist of several personnel, namely the project coordinator, system analyst and design, network designer, programmer, technician (hardware), administrator, software tester, graphic designer, and documentary.
Information System Development Stages
An information system development consists of six important stages, it is system survey, needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, change and maintenance.
1) System Survey
The SLDC phase also consists of three main points: system identification, selection, and system planning.
1) System Identification
This process is to identify the problems facing the company and the system it has. The team will look for any opportunities that can be done to overcome this.
2) Selection
The selection phase will apply evaluation points to the development project to ensure the solutions are created in accordance with the company’s expected targets.
3) System Planning
This step is the step of developing a formal plan to start working on and implementing the information system development concept that has been chosen.
2) Needs Analysis
System requirements analysis is a technique for solving problems by decomposing the components of the system. The aim is none other than to find out more about how each component works and th
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
2. 4.1. Unit Overview
Systems development is the entire set of activities needed to
construct an information systems solution to a business
problem or opportunity.
This chapter discusses a variety of approaches to systems
development.
We begin with planning.
Next we present the concept of the systems development life
cycle (SDLC), which provides the framework for all activities in
the development process.
Third, we discuss other methods for systems development that
organizations may use in standalone fashion or in conjunction
with the SDLC, including prototyping, rapid application
development, and object-oriented development.
3. 4.2. Systems Development
The process of creating and maintaining information systems is
called systems development or systems analysis and design.
The following diagram shows that it involves all five components
of an information system.
In addition to technical knowledge, it requires business
knowledge and management skill.
4. Information Systems Planning
Planning an information system does not start with bits and bytes,
or a Web site.
Rather, it starts with gaining a holistic perspective on what the
firm aims to achieve and how it will do so.
Systems development is the entire set of activities needed to
construct an information systems solution to a business problem or
opportunity.
A key component is information systems planning, which begins
with the strategic plan of the organization.
The organization’s strategic plan states the firm’s overall mission,
the goals that follow from the mission, and the broad steps
necessary to reach these goals.
5. The organizational strategic plan and the existing Information
Technology architecture provide the inputs in developing the
information systems strategic plan.
The Information Technology architecture delineates the way an
organization’s information resources should be used to accomplish
its mission.
It encompasses both technical and managerial aspects of
information resources.
The technical aspects include hardware and operating systems,
networking, data and data management systems, and applications
software.
The managerial aspects specify how managing the IS department
will be accomplished, how functional area managers will be
involved, and how IS decisions will be made.
6. 4.4. Information Systems Strategic Plan
The Information Systems strategic plan is a set of long-range
goals that describe the Information Technology architecture and
major Information Systems initiatives needed to achieve the
goals of the organization.
The Information Systems strategic plan must meet three
objectives:
It must be aligned with the organization’s strategic plan.
It must provide for an Information Technology architecture that
enables users, applications, and databases to be seamlessly
networked and integrated.
It must efficiently allocate Information Systems development
resources among competing projects, so the projects can be
completed on time, within budget, and have the required
functionality.
7. The Information Systems strategic plan states the mission of the
Information Systems department, which defines the
department’s underlying purpose.
The mission helps to answer questions relating to three major
issues:
Efficiency: Does the Information Systems function help the
organization reach its goals with minimum resources?
Effectiveness: Does the IS function help the functional area
managers (and executives) do the right things?
Competitiveness: Does the Information Systems function engage in
projects that will enhance the organization’s competitive position?
8. 4.5. The Information Systems Operational Plan
The Information Systems strategic plan may require a new
Information Technology architecture, or the existing Information
Technology architecture may be sufficient.
In either case, the Information Systems strategic plan leads to the
IS operational plan, which is a clear set of projects that will be
executed by the Information Systems department and by
functional area managers in support of the Information Systems
strategic plan.
9. A typical Information Systems operational plan contains the
following elements:
Mission: The mission of the Information Systems function
Information Systems environment: A summary of the information needs
of the functional areas and of the organization as a whole
Objectives of the Information Systems function: The Information
Systems function’s current best estimate of its goals
Constraints on the IS function: Technological, financial, and personnel
limitations on the Information Systems function
Long-term system’s needs: A summary of the systems needed by the
company and the Information Systems projects selected to reach
organizational goals
Short-range plan: An inventory of present projects, and a detailed plan
of projects to be developed or continued during the current year
10. 4.6. Systems development difficult and risky
Here are some of the challenges you might face in a system
development project:
It’s very difficult to determine the requirements of a system
which include data, procedures, communications, and
processing requirements.
The requirements are always changing, even as the system is
being developed.
Scheduling and budgeting are difficult to determine.
Technology will change throughout the system development
process.
As development teams become larger, the average contribution
per worker decreases and causes diseconomies of scale.
11. 4.7. Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
A systems development lifecycle (SDLC) has three primary
objectives:
1. ensure that high quality systems are delivered,
2. provide strong management controls over the projects, and
3. maximize the productivity of the systems staff.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) emphasizes
decision processes that influence system cost and
usefulness.
These decisions must be based on full consideration of
business processes, functional requirements, and
economic and technical feasibility in order to produce an
effective system.
12. The primary objectives of any SDLC are to deliver quality
systems that:
1) meet or exceed customer expectations promised and within
cost estimates,
2) work effectively and efficiently within the current and
planned information technology infrastructure, and
3) are inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance.
This SDLC establishes a logical order of events for conducting
System development that is controlled, measured,
documented, and ultimately improved.
13. Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Objectives
An SDLC is developed to disseminate proven practices to system
developers, project managers, program/account analysts and system
owners/users throughout any organization.
The specific objectives expected include the following:
To reduce the risk of project failure
To consider system and data requirements throughout the entire life of the
system
To identify technical and management issues early
To disclose all life cycle costs to guide business decisions
To foster realistic expectations of what the systems will and will not provide
To provide information to better balance programmatic, technical, management,
and cost aspects of proposed system development or modification
To encourage periodic evaluations to identify systems that are no longer
effective
To measure progress and status for effective corrective action
To support effective resource management and budget planning
To consider meeting current and future business requirements.
14. 4.9 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Phases
The SDLC includes phases, for example ten phases in this model;
during which defined IT work products are created or modified.
The phases occur when the system is disposed of and the task
performed is either eliminated or transferred to other systems.
The tasks and work products for each phase are described in
subsequent chapters.
Not every project will require that the phases be sequentially
executed. However, the phases are interdependent.
Depending upon the size and complexity of the project, phases
may be combined or may overlap.
15. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional systems
development method used by most organizations today.
The SDLC is a structured framework that consists of sequential
processes by which information systems are developed.
In the past, developers used the waterfall approach to the SDLC, in
which tasks in one stage were completed before the work proceeded
to the next stage.
Today, systems developers go back and forth among the stages as
necessary.
Systems development projects produce desired results through team
efforts.
Development teams typically include users, systems analysts,
programmers, and technical specialists.
16. Users are employees from all functional areas and levels
of the organization who will interact with the system,
either directly or indirectly.
Direct interaction means that users will make hands-on use of
the system, and
Indirect interaction means that users will use the outputs from
the system.
Systems analysts are information systems professionals
who specialize in analysing and designing information
systems.
Programmers are information systems professionals who
modify existing computer programs or write new
computer programs to satisfy user requirements.
Technical specialists are experts on a certain type of
18. 4.12.1. Systems Investigation
Systems development professionals agree that the more time invested in
understanding the business problem to be solved.
For these reasons, systems investigation begins with the business problem.
Feasibility studies: The next task in the systems investigation stage is the
feasibility study.
The feasibility study determines the probability of success of the proposed
systems development project and assesses the project’s technical,
economic, and behavioural feasibility.
19. 4.12.2. Systems Analysis
Once a development project has the necessary approvals from all
participants, the systems analysis stage begins.
Systems analysis is the examination of the business problem that
the organization plans to solve with an information system.
This stage defines the business problem, identifies its causes,
specifies the solution, and identifies the information requirements
that the solution must satisfy.
Understanding the business problem requires understanding the
various processes involved.
The systems analysis stage produces the following information:
Strengths and weaknesses of the existing system
Functions that the new system must have to solve the business problem
User information requirements for the new system
Armed with this information, systems developers can proceed to
the systems design stage.
20. 4.12.3. Systems Design
Systems analysis describes what a system must do to solve the
business problem, and systems design describes how the system
will accomplish this task.
The deliverable of the systems design phase is the technical design
that specifies the following:
System outputs, inputs, and user interfaces
Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and
procedures
How these components are integrated?
This output is the set of system specifications.
Systems design encompasses two major aspects of the new system:
Logical systems design states what the system will do, with abstract
specifications.
Physical systems design states how the system will perform its functions,
with actual physical specifications.
21. 4.12.4. Programming
Systems developers utilize the design specifications
to acquire the software needed for the system to
meet its functional objectives and solve the business
problem.
These structured programming techniques include the
following restrictions:
Each module has one, and only one, function.
Each module has only one entrance and one exit. That is,
the logic in the computer program enters a module in only
one place and exits in only one place.
There are no GO TO statements allowed.
22. 4.12.5. Testing
Thorough and continuous testing occurs throughout the
programming stage.
Testing checks to see if the computer code will produce the
expected and desired results under certain conditions.
Testing requires a large amount of time, effort, and expense to
do properly.
However, the costs of improper testing, which could possibly lead
to a system that does not meet its objectives, are enormous.
Testing is designed to detect errors (“bugs”) in the computer
code.
These errors are of two types: syntax errors and logic errors.
23. Implementation
Implementation is the process of converting from the old system
to the new system. Organizations use four major conversion
strategies: parallel, direct, pilot, and phased.
In a parallel conversion process, the old system and the new
system operate simultaneously for a period of time.
That is, both systems process the same data at the same time,
and the outputs are compared.
This type of conversion is the most expensive, but also the least
risky. Most large systems have a parallel conversion process to
lessen the risk.
The phased conversion process introduces components of
the new system, such as individual modules, in stages. Each
module is assessed, and, when it works properly, other modules
are introduced, until the entire new system is operational.
24. In a direct conversion process, the old system is cut off and the
new system is turned on at a certain point in time.
This type of conversion is the least expensive, but the riskiest if
the new system doesn’t work as planned.
Few systems are implemented using this type of conversion, due
to the risk involved.
The pilot conversion process introduces the new system in one
part of the organization, such as in one plant or in one functional
area.
The new system runs for a period of time and is assessed.
After the new system works properly, it is introduced in other
parts of the organization.
25. Operation and Maintenance
After conversion, the new system will operate for a period
of time, until (like the old system it replaced) it no longer
meets its objectives.
Once the new system’s operations are stabilized, audits are
performed during operation to assess the system’s
capabilities and determine if it is being used correctly.
Systems need several types of maintenance.
The first type is debugging the program, a process that continues
throughout the life of the system.
The second type is updating the system to accommodate changes in
business conditions.
The third type of maintenance adds new functionality to the system.
This process involves adding new features to the existing
system without disturbing its operation.
26. Alternative Methods for Systems Development
Most organizations use the traditional systems development life cycle
because it has three major advantages: control, accountability, and
error detection.
These methods and tools include prototyping, rapid application
development, integrated computer-assisted software engineering
(ICASE) tools, and object oriented development.
4.13.1. Prototyping
Using the prototyping approach, systems developers first obtain only
a general idea of user requirements.
That is, the developers do not try to obtain a complete set of user
specifications for the system and do not plan to develop the system
all at once.
Instead, they quickly develop a prototype, which either contains
parts of the new system of most interest to the users, or is a small-
scale working model of the entire system.
27. 4.13.2. Joint application design (JAD)
Joint application design (JAD) is a group-based method for
collecting user requirements and creating system designs.
JAD is most often used within the systems analysis and
systems design stages of the SDLC.
28. Rapid application development (RAD)
Rapid application development (RAD) is a systems
development method that can combine JAD, prototyping,
and integrated CASE tools (described below) to rapidly
produce a high-quality system.
RAD is an iterative approach similar to prototyping, in
which requirements, designs, and the system itself are
developed with sequential refinements.
RAD and prototyping are iterative and emphasize speed of
development.
29. Typical RAD packages include:
Graphical user development environment: The ability to create
many aspects of an application by drag-and-drop applications.
Reusable components: A library of common, standard “objects”
such as buttons and dialog boxes. The developer drags and drops
these items into the application.
Code generator: After the developer drags and drops components
into the design, the package automatically writes computer
programs to implement the reports, input screens, buttons, and
dialog boxes.
Programming language: Such as Visual Basic or C++. This package
includes an integrated development environment (IDE) for
creating, testing, and debugging computer code.
30. Object-oriented development
Object-oriented development is based on a fundamentally different view
of computer systems than that found in traditional SDLC development
approaches.
The OO approach to software development offers many advantages:
It reduces the complexity of systems development and leads to systems that are easier
and quicker to build and maintain, because each object is relatively small and self-
contained.
It improves programmers’ productivity and quality. Once an object has been defined,
implemented, and tested, it can be reused in other systems.
Systems developed with the OO approach are more flexible. These systems can be
modified and enhanced easily, by changing some types of objects or by adding new
types.
The OO approach allows the systems analyst to think at the level of the real-world
systems (as users do) and not at the level of the programming language. The basic
operations of an enterprise change much more slowly than the information needs of
specific groups or individuals. Therefore, software based on generic models (which the
OO approach is) will have a longer life span than programs written to solve specific,
immediate problems.
The OO approach is also ideal for developing Web applications.
The OO approach depicts the various elements of an information system in user terms
(i.e., business or real-world terms), and therefore, the users have a better
understanding of what the new system does and how it meets its objectives.