Chapter 6 LectureContemporary Human Geography3rd Edi.docx

Chapter 6 Lecture
Contemporary Human Geography
3rd Edition
Chapter 6:
Religions
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography,
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6.1 Distribution of Religions
http://fod.infobase.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx
?xtid=129084
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The Birth of Religions: The Birth of World Religions:
Civilizations and Ideas
http://fod.infobase.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx
?xtid=129084
2

6.1 Distribution of Religions
Universalizing religions attempt to be global, to appeal to all
people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of
one culture or location.
Ethnic religions appeal primarily to one group of people living
in one place.
Atheism is belief that God does not exist, whereas agnosticism
is belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.
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Percentages Adhering to Various Religions
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6.2 -- 3 Major Branches of Christianity
Protestantism
According to Martin Luther, individuals have primary
responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct
communication with God.
Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments
performed by the Church.
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholics believe that the Pope possesses a universal
primacy or authority and that the Church is infallible in
resolving theological disputes.
Orthodoxy

A collection of 14 self-governing churches derive from the faith
and practices in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.
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6.2 Branches of Religions
Branches of Christianity
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6.2 – 3 Major Branches of Buddhism
Theravada
emphasizes Buddha’s life of wisdom, self-help, and solitary
introspection.
Mahayana
emphasizes Buddha’s life of teaching, compassion, and helping
others.
Vajrayana
emphasizes the practice of rituals, known as Tantras, which
have been recorded in texts.
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Branches of Buddhism

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Branches of Islam
Islam has two main branches:
Sunni
Sunnis comprise two-thirds of Muslims and are the largest
branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East and Asia.
Shiite
Shiites comprise nearly 90 percent of the population in Iran and
a substantial share in neighboring countries.
Differences reflect disagreement over the line of succession in
Islamic leadership after the Prophet Muhammad.
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Branches of Islam
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6.3 Distribution of Branches of Christianity
Some countries with a Christian majority exist in Africa and
Asia as well.

Christianity is the predominant religion in North and South
America, Europe, and Australia.
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6.3 Distribution of Universalizing Religions
Distribution of Branches of Christianity
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Chapter 6, Figure 6.3.3 Labeled, Religious Affiliation in The
United States
6.3 Distribution of Branches of Islam
Islam is the predominant religion of western Asia and northern
Africa.
Indonesia, in Southeast Asia, is the country with the largest

number of Muslims.
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Distribution of Branches of Islam
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Distribution of Branches of Buddhism
Buddhism is clustered primarily in East Asia and Southeast
Asia.
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6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Hinduism
Hinduism is by far the ethnic religion with the largest number
of followers, the world’s third-largest religion, with 900 million
adherents.

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Chinese Traditional Ethnic Religions
Chinese traditional religions are syncretic, which means they
combine several traditions.
Confucianism—Confucius was a philosopher whose teachings
emphasized correct behavior.
Taoism—Lao-Zi was a government administrator whose
writings emphasized the mystical and magical aspects of life.
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Chinese Traditional Ethnic Religions
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Primal-Indigenous Ethnic Religions

Most of these people reside in Southeast Asia or the South
Pacific islands.
Followers of primal-indigenous religions believe that because
God dwells within all things, everything in nature is spiritual.
Included in this group are Shamanism and Paganism.
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African Ethnic Traditional Religions
Twelve percent of Africa’s people follow traditional ethnic
religions sometimes called animism, the belief that inanimate
objects or natural events have discrete spirits and conscious
life.
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African Traditional Religions
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Judaism
Most of the world’s 14 million Jews are in two places—two-
fifths each in Israel and the United States.
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6.5 Origin of Religions
Hinduism
Hinduism existed prior to recorded history.
Aryan tribes from Central Asia invaded India around 1400 B.C.
and brought with them Indo-European languages and their
religion.
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Christianity
Christianity was founded upon the teachings of Jesus, who was
born in Bethlehem between 8 and 4 B.C. and died on a cross in
Jerusalem about A.D. 30.
Raised as a Jew, Jesus gathered a small band of disciples and
preached the coming of the Kingdom of God.
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Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama, the privileged son of a lord, was born
about 563 B.C. in present-day Nepal.
According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama’s life changed after a
series of four trips, after which he emerged as the Buddha, the
“awakened or enlightened one.”
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6.5 – Islam
The Prophet Muhammad, believed to be a descendant of Ishmael
(son of Abraham and Hagar) was born in Makkah about A.D.
570.
Muslims believe that Muhammad received revelation from God
through the Angel Gabriel.
The Quran, the holiest book in Islam, records the revelations
given to Muhammad.
5 Pillars of Islam
Shahada: Faith
Salat: Prayer
Zakāt: Charity
Sawm: Fasting
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Other Universalizing Religions
Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak (1469–1539), who traveled
widely through South Asia preaching his new faith.
Bahá’í was founded during the nineteenth century by Mírzá
Husayn-‘Alí Núrí (1817–1892), known as Bahá’u’lláh (Arabic
for “Glory of God”).
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6.6 Diffusion of Christianity
Christianity diffused from its hearth in Southwest Asia through
migration.
Christianity spread widely within the Roman Empire through
two forms of expansion diffusion:
Hierarchical diffusion—The emperor Constantine embraced
Christianity in 313 A.D.
Contagious diffusion—This is the daily contact between
believers and nonbelievers.
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6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Diffusion of Christianity
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Diffusion of Islam
As was the case with Christianity, Islam diffused well beyond
its hearth in Southwest Asia through relocation diffusion of
missionaries to portions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast
Asia.
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Diffusion of Islam
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6.6 Diffusion of Buddhism
Buddhism did not diffuse rapidly from its point of origin in
northeastern India.

Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire became a Buddhist
around 257 B.C. and attempted to put Buddhism into practice.
Merchants introduced Buddhism into China in the first century
A.D. and it diffused into Korea and then Japan several centuries
later.
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Diffusion of Buddhism
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Bahá’í diffused to other regions during the late nineteenth
century, and during the twentieth century, Bahá’ís constructed a
temple on every continent.
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Sikhism remained relatively clustered in the Punjab region of
South Asia, where the religion originated.

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6.7 Sacred Space Religion
Christian Churches
Since Christianity split into many branches and denominations,
no single style of church construction has dominated.
Orthodox churches follow an ornate architectural style
developed by the Byzantine Empire.
Many Protestant churches in North America are austere, a
reflection of the Protestant conception of a church as an
assembly hall.
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6.7 Sacred Space in Religions
Muslim Holy Cities
The holiest places in Islam are in cities associated with the life
of Muhammad. The holiest city is Makkah, the birthplace of
Muhammad, and the second holiest is Madinah, where
Muhammad is buried.
Muslims are expected to undertake the Hajj, a pilgrimage to
Makkah, where the Ka’aba stands, the holiest object in Islam.
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Muslim Holy Cities
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Buddhist Holy Places
Eight places are holy to Buddhists because they were the
locations of important events in Buddha’s life.
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing
Religions
Holy Places in Bahá’í
Bahá’ìs have built Houses of Worship in every continent to
dramatize that Bahá’ì is a universalizing religion with adherents
all over the world.
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing

Religions
Sikhism’s Holiest Place
Sikhism’s most holy structure, the Harmandir Sahib (Golden
Temple), was built at Amritsar during the sixteenth century.
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6.8 Landscape in Ethnic Religions
The Calendar in Ethnic Religions
Calendars in ethnic religions are typically based upon the
changing of the seasons because of the necessities of
agricultural cycles.
Judaism is classified as an ethnic religion in part because its
major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar
of the religion’s homeland in present-day Israel.
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/passover-yom-
kippur-jewish-holidays_n_3862246.html

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6.8 Landscape in Ethnic Religions
Cosmogony and Spirits -- Examples
Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of
the universe.
Christianity and Islam consider that God (Allah) created the
universe.
Chinese ethnic religions teach that the universe is made up of
two forces, yin and yang, which exist in everything.
To animists, spirits or gods can be placated through prayer and
sacrifice.
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6.8 Sacred Space in Hinduism
The natural features most likely to rank among the holiest
shrines in India are riverbanks and coastlines.
Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy
rivers, the Ganges being the holiest.
- Hinduism is closely tied to the physical geography of India.
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6.9 Administration of Space
Hierarchical Religions:
Latter-Day Saints
A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure
and organizes territory into local administrative units.
The territory occupied by Mormons, primarily Utah and
surrounding states, is organized into wards with populations of
around 750 each, which are combined into a stake of around
5,000 people.
Interactive map of Mormons in the US:
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/map_of_the_week/2012/02/m
ormon_population_in_the_u_s_an_interactive_map.html
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Hierarchical Religion:
Roman Catholicism
The Pope is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome.
Archbishops head a province, which is a group of several
dioceses.
Bishops administer a diocese, the basic unit of geographic
organization in the Church.
A diocese is spatially divided into parishes, each headed by a
priest, who report to bishops.

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Hierarchical Religion: Roman Catholicism
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Locally Autonomous Religions:
Islam
Autonomous religions are self-sufficient, and interaction among
communities is little more than loose cooperation and shared
ideas.
Islam has neither a religious hierarchy nor a formal territorial
organization.
A mosque is a place for public ceremony, and a leader known as
a muezzin calls the faithful to prayer.
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Some Protestant Denominations

Protestant Christian denominations vary in geographic structure
from extremely autonomous to somewhat hierarchical.
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Ethnic Religions
Judaism and Hinduism have no centralized structure of religious
control.
Hinduism is more autonomous than Judaism because worship is
usually done alone or with others in the household.
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Religious Place Names
Roman Catholic immigrants have frequently given religious
place names, or toponyms, to their settlements in the New
World.
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6.10 Religion in Dispute

Taliban Versus Western Cultural Values
The Taliban gained power in Afghanistan in 1996 and imposed
very strict laws inspired by Islamic values as they interpreted
them.
Islamic scholars criticized the Taliban as poorly educated in
Islamic law and history and for misreading the Quran.
Overthrown by a U.S.-led coalition in 2001 the Taliban was able
to regroup and resume its fight to regain control of Afghanistan.
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Hinduism Versus Social Equality
Hinduism has been strongly challenged to dismantle its caste
system, which was the class or distinct hereditary order into
which
a Hindu was assigned, according to
religious law.
Since India’s independence in 1947, the rigid caste system has
been considerably relaxed, but some people still take it into
consideration in activities such as marriage.
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Religion Versus Communism
Former Soviet Union

After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, the Soviet Union
eliminated the official church–state connection with the Russian
Orthodox church.
The end of Communist rule in the late twentieth century brought
a religious revival in Eastern Europe.
Countries in Central Asia, where Islam is the predominant
religion, are struggling to find a balance between secular laws
and values of the former Soviet Union and Islamic traditions.
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Southeast Asia
Communist governments in Southeast Asia have discouraged
religious activities and permitted monuments to decay, most
notably the Angkor Wat complex in Cambodia.
These countries do not have the funds necessary to restore the
structures, although international organizations have helped.
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Southeast Asia

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6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Religious Importance
Three groups have difficulty sharing territory:
Judaism claims the territory that, in the Jewish Bible, God
called the Promised Land.
Christianity claims Palestine as the Holy Land and Jerusalem
the Holy City, as events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection
were concentrated there.
Islam claims Jerusalem as its third holy city, after Makkah and
Madinah, because it is the place where Muhammad is believed
to have ascended to heaven.
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Jerusalem: Contested Space
The most sacred space in Jerusalem for Muslims was literally
built on top of the most sacred space for Jews.
With holy Muslim structures sitting literally on top of holy
Jewish structures, the two cannot be logically divided by a line
on a map.
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Jerusalem: Contested Space
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Palestinians
In 1947, the United Nations partitioned the Palestine Mandate
into
the State of Israel, with a Jewish majority.
an Arab state, with a Muslim majority.
Jerusalem, to be controlled by the United Nations.
Israel won wars with its neighbors in 1948, 1956, 1967, and
1973, capturing important territories.
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Palestinians
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Palestinians
Five groups of people consider themselves Palestinians:
People living in the territories captured by Israel
in 1967
Some Arab citizens of Israel
People who fled from Israel after Israel was created in 1948
People who fled from territories taken over by Israel after the
1967 war
Citizens of other countries who identify themselves as
Palestinians
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Palestinians
Some Palestinians are willing to recognize Israel with its Jewish
majority in exchange for return of all territory taken in the 1967
war.
Some Israelis are willing to return most of the territories and
recognize Palestine as an independent state.
Some Palestinians still do not recognize the right of Israel to
exist, and some Israelis are unwilling to turn over any territory
to Palestinians.
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Palestinians

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Chapter 8 Lecture
3rd Edition
Chapter 8:
Political Geography
Marc Healy
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8.1 A World of States
The United Nations
The most important global organization is the United Nations,
created at the end of World War II by the victorious Allies.
The number of UN members reached 193
in 2011.
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8.1 A World of States
The United Nations
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8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Korea
The Korean peninsula is divided between the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea (North) and the Republic of Korea
(South).
Although the two have signed agreements over the years, both
continue to claim sovereignty over the entire Korean peninsula.
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Korea
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Crimea
When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Crimea was part of
the newly independent Ukraine.

In 2014, Russia invaded Crimea and annexed it, over the
opposition of most other countries.
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Crimea
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Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
Japan, the People’s Republic of China,
and Taiwan all claim sovereignty over
several small uninhabited islands in the
East China Sea.
To bolster their claims, China and Japan have both established
air zones in the East China Sea with conflicting boundaries.
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Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

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Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
An independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, declared by
the Polisario Front rebels, is recognized by most African
countries as a sovereign state.
Morocco, however, claims it and has built a 2,700-kilometer
(1,700-mile) wall around it to keep out the rebels.
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Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
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The Law of the Sea
The Law of the Sea, signed by 165 countries, has standardized
the territorial limits for most countries.

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China and Taiwan
Most other countries consider China (officially the People’s
Republic of China) and Taiwan (officially the Republic of
China) as separate and sovereign states.
According to China’s government, Taiwan is not sovereign but a
part of China. The government of Taiwan agrees.
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China and Taiwan
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8.3 Development of States
Ancient States
The development of states can be traced to the ancient Middle
East, in an area known as the Fertile Crescent.
The first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as city-
states.

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Ancient States
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Medieval States
The Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century after a series
of attacks by people living on its frontiers and because of
internal disputes.
The unified control of a king formed the basis for the
development of such modern European states as England,
France, and Spain.
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Medieval States
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States in Twentieth-Century Europe
After World War I, leaders of the victorious countries met at the
Versailles Peace Conference to redraw the map of Europe.
Language was the most important criterion the Allied leaders
used to create new states in Europe and to adjust the boundaries
of existing ones.
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States in Twentieth-Century Europe
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8.4 Nation-States
Multiethnic and Multinational States
A state that contains more than one ethnicity is a multiethnic
state.
Every state in the world is, to a varying degree, multiethnic.
A multinational state is a state that contains more than one
ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-
government.

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8.4 Nation-States
Dismantling Multinational States
Czechoslovakia
A multinational state was peacefully transformed in 1993 to two
nation-states—Czechia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia.
Soviet Union
The breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.) in 1991 resulted in the creation of 15 new countries,
including Russia.
Ukraine’s transition from a Soviet republic to a nation-state has
been especially difficult.
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8.4 Nation-states
Dismantling Multinational States
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8.4 Nation-states
Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State
The government of Russia officially designates 39 ethnic groups
as nationalities.

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8.4 Nation-states
Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State
The most ethnically challenging region is the Caucasus.
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8.5 Colonies
The Remaining Colonies
Puerto Rico
Puerto Ricans are citizens of the United States, but they do not
participate in U.S. elections or have a voting member of
Congress.
Greenland
Greenland runs its internal affairs, but Denmark maintains
control of foreign affairs and defense.
Hong Kong and Macao
The two have some autonomy in economic matters, but China
controls foreign affairs and defense.
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8.5 Colonies
The Remaining Colonies

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8.5 Colonies
Polar Regions: Many Claims
The South Pole region contains the only large landmass on
Earth’s surface that is not part of a state, but several states
claim portions of Antarctica.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
permitted countries to submit claims inside the Arctic Circle by
2009.
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8.5 Colonies
Polar Regions: Many Claims
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8.5 Colonies
Colonialism
European states came to control much of the world through
colonialism.

European states established colonies elsewhere in the world for
three basic reasons, summarized as God, gold, and glory.
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8.5 Colonies
Colonialism
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8.6 Boundaries
Physical Boundaries
Desert boundaries
A boundary drawn in a desert can effectively divide two states
because deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited.
Mountain boundaries
Mountains can be effective boundaries if they are difficult to
cross.
Water boundaries
Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the physical features most
commonly used as boundaries.
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8.6 Boundaries
Physical Boundaries

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8.6 Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries
Geometric boundaries
Geometric boundaries are simply straight lines drawn on a map.
Ethnic boundaries
Boundaries between countries sometimes separate speakers of
different languages, adherents of different religions, or
members of different ethnicities.
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8.6 Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries
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8.7 Shapes of States
Elongated States: Potential Isolation

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Fragmented States: Problematic
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Prorupted States: Access or Disruption
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Compact States: Efficient
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Landlocked States
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Perforated State: South Africa
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8.8 Governing States
National Scale: Regime Types
A democracy is a country in which citizens elect leaders and
can run for office.
An autocracy is a country that is run according to the interests
of the ruler rather than the people.
An anocracy is a country that is not fully democratic or fully
autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types.
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National Scale: Regime Types

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Local Scale: Unitary and Federal
Unitary state—Most power is placed in the hands of central
government officials.
Federal state—Strong power is allocated to units of local
government.
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8.9 Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing legislative
boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
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Gerrymandering
Wasted vote
Opposition supporters are spread across many districts but in
the minority.

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Gerrymandering
Excess vote
Opposition supporters are concentrated into a few districts.
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Gerrymandering
Stacked vote
Distant areas of like-minded voters are linked through oddly
shaped boundaries.
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8.10 Cooperation Among States
Military Cooperation in Europe
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) includes the
United States, Canada, and Western European allies.
The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and Eastern
European allies.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar
balance of power in Europe.

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Military Cooperation in Europe
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Economic Cooperation in Europe
The most important economic alliance in Europe is the
European Union (EU), which had 28 member states as of 2014.
The main task of the European Union is to promote development
within the member states through economic and political
cooperation.
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The Eurozone
The most dramatic step taken toward integrating Europe’s
nation-states into a regional organization was the creation of the
Eurozone.
The European Central Bank was given responsibility for setting
interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone.
Most importantly, a common currency, the euro, was created.

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8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
Terrorism Against Americans
The most dramatic terrorist attack against the United States
came on September 11, 2001.
Prior to the 9/11 attacks, the United States had suffered several
terrorist attacks during the late twentieth century.
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Terrorism Against Americans
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Al-Qaeda
Responsible or implicated in most of the anti-U.S. terrorism was
the al-Qaeda network.
Al-Qaeda (an Arabic word meaning “the foundation” or “the
base”) is not a single unified organization, and the number
involved in al-Qaeda is unknown.

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Al-Qaeda
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The Islamic State (ISIS)
The Islamic State is another terrorist organization operating in
Southwest Asia.
Members of the Islamic State are Sunni Muslims who seek to
impose strict religious laws through Southwest Asia.
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State Support for Terrorism
State-sponsored Sanctuary for Terrorists
Countries known to provide sanctuary for terrorists include
Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The United States, with the cooperation of several other
countries, attacked Afghanistan in 2001 when its leaders, known
as the Taliban, sheltered al-Qaeda leaders, including bin Laden,
after 9/11.
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Providing Supplies to Terrorists
Iraq and Iran have both been accused of providing material and
financial support for terrorists.
The United States argued that Saddam Hussein’s quarter-
century record of brutality in Iraq justified replacing him with a
democratically elected government.
The United States and most other countries have opposed Iran’s
aggressive development of a nuclear program.
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Providing Supplies to Terrorists
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State Terrorist Attacks
Libya was an active sponsor of terrorist attacks. Examples
include
a 1986 bombing of a nightclub in Berlin, Germany, popular with
U.S. military personnel then stationed there, killing three
(including one U.S. soldier).
planting of bombs on Pan Am Flight 103, which blew up over
Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988, killing 270.
planting of bombs on UTA Flight 772, which blew up over

Niger in 1989, killing 170.
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Chapter 5 Lecture
3rd Edition
Chapter 5:
Languages
Marc Healy
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.1.1 Labeled, Lesser-Used Languages
The word above “hamburger” on the truck is Icelandic. Because

fewer than 250,000 people speak Icelandic, several more widely
spoken languages are listed for the benefit of tourists.
5.1 Classifying Language
Language
A language family is a collection of languages related through a
common ancestral language that existed long before recorded
history.
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.1.2 Labeled, Two Largest Language
Families
This sign in New York's Chinatown includes two Indo-European
languages (English and Spanish) and one Sino-Tibetan
(Mandarin).

Language
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Language
A language branch is a collection of languages within a family
related through a common ancestral language that existed
several thousand years ago.
Differences are not as extensive or as old as between language
families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the
branches derived from the same family.
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Language
A language group is a collection of languages within a branch
that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and
display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary.

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5.2 Distribution of Language Families
Thirteen language families have at least 9 million native
speakers.
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5.2 Distribution of Language Families
Many languages have a literary tradition, or a system of written
communication.
Most written languages use one of four principal writing
systems.
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5.3 Distribution of Indo-European Languages
Indo-European is divided into eight branches. Four branches are
spoken by large numbers, while the other four are used less
extensively.
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5.3 Distribution of Indo-European Languages
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.3.3 Labeled, Romance Branch: Latin in
Ancient Rome
The Arch of Septimius Severus, built in A.D. 203 in Rome,
contains a Latin inscription.

5.4 Origin & Diffusion of Languages
Origin and Diffusion of English
Celtic tribes around 2000 B.C.
Only a few words in modern English can be traced to the Celts,
such as basket and flannel.
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes around A.D. 450
Germanic tribes from Denmark and Northern Germany pushed
the Celts to remote areas and contributed around one-fourth of
the words in modern English.
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.3.4 Labeled, Distribution of Germanic
Branch
The principal branch of northwestern Europe. English is part of
the Germanic branch because of the language spoken by
Germanic tribes that invaded England 1,500 years ago (see
Section 5.4).

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English Speaking Countries
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.10.2 Labeled, English-Speaking Countries
Vikings between 787 and 1171
Although unable to conquer Britain, Vikings remaining in the
country contributed many words from their language, such as
call, die, and leg.
Normans in 1066
Normans established French as the official language for the 300
years after the Norman invasion.
Romance languages contribute more than one-half of the words

in English, either directly through French or through Latin.
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Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
Linguists and anthropologists disagree on when and where
Proto-Indo-European originated and the process and routes by
which it diffused.
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Nomadic Warrior Theory
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Sedentary Farmer Theory
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5.5 Distribution of Dialects
Dialects in the United States
The national diffusion of distinctive dialects is a result of the
westward movement of colonists from the three East Coast
dialect regions.
These have been joined by a fourth that developed in the West.

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Dialects in the United States
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.5.2 Labeled, U.S. Dialects
What to call a soft drink
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.10.3 Labeled, Status of English in U.S.
States
Dialects in the United Kingdom
Regional dialects in the United Kingdom are a legacy of the
invasion of groups from Northern Europe that settled in
different parts of Britain.
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Dialects in the United Kingdom
U.S. English differs from U.K. English in three significant
ways:
Vocabulary
Spelling
Pronunciation
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.5.4 Labeled, U.S. and U.K. Dialects
Differences in car and motoring words (British words are listed
in bold)
5.6 Dialect or Language
Dialects Become Languages
The Romance languages we know today as French, Spanish, and
Portuguese began as dialects of Latin (“Roman’s Language”).
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Romance Languages, evolved from Latin
by the Romans 2,000 years ago. As they conquered much of
Europe, Roman armies brought their language with them.

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Chapter 5, Figure 5.3.2 Labeled, Distribution of Romance
Branch
Romance languages evolved from Latin spoken by the Romans
2,000 years ago. As they conquered much of Europe, Roman
armies brought their language with them.
Standardizing Dialects of a Language
Spanish
The Spanish Royal Academy, housed in a mansion in Spain’s
capital, Madrid, tries to promote a single standard language.
Portuguese
A 1994 agreement standardized the way that Portuguese is
written. Many people in Portugal were upset that the new
standard language more closely resembled the Brazilian version.
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Romance Language Examples
Creole languages
A creole is a language that results from the mixing of a
colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. French

Creole in Haiti is an example.
Italy’s languages
Several languages in Italy that have been traditionally
considered dialects of Italian are now viewed by Ethnologue as
sufficiently different to merit classification as languages
distinct from Italian.
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Romance Language Examples
Catalán
Once regarded as a dialect of Spanish, Catalán is now classified
as a distinct language.
Valencian
Currently classified as a dialect, but its speakers clamor to have
it recognized as a distinct language.
Galician
Many of its speakers would prefer to consider it a dialect of
Portuguese, one of the world’s most widely used languages.
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5.7 Multilingual Places
Switzerland: Institutionalized Diversity
The Swiss have institutionalized cultural diversity by giving
considerable power to small communities.
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Canada: Bilingual Autonomy
French is one of Canada’s two official languages, along with
English.
French speakers comprise one-fourth of the country’s
population and are clustered in Québec.
Confrontation has been replaced in Québec by increased
cooperation between French and English speakers.
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Canada: Bilingual Autonomy

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Nigeria: Spatial Compromise
To reduce regional tensions, Nigeria moved the capital from
Lagos Abuja in the center of the country, where no language
predominates.
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Chapter 5, Unnumbered Figure, Page 130 Labeled
Belgium: Barely Speaking
Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French, whereas northern

Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish, a dialect of Dutch.
Each group controls an autonomous region.
The Flemish want independence, which would make Flanders
one of Europe’s richest countries and Wallonia one of the
poorest.
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Belgium: Barely Speaking
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5.8 Isolated & Extinct Languages
Endangered and Extinct Languages
Of the 7,105 living languages it identifies, Ethnologue classifies
906 of them as dying and 1,481 as in trouble.
An extinct language was once used by people in daily activities
but is no longer in use.

The loss of many languages is a reflection of globalization.
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A Warlpiri Boy with Traditional Body Paint
Warlpiri belongs to the South-West Ngarga branch of
the Pama-Nyungan language family, the largest of
the Indigenous Australian language families. It is spoken by
about 2,500 Warlpiri people in Australia’s Northern Territory.
It is one of the largest Aboriginal languages in Australia in
terms of number of speakers.
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.9.6 Labeled, A Warlpiri Boy with
Traditional Body Paint
Endangered and Extinct Languages

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Isolated Languages
An isolated language is a language unrelated to any other and
therefore not attached to any language family.
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5.9 Preserving Lesser-Used Languages
Preserving Languages
Welsh
Welsh was the dominant language of Wales until the nineteenth
century, when many English speakers migrated there.
To help preserve the language, Welsh is a required school
subject, road signs are in Welsh, and Welsh-language TV and
radio programs are broadcast.
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45
Irish
Irish Gaelic is an official language of the Republic of Ireland,
along with English.
English was imposed when the country was a colony
of the United Kingdom.
Irish is now preserved in schools, signs, and broadcast media,
like Welsh.
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Breton
In Brittany around 225,000 people speak Breton regularly.
Breton is not recognized as an official language in France,
however.
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Scottish
Around 100,000 people speak Scottish Gaelic.
Cornish
Cornish became extinct in 1777, and the language was revived
in the 1920s, but only a few hundred people are fluent.
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Cornwall, England
https://vimeo.com/207793021
Cornish Language
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Reviving Languages
Hebrew
The language of daily activity in biblical times, Hebrew
diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter
retained primarily for Jewish religious services.

When Israel was established as an independent country in 1948,
Hebrew became one of the new country’s two official
languages, along with Arabic.
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.9.4 Labeled, A Revived Language
Road sign in Israel in Hebrew (top), Arabic (middle), and
English
Reviving Languages
Myaamia
No one has spoken this as a first language, the language of the
Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, since the 1960s.
Daryl Baldwin, a Tribe member, became fluent in the language
and is teaching it to his children as their first language.
An online dictionary has been created to aid in the language’s
revival.

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http://myaamiacenter.org/
‘Tulip tree’
Algonquian language formerly spoken in the United States,
primarily in Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, western Ohio and
adjacent areas along the Mississippi River.
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Chapter 5, Figure 5.9.5 Labeled, A Revived Language: Myaamia
New Languages
Isolated languages continue to be identified and documented,
and entirely new ones are invented.
For example, Koro Aka, a Sino-Tibetan language of
Northeastern India, was discovered in 2008.
Wampanoag: Reviving the language -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5H1B1uBKtc
How to revive a 500-year-old dying language -
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38592216

Reviving a Lost Language -
https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1000000051532
43/reviving-a-lost-language.html
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5.10 Diffusion of English
Lingua Franca
A lingua franca is a language mutually understood and
commonly used to communicate by people who have different
native languages.
The leading lingua franca in the contemporary world is English,
and others include Swahili, Hindi, Indonesian, and Chinese.
A pidgin language adopts a simplified grammar and limited
vocabulary of a lingua franca.
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Diffusion of English into Other Languages
Franglais—a mix of French and English
Spanglish—a mix of Spanish and English
Denglish—a mix of German (Deutsch) and English

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Chinese: The Next Lingua Franca?
By 2020, Chinese is expected to replace
English as the most common online language and to become the
most important language
of social media.
Rather than sounds (as in English), Chinese languages are
written primarily with logograms, which are symbols that
represent words or meaningful parts of words.
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Global Distribution of English
The current distribution of English exists because of the history
of British and contemporary American influence.

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Chapter 5, Unnumbered Figure, Page 108 Labeled
Chapter 7 Lecture
3rd Edition
Chapter 7:
Ethnicities
Marc Healy
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7.1 Ethnicity & Race

Race and Racism
Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the
cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
It is often confused with race, which traditionally has been
thought of as identity with a group of people who share a
biological ancestor.
The distribution of persons of color matters to geographers
because it is a factor that affects many activities of daily life.
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Ethnicities and Races in the United States
The U.S. census shows the difficulty in distinguishing between
ethnicity and race.
President Barack Obama illustrates the complexity of
designating race and ethnicity in the United States.
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Ethnicities and Races in the United States

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Ethnicities and Races in Brazil
Like the United States, Brazil is composed of people whose
ancestors emigrated from many places.
Genetic studies show that roughly 70 percent of Brazilians have
predominantly European ancestry, 20 percent predominantly
African, and 10 percent predominantly Native American;
however, most Brazilians have mixed backgrounds.
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Ethnicities and Races in Brazil
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7.2 Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities
Asian Americans
Asian Americans are clustered in the West, including more than
40 percent of the population of Hawaii.
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African Americans
African Americans are clustered in
the Southeast, comprising at
least one-fourth
of the population
in several states.
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Hispanics
Hispanics are clustered in

the Southwest, especially Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and
California.
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Voluntary Migration from Latin America
and Asia
Initially, most Hispanics and Asian Americans were recent
immigrants, but currently are children or grandchildren of
immigrants.
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7.3 Ethnic Landscape
Ethnic Enclaves
An ethnic enclave is a place with a high concentration of an
ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.
Ethnic enclaves offer newcomers economic support, such as
employment opportunities, affordable housing, and loans.

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Clustering in Large Cities
African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban
enclaves.
Ethnic concentrations in U.S. cities increasingly consist of
African Americans who migrate from the South or immigrants
from Latin America
and Asia.
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Changing Ethnic Enclaves
The distribution of ethnic enclaves in U.S. cities has changed,
as over time ethnic enclaves of recent immigrants in cities have
shifted to their descendants moving to the suburbs, sometimes
forming ethnoburbs.
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Changing Ethnic Enclaves
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7.4 African American Migration
Forced Migration from Africa
A number of European countries adopted an efficient triangular
trading pattern called the triangular slave trade.
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Interregional Migration of African Americans
Many African Americans live in cities throughout the Northeast,
Midwest, and West after migrating from the rural South.

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Intraregional Migration of African Americans
When they reached the big cities, African American immigrants
clustered in one or two neighborhoods.
These areas became known as ghettos, which gradually
expanded along major avenues.
“White flight” occurred, encouraged by blockbusting, as many
whites chose to leave rather than integrate.
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Intraregional Migration of African Americans
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/freedom-
riders-jim-crow-laws/
19
7.5 Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
“Separate but Equal” in the United States
With Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that “separate but equal” treatment of blacks and whites was
constitutional.
Southern states enacted “Jim Crow” laws to segregate blacks
from whites.
With Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
the Supreme Court found that having separate schools for blacks
and whites was unconstitutional.
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“Separate but Equal” in the United States
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Apartheid in South Africa
South Africa had apartheid laws in the later twentieth century to
separate races into different geographic areas.
The South African government designated
so-called homelands for blacks.
The white-minority government of South Africa repealed the
apartheid laws in 1991, and in 1994 Nelson Mandela was
overwhelmingly elected the country’s first black president.
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Apartheid in South Africa
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7.6 Ethnicities & Nationalities
Nationality in the United States
Nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity
and race in common usage in the United States:
Nationality identifies citizens of the United States of America,
including those born in the country and those who immigrated
and became citizens.
Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural
traditions, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans,
Chinese Americans, or Polish Americans.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
An important example of a centripetal force, which is an
attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a
state
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Clarifying Ethnicity and Nationality
Sorting out ethnicity and nationality can be challenging for
many.
In the United Kingdom, Scots are a clearly distinct ethnicity,
but many Scots also regard themselves as belonging to a distinct
nationality.
Africa contains several thousand ethnicities (usually referred to
as tribes) with a common sense of language, religion, and social
customs.
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Clarifying Ethnicity and Nationality
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7.7 Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Dozens of ethnicities inhabit Western Asia, allocated among

seven nationalities.
A map of Western Asia would look very different if national
boundaries were drawn to separate the major ethnicities.
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7.7 Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Yugoslavia: A Multiethnic State
The Balkan Peninsula, a complex assemblage of ethnicities, has
long been a hotbed of unrest.
Yugoslavia was created after World War I to unite several
Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages.
Rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced in Yugoslavia during the
1980s after Tito’s death, leading ultimately to its breakup into
seven small countries.
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Yugoslavia: A Multiethnic State
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina
To strengthen their cases for breaking away from Bosnia &
Herzegovina, Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of
Bosnian Muslims.
Accords reached in Dayton, Ohio in 1996 gave Bosnian
Muslims, who were originally half the population, only one-
fourth of the land.
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina

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Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained a multiethnic
country; in the province of Kosovo, ethnic Albanians comprised
90 percent of the population.
Serbia took direct control of Kosovo and launched a campaign
of ethnic cleansing of the Albanian majority.
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Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
South Sudan
Black Christian and animist ethnicities in the north and northern
Muslims fought a war between 1983 and 2005, ending with the
establishment of South Sudan
as an independent state in 2011.
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South Sudan
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Abyei
A peacekeeping force from Ethiopia is preventing either Sudan
or South Sudan from seizing control of Abyei, a small border

area inhabited by ethnicities aligned with both Sudan and South
Sudan.
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Kordofan
Ethnicities in Kordofan, sympathetic to both Sudan and South
Sudan, fight over control of scarce resources of importance to
their practice of agriculture, known as pastoral nomadism.
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Darfur
Darfur’s black African ethnicities launched a rebellion in 2003.
Marauding Arab nomads, known as Janjaweed, with the support
of the Sudanese government, crushed Darfur’s black population,
an action regarded by the United Nations as genocide.

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Eastern Front
Ethnicities in the east have fought Sudanese government forces,
with the support of neighboring Eritrea, over profits from oil.
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Hutus and Tutsis in Central Africa
Hutu farmers and Tutsi herders have engaged in large-scale
ethnic cleansing and genocide.
Rwanda, a tiny country in central Africa, has suffered from
especially severe genocide.
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Civil Wars in Congo
The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring
countries, especially the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Congo, one of the most multiethnic countries, is considered to
have suffered from the world’s deadliest wars in the past 70
years.
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Civil Wars in Congo
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GCU-102 - Study Guide --- Exam 2 – Ch 5-8
Which language families have the largest number of speakers?
Which have the smallest?
Study the map of the distribution of languages. Which language
family is most widely distributed across the earth? Which others
are prominent in any way?

Which are the main branches of the Indo-European language
family, and which has with the largest number of speakers?
What do our text and PPs say about the Origin and Diffusion of
English?
English words come from many different places. Over time,
which cultures/groups contributed to the English language?
What are the Regional Dialects in the United States?
How does American English deviate from British English?
Which Canadian Province have a majority of French speakers?
Which country relocated its capital to Abuja, a region where no
major language predominates, in order to reduce regional
tensions?
Your text discusses Belgium, where language can be a political,
cultural, or economic ‘barrier’. What can you say about this
discussion?
What does your text tell you about the ways in which a cultural
group retains its distinctive identity? Which cultural factors
might be essential to a cultural group’s identity?
What is an isolated language? Do you have any examples? What
is an endangered language? Any examples?
Which language is currently the most common ‘online’
language? And which is expected to become the most common
language of people online?
What is the best definition of ‘lingua franca’?

Chapter 6
What is a Universalizing religion? How would you best describe
it? Which major religions are considered ‘universalizing’? What
are the breakdowns of percentages of world adherents to
‘Universalizing Religions’ and ‘Ethnic Religions’?
What is an Ethnic Religion? Can you provide examples? To
whom do they appeal?
Which is the largest branch of Islam? What percentage of the
world’s religious are considered Sunni Muslim? Which major
branch is smallest? What is the difference between these two
branches?
What are the major tenets/beliefs of Protestantism?
What are the major branches of Buddhism? Where do they
predominate? What are the predominant emphases in the beliefs
in each branch?
The hearths of the largest universalizing religions are in which
part(s) of the world?
How was Islam diffused beyond its hearth in the early days?
We looked at the example of Jerusalem as a Holy Space and a
Contested Place. For example, the four quarters of the Old City,
and its importance to 3 major mono-theistic religions. There are
examples in many religions about holy places or holy spaces.
What about Buddism’s holy places? Or Hinduism’s holy or
sacred places or spaces?
From which country do the largest number of followers of
Hinduism come?

Under which type of religion is Judaism categorized? What are
world statistics and geographical locations of adherents of
Judaism? is described as which of the following types of
religion, and the vast majority of adherents to the faith are
located in which two countries?
What are the five tenets of Islam?
Chapter 7
How does Race differ from Ethnicity, according to your text?
How do you best distinguish between race and ethnicity?
In the US, are there any major ethnicity clusters or regions that
we might point to? Mexican-Americans; Cajuns; Cuban
Americans; Scandinavians…?
How does Brazil break down its population in terms of racial or
ethnic categories?
The majority of Asian Americans reside in which part of the
US?
What direction(s) did the Great Migration of the African
Americans inside the US? From where to where and why?
The US Supreme Court case on ‘separate but equal’ essentially
did what?
What country did Josip Broz Tito envision to have a national
identity that included the following five ethnicities: Croat,
Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, and Slovene?
Chapter 8

Define ‘state’, ‘nation’, ‘city-state’, ‘nation-state’,
‘sovereignty’, a ‘unitary state’, a ‘perforated state’?
What is a ‘multi-national’ state and a ‘multi-ethnic’ state? Can
you provide examples?
What are some places discussed in your text and PP that test the
definition of sovereignty? Can you provide basic overviews of
the various examples: i.e. Crimea, Senkaku Islands, Western
Sahara…?
What is the Law of the Sea? What are the distances involved?
What happened at the Versailles Conference with regards to
Europe and space?
Can you provide examples and overviews of the ‘break up’ of
the Czechoslovakia and the USSR?
Are there still places that are considered ‘colonies’ of sorts?
Where are they? Any places that are relevant in the news these
past few weeks?
Who claims the world’s Polar Regions? Why?
What are some physical boundaries? And what are some cultural
ones? What’s the problem being a landlocked country?
What are some ‘shapes’ of countries? What are some of the
potential problems with each?
What is “gerrymandering” and where did it originate? Have you
heard it in the news lately? What’s going on?
Which is the most important economic alliance in Europe?

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