The document discusses the kinetic particle model of matter. It explains that matter is made of tiny particles that are in continuous random motion, with greater kinetic energy at higher temperatures and least energy at absolute zero. It describes the particle structure and properties of solids, liquids, and gases, and how temperature affects the motion of particles. It also defines states of matter, phase changes, gas pressure relationships, and how temperature can be converted between kelvin and celsius using the given equation. Brownian motion is described as evidence for the kinetic particle model.

1. Kinetic Particle
Model of Matter
Chapter
8

2. 8.1 The States of Matter
In this section, you will learn the
following:
1. Know the properties of solids, liquids and gases.
2. Know the terms for the changes in state between
solids, liquids and gases.

3. 8.2 The Particle Model
In this section, you will learn the
following:
1. Describe the particle structure of solids, liquids and
gases, and represent these states using simple particle
diagrams.
2. Know that the forces and distances between particles
and the motion of the particles affects the properties of
solids, liquids and gases.
3. Describe the relationship between the motion of
particles and temperature, including the lowest possible
temperature (–273°C), known as absolute zero, where the
particles have least kinetic energy.
4. Know that the random motion of microscopic particles
in a suspension is evidence for the kinetic particle model
of matter.
5. Describe and explain Brownian motion.
Know that microscopic particles may be moved by
collisions with light, fast-moving molecules and correctly
use the terms atoms, molecules and particles.

4. 8.3 Gases and the Absolute Scale of Temperature
In this section, you will learn the
following:
1. Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a
gas.
2. Describe the pressure and changes in pressure of a
gas as force per unit area.
3. Describe qualitatively, the effect on the pressure of a
fixed mass of gas with changing temperature at constant
volume and changing volume at constant temperature.
4. Recall and use the equation pV = constant for a fixed
mass of gas at constant temperature, including a
graphical representation of this relationship.
5. Convert temperatures between kelvin and degrees
Celsius.
6. Recall and use the relationship T (in K) = θ (in °C) +
273.

5. KINETIC PARTICLE
MODEL OF MATTER
Matter is made
of tiny particles
that are in continuous
random motion.
its equation is given by
which decreases with
which increases with
where
melting boiling
freezing/
solidifying
condensing
which exist
in three states
known as
where
which
converted using the equation
T (in K) = (in °C) + 273
states that
Brownian
motion
is proven
by
Let’s Map It
Mind Map
Construct your own mind
map for the concepts that
you have learnt in this
section.

6. KINETIC PARTICLE
MODEL OF MATTER
Matter is made
of tiny particles
that are in continuous
random motion.
Particles have
greater kinetic energy
at higher temperature
Particles have
least energy at
absolute zero
0K in kelvin
–273°C in
degree Celsius
Solids
• Particles are closely packed
• Arranged in a regular pattern
• Large number of particles
per unit volume
• Particles vibrate about
fixed positions
• Attractive forces between
particles are very strong
Liquids
• Particles are slightly
further apart
• Randomly arranged
• Slightly smaller number
of particles per unit volume
• Particles can move freely
within the liquid
• Attractive forces are
moderately strong
Gases
• Particles are far apart
• Randomly arranged
• Small number of particles
per unit volume
• Particles move randomly
at high speeds
• Attractive forces between
particles are negligible
Gas pressure is for collision
of gas particles with the walls.
Temperature at
constant volume
Volume at constant
temperature
pV = k
its equation is given by
which decreases with
which increases with
where
melting boiling
freezing/
solidifying
condensing
which exist
in three states
known as
where
which
converted using the equation
T (in K) = (in °C) + 273
states that
Brownian
motion
is proven
by
Let’s Map It