The document discusses how family influences gender roles. It notes that children begin developing their gender identity between ages 2-3 and learn gender roles through observing their family. Gender roles are defined by the social and cultural norms of society. The family plays a key role in socializing children into gender roles through parental modeling and parent-child interactions. While media historically portrayed the nuclear family as the norm, modern media now shows more diverse family structures. The document examines how various social institutions like politics, work, religion, and media intersect with and influence the family system.
The chapter discusses how family is an influential source of gender socialization. It explores how gender roles are largely taught through parental modeling and parent-child interactions in the family. While families differ, gender plays a significant role in how each family functions. The chapter also examines how societal institutions like media, politics, and religion influence families and help establish norms around gender, relationships, and the nuclear family model. Overall, the chapter suggests families are shaped by broader social and cultural forces while also helping to socialize children into gender roles and society's expectations.
This document discusses homosexuality and same-sex marriage from a sociological perspective. It summarizes research finding differences between homosexual and heterosexual relationships, such as relationship duration, monogamy, commitment levels, and childrearing. It argues that legalizing same-sex marriage could undermine the institution of marriage and traditional family values in society by promoting relationships that are less stable and do not produce children to sustain the population. However, it acknowledges problems also exist in some heterosexual relationships and families.
The nuclear family emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. It provides protection, companionship, and socialization, though its structure varies between societies. Today, only 48.4% of families fit the nuclear model according to CDC data. Gender roles form early in the nuclear family through socialization and gendered toys/activities. Television portrays idealized family models that families feel pressure to emulate, contributing to high divorce rates. How children develop gender identities is influenced by parental interactions and the emancipatory or traditional nature of their family.
The document provides an agenda and study guide for a course on race, ethnicity, gender, and family. It discusses key concepts like acculturation, changing gender roles, and traditional vs non-traditional attitudes. It also examines factors that challenge the discourse of destined gender equality and meanings of inequality in careers and higher education. Students are assigned to read about these topics and develop extra credit multiple choice questions on the role of gender.
The document discusses gender roles within families and how they influence society. Traditionally, females take on the homemaker role while males are the breadwinners, and these roles are passed down through generations. However, the concept of a nuclear family is increasingly outdated as many families today consist of single parents or blended families. While media still portrays the nuclear family as the norm, it places pressure on women's domestic roles. Gender roles constructed within families translate to societal expectations and influence other institutions. More progressive families are moving toward flexible gender roles that accommodate individual experiences.
The document discusses different perspectives on family diversity and structure. It outlines the views of the New Right, who oppose diversity and favor a traditional nuclear family. It also describes the neo-conventional family perspective and identifies five types of family diversity. Additionally, it discusses concepts like life course analysis, risk society, choice and equality, family practice, postmodernism, and the growing acceptance of and arguments for and against diversity in family forms.
Lecture 8 culture and diversity diversity in family relationships8Nevzat Yildirim
Family structures have become more diverse, with a range of types existing today. There is no single ideal family structure. Divorce and remarriage have led to more single-parent families and reconstituted families with children from prior relationships. Cohabitation without marriage has also increased. While the nuclear family structure is less prevalent, extended families and strong family relationships remain important for many ethnic minority groups. Overall, family life has become more varied and flexible.
This document discusses how family relationships are shaped by gender norms and expectations. It examines how gender roles are organized within families and passed down between generations. While media often portrays the nuclear family as the norm, in reality most families today are more diverse. The social construction of gender begins within family relationships in childhood and influences how individuals interact throughout their lives. Challenging preconceived gender biases could help create more flexible family structures.
The chapter discusses how family is an influential source of gender socialization. It explores how gender roles are largely taught through parental modeling and parent-child interactions in the family. While families differ, gender plays a significant role in how each family functions. The chapter also examines how societal institutions like media, politics, and religion influence families and help establish norms around gender, relationships, and the nuclear family model. Overall, the chapter suggests families are shaped by broader social and cultural forces while also helping to socialize children into gender roles and society's expectations.
This document discusses homosexuality and same-sex marriage from a sociological perspective. It summarizes research finding differences between homosexual and heterosexual relationships, such as relationship duration, monogamy, commitment levels, and childrearing. It argues that legalizing same-sex marriage could undermine the institution of marriage and traditional family values in society by promoting relationships that are less stable and do not produce children to sustain the population. However, it acknowledges problems also exist in some heterosexual relationships and families.
The nuclear family emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. It provides protection, companionship, and socialization, though its structure varies between societies. Today, only 48.4% of families fit the nuclear model according to CDC data. Gender roles form early in the nuclear family through socialization and gendered toys/activities. Television portrays idealized family models that families feel pressure to emulate, contributing to high divorce rates. How children develop gender identities is influenced by parental interactions and the emancipatory or traditional nature of their family.
The document provides an agenda and study guide for a course on race, ethnicity, gender, and family. It discusses key concepts like acculturation, changing gender roles, and traditional vs non-traditional attitudes. It also examines factors that challenge the discourse of destined gender equality and meanings of inequality in careers and higher education. Students are assigned to read about these topics and develop extra credit multiple choice questions on the role of gender.
The document discusses gender roles within families and how they influence society. Traditionally, females take on the homemaker role while males are the breadwinners, and these roles are passed down through generations. However, the concept of a nuclear family is increasingly outdated as many families today consist of single parents or blended families. While media still portrays the nuclear family as the norm, it places pressure on women's domestic roles. Gender roles constructed within families translate to societal expectations and influence other institutions. More progressive families are moving toward flexible gender roles that accommodate individual experiences.
The document discusses different perspectives on family diversity and structure. It outlines the views of the New Right, who oppose diversity and favor a traditional nuclear family. It also describes the neo-conventional family perspective and identifies five types of family diversity. Additionally, it discusses concepts like life course analysis, risk society, choice and equality, family practice, postmodernism, and the growing acceptance of and arguments for and against diversity in family forms.
Lecture 8 culture and diversity diversity in family relationships8Nevzat Yildirim
Family structures have become more diverse, with a range of types existing today. There is no single ideal family structure. Divorce and remarriage have led to more single-parent families and reconstituted families with children from prior relationships. Cohabitation without marriage has also increased. While the nuclear family structure is less prevalent, extended families and strong family relationships remain important for many ethnic minority groups. Overall, family life has become more varied and flexible.
This document discusses how family relationships are shaped by gender norms and expectations. It examines how gender roles are organized within families and passed down between generations. While media often portrays the nuclear family as the norm, in reality most families today are more diverse. The social construction of gender begins within family relationships in childhood and influences how individuals interact throughout their lives. Challenging preconceived gender biases could help create more flexible family structures.
This document discusses different sociological perspectives on the family, including modernist and postmodernist views. It examines how postmodernists argue that families have greater diversity and choice in relationships compared to structuralist views. The document also discusses how postmodernists believe family structures have become more fragmented and chaotic as individuals have more freedom to choose their lifestyles.
The document discusses how family communication shapes children's understanding of gender. It notes that family is usually the first source of information about gender roles and one of the most influential. The "nuclear family" model of two opposite-gender parents and their biological children is examined, along with common gender stereotypes of women as homemakers and men as breadwinners. The document also looks at how other social institutions can reinforce these roles and how children observe and model their parents' behaviors from a young age.
The document outlines 5 types of family diversity identified by Rhona and Robert Rapoport:
1) Organizational diversity refers to differences in family roles and structures such as joint or segregated wage earning.
2) Cultural diversity accounts for differences between ethnic and religious groups' family structures.
3) Social class diversity influences family structure and child-rearing based on income differences.
4) Life-stage diversity means family structure depends on people's stages in the life cycle such as with newlyweds or retired couples.
5) Generational diversity exists as attitudes change over time between older and younger generations regarding issues like divorce and homosexuality.
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
This document contains key terms related to the sociology of the family, including types of families such as the nuclear family, views like the functionalist and Marxist views, and concepts like gender role socialization, patriarchy, and the division of domestic labor and care work. It also lists terms about demography, family diversity, changes in family structures over time, and roles within families.
This document provides an overview of therapy with stepfamilies that include minor children. It discusses the prevalence of stepfamilies in society today and common challenges they face. Some key points include:
- About 50% of marriages end in divorce, and 75% of divorced individuals remarry, leading to many stepfamilies.
- Stepfamilies face cultural norms that favor traditional nuclear families, leaving them with little social support and ambiguous roles.
- The complex paths that lead to stepfamily formation, such as divorce, death of a parent, or children from multiple relationships, can impact the family dynamics.
- All members of stepfamilies, including stepparents, children, and biological parents, may struggle with issues of belonging
Here are three potential reasons for greater gender equality in the family and society:
1. The women's liberation movement and rise of feminism has advocated for and achieved greater legal and social rights for women, such as in areas of employment, education, and family roles.
2. Societal values have shifted to embrace ideas of equality, fairness, and individualism rather than traditional patriarchal family structures where gender roles were more rigid.
3. Women now have more opportunities for education and careers due to factors like increased access to birth control and fewer children, allowing them to achieve financial independence outside of traditional family/domestic roles.
This document discusses gender roles and communication within families. It defines family broadly and notes families are organized by gender. The "perfect nuclear family" is a myth consisting of married heterosexual parents filling traditional gender roles. Friendships and dating also follow gender scripts. While families are diverse, conservative politicians claim the nuclear family is declining. The document examines how parents shape their child's gender identity and the acceptance of same-sex parents and transgender children.
The document discusses the definition and nature of marriage and family. It defines marriage as a social institution that establishes the family unit and regulates sexual behavior. The family provides for children's socialization and needs. Marriage involves legal, religious, social, and personal aspects. The document also discusses theories of the family, types of family structures, factors in choosing a marriage partner, and norms regarding marriage and family across cultures.
The document discusses definitions of family and marriage across cultures. It notes that while family and marriage are universal concepts, the specific definitions vary widely by culture. The sociological definition of family is broad and includes those related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Similarly, marriage is broadly defined as a group's approved mating arrangement, usually marked by ritual. The document then examines various types of families, cultural themes around marriage and descent, and functionalist and conflict perspectives on the family.
The document discusses Parsons' views on family structures and their functional fit within different types of societies. Parsons argued that the nuclear family, consisting of parents and dependent children, is best suited to modern industrial societies as it allows for a socially mobile workforce. The extended family, with three generations living together, is more functional in traditional pre-industrial societies. As Britain industrialized in the 18th century, the extended family structure began to be replaced by the nuclear family due to the needs of the new industrialized society for workforce mobility.
Family diversity (AS Sociology Family and Households) Mehek Iqbal
This document discusses different types of modern families. It begins by defining a family and household. It then describes nuclear families, which consist of parents and children living together, as the most popular traditional family type. However, it notes the "cereal packet family" image is a myth as family diversity has increased. Other family types discussed include cohabitating couples, reconstituted families with children from previous relationships, beanpole families across generations, same-sex families, single-person households, and lone parent families. It attributes the rise in family diversity to factors like greater gender equality, individualization, and changing social attitudes.
The document discusses different definitions and types of families. It defines a family as any group united by ties like marriage, blood, or adoption where adults support each other financially and emotionally and see their identities as attached to the group. It discusses myths that the nuclear family is the norm and families are declining, but families are adapting to changing economic and social expectations. Communication within families shapes gender identities as parents and siblings influence each other. The document also discusses domestic violence, engaged fatherhood, same-sex parenting, and raising transgender children as examples of diverse family structures today.
This document summarizes arguments for and against gay parenting. It notes that as many as 13 million children currently live with a gay or lesbian parent. Research suggests that children of gay parents differ only minimally from those of heterosexual parents and may be more tolerant. However, some argue that children are better off with married, heterosexual parents and risk exposure to a "homosexual lifestyle." The document acknowledges methodological flaws in some studies and calls for more longitudinal research on diverse family arrangements and the support networks around them.
The document discusses different types of families and marriages. It defines terms like nuclear family, extended family, polygyny, polyandry, and exogamy. It also covers family structures and relationships, including patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian relationships. The document then discusses family life cycles, trends in modern families like cohabitation and single parenthood, and challenges like divorce and domestic violence.
Promoting societal awareness of gay and lesbian familiesBecky Godwin
This document outlines a process for using early childhood classrooms to promote societal acceptance of gay and lesbian families. It discusses exposing children to these family structures through changing the physical environment, language, and conversations to normalize their existence. The goal is for children to regard gay and lesbian families as naturally included in the definition of family without bias, by providing neutral exposure and opportunities for positive personal experiences with these families from a young age.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document discusses definitions of the family and different types of family structures. It begins by defining the family as a social unit that is usually linked by blood, marriage, cohabitation, child-rearing responsibilities and economic cooperation. It then describes nuclear families, extended families, blended families, and binuclear families. The document also covers kinship networks, marriage, courtship and mate selection, functions of the family, and alternative family forms including cohabitation and single-parent households. It discusses perspectives on the family from functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
1) The document discusses a family, Sasha Beck Laxton and Kieran Cooper, who attempted to raise their child without gender stereotypes by withholding the child's sex. This received negative public response who viewed gender as binary.
2) It introduces two myths about families - that there is one normal family model and variations will hurt society. In reality, family structures are diverse.
3) Gender roles in families are socially constructed and families are organized by gender, with expectations of mother, father, and child roles. However, roles are becoming more balanced as views change.
The document discusses functional gender roles in families. It defines family and gender roles, noting that traditionally women are viewed as homemakers responsible for childcare. Younger children often model the gender roles of older siblings. The document also discusses concepts like gender stereotyping, the multiple burdens women face with both productive and reproductive unpaid work, and violence against women diminishing personhood. It advocates for shared decision making and responsibility between genders to promote gender equality and equity.
The document discusses the concept of kinship in anthropology. It defines kinship as the social and cultural interpretations of biological reproduction, including concepts like marriage and paternity. Kinship is a primary organizing principle in most societies. The document then discusses kinship structures among the Ju/'hoansi people and how kinship becomes less complex and important an organizing factor in industrial societies, with new institutions taking kinship's place. It ends by discussing new horizons for kinship with technological developments like surrogacy and sperm donation.
This document discusses different concepts related to families, including definitions of family, types of families, marriage, kinship, and theories of family. It defines family as cooperative groups that oversee childrearing. It outlines nuclear, extended, and other family types and discusses descent, authority, and residential patterns. It also summarizes structural-functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on families.
This document discusses different sociological perspectives on the family, including modernist and postmodernist views. It examines how postmodernists argue that families have greater diversity and choice in relationships compared to structuralist views. The document also discusses how postmodernists believe family structures have become more fragmented and chaotic as individuals have more freedom to choose their lifestyles.
The document discusses how family communication shapes children's understanding of gender. It notes that family is usually the first source of information about gender roles and one of the most influential. The "nuclear family" model of two opposite-gender parents and their biological children is examined, along with common gender stereotypes of women as homemakers and men as breadwinners. The document also looks at how other social institutions can reinforce these roles and how children observe and model their parents' behaviors from a young age.
The document outlines 5 types of family diversity identified by Rhona and Robert Rapoport:
1) Organizational diversity refers to differences in family roles and structures such as joint or segregated wage earning.
2) Cultural diversity accounts for differences between ethnic and religious groups' family structures.
3) Social class diversity influences family structure and child-rearing based on income differences.
4) Life-stage diversity means family structure depends on people's stages in the life cycle such as with newlyweds or retired couples.
5) Generational diversity exists as attitudes change over time between older and younger generations regarding issues like divorce and homosexuality.
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
This document contains key terms related to the sociology of the family, including types of families such as the nuclear family, views like the functionalist and Marxist views, and concepts like gender role socialization, patriarchy, and the division of domestic labor and care work. It also lists terms about demography, family diversity, changes in family structures over time, and roles within families.
This document provides an overview of therapy with stepfamilies that include minor children. It discusses the prevalence of stepfamilies in society today and common challenges they face. Some key points include:
- About 50% of marriages end in divorce, and 75% of divorced individuals remarry, leading to many stepfamilies.
- Stepfamilies face cultural norms that favor traditional nuclear families, leaving them with little social support and ambiguous roles.
- The complex paths that lead to stepfamily formation, such as divorce, death of a parent, or children from multiple relationships, can impact the family dynamics.
- All members of stepfamilies, including stepparents, children, and biological parents, may struggle with issues of belonging
Here are three potential reasons for greater gender equality in the family and society:
1. The women's liberation movement and rise of feminism has advocated for and achieved greater legal and social rights for women, such as in areas of employment, education, and family roles.
2. Societal values have shifted to embrace ideas of equality, fairness, and individualism rather than traditional patriarchal family structures where gender roles were more rigid.
3. Women now have more opportunities for education and careers due to factors like increased access to birth control and fewer children, allowing them to achieve financial independence outside of traditional family/domestic roles.
This document discusses gender roles and communication within families. It defines family broadly and notes families are organized by gender. The "perfect nuclear family" is a myth consisting of married heterosexual parents filling traditional gender roles. Friendships and dating also follow gender scripts. While families are diverse, conservative politicians claim the nuclear family is declining. The document examines how parents shape their child's gender identity and the acceptance of same-sex parents and transgender children.
The document discusses the definition and nature of marriage and family. It defines marriage as a social institution that establishes the family unit and regulates sexual behavior. The family provides for children's socialization and needs. Marriage involves legal, religious, social, and personal aspects. The document also discusses theories of the family, types of family structures, factors in choosing a marriage partner, and norms regarding marriage and family across cultures.
The document discusses definitions of family and marriage across cultures. It notes that while family and marriage are universal concepts, the specific definitions vary widely by culture. The sociological definition of family is broad and includes those related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Similarly, marriage is broadly defined as a group's approved mating arrangement, usually marked by ritual. The document then examines various types of families, cultural themes around marriage and descent, and functionalist and conflict perspectives on the family.
The document discusses Parsons' views on family structures and their functional fit within different types of societies. Parsons argued that the nuclear family, consisting of parents and dependent children, is best suited to modern industrial societies as it allows for a socially mobile workforce. The extended family, with three generations living together, is more functional in traditional pre-industrial societies. As Britain industrialized in the 18th century, the extended family structure began to be replaced by the nuclear family due to the needs of the new industrialized society for workforce mobility.
Family diversity (AS Sociology Family and Households) Mehek Iqbal
This document discusses different types of modern families. It begins by defining a family and household. It then describes nuclear families, which consist of parents and children living together, as the most popular traditional family type. However, it notes the "cereal packet family" image is a myth as family diversity has increased. Other family types discussed include cohabitating couples, reconstituted families with children from previous relationships, beanpole families across generations, same-sex families, single-person households, and lone parent families. It attributes the rise in family diversity to factors like greater gender equality, individualization, and changing social attitudes.
The document discusses different definitions and types of families. It defines a family as any group united by ties like marriage, blood, or adoption where adults support each other financially and emotionally and see their identities as attached to the group. It discusses myths that the nuclear family is the norm and families are declining, but families are adapting to changing economic and social expectations. Communication within families shapes gender identities as parents and siblings influence each other. The document also discusses domestic violence, engaged fatherhood, same-sex parenting, and raising transgender children as examples of diverse family structures today.
This document summarizes arguments for and against gay parenting. It notes that as many as 13 million children currently live with a gay or lesbian parent. Research suggests that children of gay parents differ only minimally from those of heterosexual parents and may be more tolerant. However, some argue that children are better off with married, heterosexual parents and risk exposure to a "homosexual lifestyle." The document acknowledges methodological flaws in some studies and calls for more longitudinal research on diverse family arrangements and the support networks around them.
The document discusses different types of families and marriages. It defines terms like nuclear family, extended family, polygyny, polyandry, and exogamy. It also covers family structures and relationships, including patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian relationships. The document then discusses family life cycles, trends in modern families like cohabitation and single parenthood, and challenges like divorce and domestic violence.
Promoting societal awareness of gay and lesbian familiesBecky Godwin
This document outlines a process for using early childhood classrooms to promote societal acceptance of gay and lesbian families. It discusses exposing children to these family structures through changing the physical environment, language, and conversations to normalize their existence. The goal is for children to regard gay and lesbian families as naturally included in the definition of family without bias, by providing neutral exposure and opportunities for positive personal experiences with these families from a young age.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document discusses definitions of the family and different types of family structures. It begins by defining the family as a social unit that is usually linked by blood, marriage, cohabitation, child-rearing responsibilities and economic cooperation. It then describes nuclear families, extended families, blended families, and binuclear families. The document also covers kinship networks, marriage, courtship and mate selection, functions of the family, and alternative family forms including cohabitation and single-parent households. It discusses perspectives on the family from functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
1) The document discusses a family, Sasha Beck Laxton and Kieran Cooper, who attempted to raise their child without gender stereotypes by withholding the child's sex. This received negative public response who viewed gender as binary.
2) It introduces two myths about families - that there is one normal family model and variations will hurt society. In reality, family structures are diverse.
3) Gender roles in families are socially constructed and families are organized by gender, with expectations of mother, father, and child roles. However, roles are becoming more balanced as views change.
The document discusses functional gender roles in families. It defines family and gender roles, noting that traditionally women are viewed as homemakers responsible for childcare. Younger children often model the gender roles of older siblings. The document also discusses concepts like gender stereotyping, the multiple burdens women face with both productive and reproductive unpaid work, and violence against women diminishing personhood. It advocates for shared decision making and responsibility between genders to promote gender equality and equity.
The document discusses the concept of kinship in anthropology. It defines kinship as the social and cultural interpretations of biological reproduction, including concepts like marriage and paternity. Kinship is a primary organizing principle in most societies. The document then discusses kinship structures among the Ju/'hoansi people and how kinship becomes less complex and important an organizing factor in industrial societies, with new institutions taking kinship's place. It ends by discussing new horizons for kinship with technological developments like surrogacy and sperm donation.
This document discusses different concepts related to families, including definitions of family, types of families, marriage, kinship, and theories of family. It defines family as cooperative groups that oversee childrearing. It outlines nuclear, extended, and other family types and discusses descent, authority, and residential patterns. It also summarizes structural-functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on families.
Gender identity is a person's internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond to their sex assigned at birth. Gender has three dimensions - body, identity, and social. Body refers to how one views their own body and how others interact with them. Identity is the name one uses to convey their internal sense of self, which can be binary, non-binary, or ungendered. Social includes gender expression, roles and expectations, and how society enforces conformity to gender norms. Research shows that transgender or same-sex parents can provide stable, nurturing environments for children.
The document discusses kinship systems among different cultures. It begins by defining kinship and explaining how kinship structures social relationships through cultural interpretations of biological reproduction. It then provides examples of kinship systems among the Ju/'hoansi people, including their complex rules around naming, marriage, residence and joking/avoidance relationships between relatives. The document contrasts patrilineal and patrilocal systems, which tend to be patriarchal, with matrilineal and matrilocal systems, which tend to be more egalitarian. It discusses how kinship systems influence gender roles, inheritance, and power dynamics within families and societies.
5 Night to His Day The Social Construction of Gender .docxtroutmanboris
5
"Night to His Day":
The Social Construction of Gender
Judith Lorber .
Talking about gender for most people is the equivalent of fish talking about water.
Cender is so much the routine ground of everyday activities that questioning its
taken-far-granted assumptions and presuppositions is like thinking about whether
the sun will come up.1 Cender is so pervasive that in our society we assume it is
bred into our genes. Most people find it hard to believe that gender is constantly
created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and is the texture
and order of that social life. Yet gender, like culture, is a human production that de
pends on everyone constantly "doing gender" (West and 'Zimmerman 1987)
An\~ everyone "does gender" without thinking about it. Today, on the subway, I
saw a well-dressed man with a year-old child in a stroller. Yesterday, on a bus, I saw
a man with a tiny baby ina carrier on his chest. Seeing men taking care of small
children in public is increasircgly common-at least in New York City. But both
men were quite obviously stared at-and smiled at, approvingly. Everyone was
doing gender-the men who were changing the role of fathers and the other pas
sengers, who were applauding them silently. But there was more gendering going
on that probably fewer people noticed. The baby was wearing a white crocheted
cap and white clothes. You couldn't tell if it was a boy or a girl. The child in the
stroller was wearing a dark blue T-shirt and dark print pants. As they started to
leave the train, the father put a Yankee baseball cap 011 the child's head. Ah, a boy,
I thought. Then I noticed the gleam of tiny earrings in the child's ears, and as they
got off, I saw the little flowered sneakers and lace-trimmed socks. Not a boy after
all. Cender done.
Cender is such a familiar part of daily life that it usually takes a deliberate dis
ruption of our expectations of how women and men are supposed to act to pay at
tention to how it is produced. Cender signs and signals are so ubiquitous that we
usually fail to note them-unless they are missing or ambiguous. Then we are un
comfortable until we have successfully placed the other person in a gender status;
otherwise, we feel socially dislocated....
From" 'Night to His Day': The Social ComtLlction of Gender," in Paradoxes or Gender, pp. 13-36.
Copyright 1994. Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press.
5 Lorber! "Night to His Day" 55
For the individual, gender construction starts with assignment to a sex categorYI
on the basis of what the genitalia look like at birth Z Then babies are dressed orl
adorned in a way that displays !Iw category because parents don't want to be con-,
stantly askee; whether their baby IS a girl or a boy. A sex category becomes a gender
status through naming, dress, and the use of other gender markers. Once a child's
gender is evident, others treat those in one gender differently from those in the.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on kinship and families from an anthropology course. It discusses key concepts like what kinship is, how it is organized in societies, and examples of kinship structures from the Ju/'hoansi people. It also covers changing patterns of modern kinship with technological innovations and the implications of new reproductive technologies on concepts of kinship and family.
This document provides an overview of families and how they are changing. It discusses the fluid and diverse nature of families today compared to past generations. Families serve important functions like regulating sexuality, childrearing, economic support, and emotional support. However, what constitutes a family continues to evolve due to broader societal transformations around topics like marriage and household composition. Racial/ethnic diversity is also increasing the variety of family forms in countries like the US. Both micro decisions within families and macro forces outside their control, like the economy, influence how families change over time.
2. ““Family is an influential source about Gender”Family is an influential source about Gender”
We differ in terms of race, age, ability, and family structure. Some of usWe differ in terms of race, age, ability, and family structure. Some of us
grew up in big families and some grew up in small. Some were raised bygrew up in big families and some grew up in small. Some were raised by
one, two or three parents. Every Family is different and gender plays aone, two or three parents. Every Family is different and gender plays a
huge role in each.huge role in each.
3. Gender RolesGender Roles
““refers to feminine and masculine social expectations in a family based on a person’srefers to feminine and masculine social expectations in a family based on a person’s
sex.”sex.”
Many children find gender roles through their family. Gender roles are defined byMany children find gender roles through their family. Gender roles are defined by
the socio-cultural norms of any society.the socio-cultural norms of any society.
““Gender role socialization: largely takes place in the family, particularly via parentalGender role socialization: largely takes place in the family, particularly via parental
modeling and parent-child interaction (Turner & West, 2006).”modeling and parent-child interaction (Turner & West, 2006).”
4. Children begin to gain gender identity between the ages of 2 and 3. AfterChildren begin to gain gender identity between the ages of 2 and 3. After
time children begin to pick specific qualities once they have beentime children begin to pick specific qualities once they have been
socialized to want them.socialized to want them.
5. Family as a Social InstitutionFamily as a Social Institution
Three important points:Three important points:
To provide for the rearing of childrenTo provide for the rearing of children
To provide a sense of identity or belonging among its membersTo provide a sense of identity or belonging among its members
To transmit culture between generationTo transmit culture between generation
6. Nuclear FamilyNuclear Family
Western Societies; tend to see a family as consisting of a mother, father and childrenWestern Societies; tend to see a family as consisting of a mother, father and children
who live under one roof.- Nuclear familywho live under one roof.- Nuclear family
Before societies began to modernize, families consisted of several generations ofBefore societies began to modernize, families consisted of several generations of
extended family living in the same area/village.extended family living in the same area/village.
7. Most families are not NuclearMost families are not Nuclear
U.S SURVEYS SHOW-
38% of marriages end in divorce
about 75% of divorced persons remarry with a 60% chance of divorce
50% of marriages occurring this year are expected to end in divorce
close to 30% of homes are headed by a single adult
In most two-parent homes, both parents work outside the home
As modernization occurs, young people tend to move away from the villages in which they were raised in search of jobs,
leaving the older generations behind. They move to cities and meet people they probably never would have met had they
stayed home.
People in modernized, urbanized societies meet spouses on their own, rather than being introduced by family members, and
marry and settle down in locations that are often far from their original communities.
8. Family in MediaFamily in Media
During the early 60’s certain media outlets helped portray the norm of a nuclearDuring the early 60’s certain media outlets helped portray the norm of a nuclear
media.media.
Now during the Modern day media outlets we have shows that promote the completeNow during the Modern day media outlets we have shows that promote the complete
opposite of the nuclear family.opposite of the nuclear family.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5uuMr1YEyEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5uuMr1YEyE
9. Interlocking InstitutionsInterlocking Institutions
““The way a family tends to work or function isThe way a family tends to work or function is
related to the social systems of the outsiderelated to the social systems of the outside
world.”world.”
MythMyth: Nuclear Family is self sufficient.: Nuclear Family is self sufficient.
RealityReality: work, religion, social services, media,: work, religion, social services, media,
law, schools and extended family influence it.law, schools and extended family influence it.
10. Interlocking IntuitionsInterlocking Intuitions
Politics Work
Compulsory
Heterosexuality
Politics and law usually refer to
the nuclear family as the
norm in society.
They use the slogan of family
values.
“Family values: are political
and social beliefs that hold
the nuclear family to be
the essential unit of
society.”
The most distinguished showing
of gender role is the division of
household labor between the
gendered sex.
A survey shows that wives in
heterosexual relationships spend
between 5 and 13.5 hrs. more a
week doing housework than their
husbands.
The idea that there is only one
way to love and one way to form
a a family. The common norm
that is among us in our society.
Politics Work
12. Continued ..Continued ..
Communication in the family constructs gender.Communication in the family constructs gender.
The book states that relationships in the family areThe book states that relationships in the family are
influenced by past family experiences and larger socialinfluenced by past family experiences and larger social
forces.forces.
13. Parent Child CommunicationParent Child Communication
““One Primary function of the family is to teach and maintain cultural norms, including genderOne Primary function of the family is to teach and maintain cultural norms, including gender
norms and roles.”norms and roles.”
14. Social Learning ModelSocial Learning Model
“People, especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential
models.”
When you become a parent from day one you have a physical and emotional bond with your child that no one else
understands. While growing up the child unconsciously learns through gender roles by observing how their parents act on a
daily basis.
15. Gender/ Sex Interactions: Parents InfluenceGender/ Sex Interactions: Parents Influence
Parents interact and raise their children differently depending on theParents interact and raise their children differently depending on the
gender/ sex of the child. For example, daughters are rewarded for beinggender/ sex of the child. For example, daughters are rewarded for being
respectful whereas sons are rewarded for physical accomplishments.respectful whereas sons are rewarded for physical accomplishments.
Gender Identities are formed by children by observing and interactingGender Identities are formed by children by observing and interacting
with their parents. Children do play an active role in selecting theirwith their parents. Children do play an active role in selecting their
gender, which stated in a previous slide starts around the ages of 2 andgender, which stated in a previous slide starts around the ages of 2 and
3.3.
16. Adult Friends & LoversAdult Friends & Lovers
From a young age children are taught about the importance of heterosexual marriage. TheseFrom a young age children are taught about the importance of heterosexual marriage. These
ideologies mainly come from the idea of the nuclear family.ideologies mainly come from the idea of the nuclear family.
Children grow up playing marriage and people around the world are socialized to want marriage.Children grow up playing marriage and people around the world are socialized to want marriage.
Friendships: Same sex friendships is more socially accepted than cross sex friendship becauseFriendships: Same sex friendships is more socially accepted than cross sex friendship because
of the threat of dating and marriage.of the threat of dating and marriage.
17. Dating RelationshipsDating Relationships
-Heterosexual dating relationships are-Heterosexual dating relationships are
frequently and most studied non maritalfrequently and most studied non marital
relationship.relationship.
-There are expectations which is the main-There are expectations which is the main
reason that the intimacy of relationships fail.reason that the intimacy of relationships fail.
-Media plays a huge role on a romantic-Media plays a huge role on a romantic
couple: playing the roles ofcouple: playing the roles of
a strong man and beautiful women.a strong man and beautiful women.
-Women are expected to take a good-Women are expected to take a good
amount on time to get ready and makeamount on time to get ready and make
themselves be attracted to men.themselves be attracted to men.
-Studies show women look more at a-Studies show women look more at a
mans personality for a relationshipmans personality for a relationship
whereas men focus on the physicalwhereas men focus on the physical
attraction of their spouse.attraction of their spouse.
18. Marital CommunicationMarital Communication
Marital communicationMarital communication is the most studied interpersonal relationshipis the most studied interpersonal relationship
Demand/ withdrawalDemand/ withdrawal Pattern: partner who most wants change demands and the one whoPattern: partner who most wants change demands and the one who
resists change withdraws which then does not resolve the conflict.resists change withdraws which then does not resolve the conflict.
Domestic ViolenceDomestic Violence: Unfortunately domestic violence in the family happens more than we: Unfortunately domestic violence in the family happens more than we
know/believe. Men being known as the physical opponent in our social norms is mostly know toknow/believe. Men being known as the physical opponent in our social norms is mostly know to
be the perpetrator, while women and children are the victims.be the perpetrator, while women and children are the victims.
19. Domestic Violence Facts:
Every day in the US, 4 children die as a result of child
abuse and neglect.
Every day, 4 women are murdered by their husbands or
boyfriends.
Women are 10 times more likely than men to be a victim
of domestic violence.
Yearly, over 4 million children are abused or neglected by
family members.
1 in 4 women report they have been raped or physically
assaulted by an intimate partner.
20. Emancipatory Families
This is where family members feel loved, accepted and are able to growThis is where family members feel loved, accepted and are able to grow
to their fullest potential while feeling safe and having a positiveto their fullest potential while feeling safe and having a positive
atmosphere.atmosphere.
21. While reading this chapter the common theme is the expectations through aWhile reading this chapter the common theme is the expectations through a
nuclear family. We learn that how we act and parent our children come fromnuclear family. We learn that how we act and parent our children come from
a lot of interlocking institutions discussed in this chapter. A lot of thesea lot of interlocking institutions discussed in this chapter. A lot of these
institutions come from social systems such as media and what our societyinstitutions come from social systems such as media and what our society
sees as the social norms. Everyday we all learn through social learning andsees as the social norms. Everyday we all learn through social learning and
modeling whether it be directly from our parents or watching a televisionmodeling whether it be directly from our parents or watching a television
show. Generation after generation our parents teach us at a young ageshow. Generation after generation our parents teach us at a young age
what is expected in the family life we grow up in. I believe after reading thiswhat is expected in the family life we grow up in. I believe after reading this
chapter it is important to question on how we expect our child to grow upchapter it is important to question on how we expect our child to grow up
because our society needs to adapt to a more diverse environment. Overall,because our society needs to adapt to a more diverse environment. Overall,
family is extremely important because many children find their gender rolefamily is extremely important because many children find their gender role
through it.through it.