The document provides an overview of how globalization impacts religious practices and beliefs. It discusses key topics like the definition of religion, types of religious organizations (church, sect, denomination, cult), major world religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam), and perspectives on religion's role in globalization (modernist, post-modernist, pre-modernist). Globalization encourages religious pluralism and less rooted local practices due to diasporas and transnational ties. It also provides opportunities for non-institutionalized religions and use of religion as a political/cultural resource.

1. The Globalization of Religion
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2. Learning Objectives
After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
-Explain how globalization affects religious practices
and beliefs
-Analyze the relationship between religion and global
conflict, and conversely, global peace.

3. DEFINING RELIGION
System of socially shared
symbols, beliefs, and rituals
that is directed toward a
sacred, supernatural realm and
addresses the ultimate
meaning of existence.

4. The English word religion is from the Latin verb religare, which
means “to tie” or “to bind fast”. A contemporary scholar defines
religion as “a system of beliefs, rituals, and practices, usually
institutionalized in one manner or another, which connects this world
with the beyond. It provides the bridge that allows humans to
approach the divine, the universal life force that both encompasses
and transcends the world”. This substantive definition of religion
limits religion to the belief in supernatural or divine force. However,
for its functional definition, religion is anything that provides an
individual with the ultimate meaning that organizes his/her entire life
and worldview (as cited in Lanuza and Raymundo, 2016)

5. Types of Religious Organizations

6. a religious organization that claims to possess the
truth about salvation exclusively. A classic example
is the Roman Catholic Church. The church
includes everybody or virtually everybody in a
society. Membership is by childbirth: new
generations are born into the church and are
formally inducted through baptism
CHURCH

7. the sect also perceives itself as a unique
owner of the truth. However, it constitutes
a minority in a given society. Recruitment
takes place through conscious individual
choice.
SECT

8. in contrast to the church and sect, the
denomination is oriented toward cooperation, at
least as it relates to other similar denominations.
People join through individual and voluntary
choice, although the most important form of
recruitment in established denominations takes
place through childbirth.
DENOMINATIO
N

9. the concept of cult was introduced in 1932
by sociologist Howard Becker. Lanuza
(1999) provides a comprehensive
definition of a cult:
CULT

10. A non-traditional form o religion, the doctrine of which is taken from
diverse sources, either rom non traditional sources or local
narratives or an amalgamination of both, whose members
constitute either a loosely knit group or an exclusive group which
emphasizes the belief in the divine element within the individual
and whose teachings are derived rom either a real or legendary
figure, the purpose of which is to aid the individual in the full
realization of his or her spiritual powers and/or union with the
Divine. The label cult is often attached to a religious group that
society considers as deviant or nontraditional. Hence, the term cult
is often used in a negative way.

11. NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
(NRMS) AND INDIGENOUS
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
The term New Religious Movement came into use
among social scientist in the 1960s. It was an
alternative label for cults that have been negatively
portrayed by mass media and some social scientists.
New age groups are considered part of these new
religious movement

12. Major Religions of the World

13. There are some 4,300 religions of the world. This is according to
Adherents, an independent, non-religiously affiliated organization
that monitors the number and size of the world's religions (Juan,
2006). Worldwide, more than eight-in-ten people identify with a
religious group. A comprehensive demographic study of more than
230 countries and territories conducted by the Pew Research
Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life estimates that there are
5.8 billion religiously affiliated adults and children around the
globe, representing 84% of the 2010 world population of 6.9 billion
(Pew Research Center, 2012)

14. Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
are five of the biggest religions in the world. Over the
last few thousand years, these religious groups have
shaped the course of history and had a profound
influence on the trajectory of the human race. Through
countless conflicts, conquests, missions abroad, and
simple word of mouth, these religions spread around
the globe and forever molded the huge geographic
regions in their paths (Kuzoian, 2015).

15. HINDUISM
originating on the Indian subcontinent and
comprising several and varied systems of
philosophy, belief, and ritual. Although the
name Hinduism is relatively new, having
been coined by British writers in the first
decades of the 19th century, it refers to a
rich cumulative tradition of texts and
practices, some of which date to the 2nd
millennium BCE or possibly earlier. If the
Indus valley civilization (3rd–2nd millennium
BCE) was the earliest source of these
traditions, as some scholars hold, then
Hinduism is the oldest living religion on
Earth

16. BUDDHISM
religion and philosophy that developed from
the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit:
Awakened One), a teacher who lived in
northern India between the mid-6th and mid-
4th centuries BCE. Spreading from India
to Central and Southeast Asia, China,
Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has
played a central role in the spiritual,
cultural, and social life of Asia, and
during the 20th century it spread to the
West.

17. CHRISTIANITY
stemming from the life, teachings, and
death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or
the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century
AD. It has become the largest of the world’s
religions. Geographically the most widely
diffused of all faiths, it has a constituency of
more than 2 billion believers. Its largest
groups are the Roman Catholic Church, the
Eastern Orthodox churches, and the
Protestant churches; in addition to these
churches there are several independent
churches of Eastern Christianity as well as
numerous sects throughout the world.

18. JUDAISM
monotheistic religion developed among
the ancient Hebrews. Judaism is
characterized by a belief in one
transcendent God who revealed himself
to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew
prophets and by a religious life in
accordance with Scriptures and
rabbinic traditions. Judaism is the
complex phenomenon of a total way of
life for the Jewish people, comprising
theology, law, and innumerable cultural
traditions

19. ISLAM
promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in
Arabia in the 7th century CE. The Arabic term
islām, literally surrender: illuminates the
fundamental religious idea of Islam—that the
believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle
of islām) accepts surrender to the will of Allah (in
Arabic, Allāh: God). Allah is viewed as the sole
God—creator, sustainer, and restorer of the
world. The will of Allah, to which human beings
must submit, is made known through the sacred
scriptures, the Qurʾān (often spelled Koran in
English), which Allah revealed to his messenger,
Muhammad. In Islam Muhammad is considered
the last of a series of prophets (including Adam,
Noah, Abraham, Moses, Solomon, and Jesus),
and

20. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON
RELIGION

21. Globalization implicates religions in several ways. It calls forth
religious response and interpretation. Religions played important
roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization. Among the
consequences of this implication for religion is that globalization
encourages religious pluralism. Religions identify themselves in
relation to one another, and they become less rooted in particular
places because of diasporas and transnational ties. Globalization
further provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized
religious manifestations and for the development of religion as a
political and cultural resource

22. Perspectives on the Role of Religion in
the Globalization Process

23. It is the perspective of most intellectuals and
academics. Its view is that all secularizations would
eventually look alike and the different religions would
all end up as the same secular and “rational”
philosophy. It sees religion revivals as sometimes
being a reaction to the Enlightenment and
modernization.
1. The Modernist Perspective.

24. It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism, empiricism, and
science, along with the Enlightenment, modernist structures of capitalism,
bureaucracy, and even liberalism. The core value of post-modernism is
expressive individualism. The post-modernist perspective can include “spiritual
experiences,” but only those without religious constraints. Post-modernism is
largely hyper- secularism, and it joins modernism in predicting, and eagerly
anticipating, the disappearance of traditional religions. Globalization, by
breaking up and dissolving every traditional, local, and national structure, will
bring about the universal triumph of expressive individualism
2. Post-Modernist Perspective.

25. There is an alternative perspective, one which is post-modern in its
occurrence but which is pre-modern in its sensibility. It is best
represented and articulated by the Roman Catholic Church,
especially by Pope John Paul II. The Pope’s understanding is drawn
from his experiences with Poland, but it encompasses events in
other countries as well. Each religion has secularized in its own
distinctive way, which has resulted in its own distinctive secular
outcome. This suggests that even if globalization brings about more
secularization, it will not soon bring about one common, global
worldview.
3. The Pre-Modernist Perspective.

26. Transnational Religion and Multiple Glocalization
Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths across the globe
has been a major feature. One of these features is the
deterritorialization of religion – that is , the appearance and the
efflorescence of religious traditions in places where these
previously had been largely unknown or were at least in a minority
position

27. Transnational religion is a means of describing solutions to new-
found situations that people face as a result of migration and it
comes as two quite distinct blends of religious universalism and
local particularism.
1. It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upperhand, whereby
universalism becomes the central reference for immigrant communities.
In such instances, religious transnationalism is often depicted as a
religion going global.
2. It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain
the most important place for local immigrant communities

28. In such instances, transnational national communities are
constructed and religious hierarchies perform dual religious and
secular functions that ensure the groups’ survival (164).
Fundamentalist or revivalist movement attempt to construct pure
religion that sheds the cultural tradition in which past religious life
was immersed.
Transnational religion is used to describe cases of institutional
transnationalism whereby communities living outside the national
territory of particular states maintain religious attachments to their
home churches or institutional.

29. Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are processes that
register the ability of religion to mold into the fabric of different
communities in ways that connect it intimately with communal and
local relations . Global -local or glocal religion represents a genre
of expression, communication and individual identities . It involves
the consideration of an entire range of responses as outcomes
instead of a single master narrative of secularization and
modernization.

30. Forms of
Glocalization

31. Indigenization is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic
groups whereby religion and culture were often fused into a single
unit. It is also connected to the survival of particular ethnic groups.
Vernacularization involved the rise of vernacular language
endowed with the symbolic ability of offering privileged access to
the sacred and often promoted by empires

32. Nationalization connected the consolidation of specific nations with
particular confessions and has been a popular strategy both in
Western and eastern Europe (171) .
Transnationalization complemented religious nationalization by
forcing groups to identify with specific religious traditions of real or
imagine national homelands or to adopt a more universalist vision
of religion

33. THANK YOU!