4. Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 2Mbps 100Mbps
Internet services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile -TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5 - 20 MHz 100 +MHz
Frequency 1.6- 2 GHZ 2 – 8 GHz
Network Architecture Wide Area Network Hybrid Network
3G vs 4G
5. WIRELESS MOBILE HISTORY
1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone
1901: Marconi first wireless radio
reception across the Atlantic Ocean
You can have any color,
as long as its black !
6. WIRELESS MOBILE HISTORY
As early as the 1930s travelers could place phone calls
from and to ocean liners in the middle of the Atlantic
Ocean.
The process was driven by Marine VHF Radio and cost $7
a minute (roughly $100 a minute when adjusted for inflation
to today’s money).
7. EARLY MOBILE PHONE
SYSTEM
First fully automated mobile phone system for
vehicles was launched in Sweden by TeliaSonera and
Ericsson in 1956
Named MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), first time
calls could be made and received in the car using the
public telephone network.
8. EARLY MOBILE PHONE
SYSTEM
Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service
introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone
companies.
RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and
VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies.
9. The first handheld mobile phone
was demonstrated
by Motorola in 1973
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
PHONES
10. EARLY CELLULAR SYSTEMS
1st Generation (1G) : Analog:1940s-1980s
1940s: cellular concept discovered (AT&T)
1981: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) deployed in Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, Finland
1983: AMPS deployed in USA, FDMA with 30 KHz FM-modulated
voice channels.
1983: TACS/ETACS: FDMA with 25 space KHz channel used in
European countries (JTACS in Japan and Hong Kong)
2nd generation (2G) : digital: early 90s
1991: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), 200KHz
spacing channel
1993: D-AMPS
11. The telecommunications in Malaysia
•1985, the ATUR, first wireless telephone system was introduced by Jabatan
Telekom Malaysia (JTM).
•1987, JTM was incorporated as Syarikat Telekom Malaysia Berhad (STMB)
or Telekom Malaysia (TM) following the National Corporatization Policy, which
was launched in the 1980s.
•1988, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd was the first to provide GSM based mobile
services.
•1997, Telekom Malaysia introduced CDMA based mobile homeline services
• 2003, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce video
call base on 3G WCDMA technology.
•2013, Maxis Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce "4G LTE"
mobile network before any other service provider.
13. ADVANTAGES OF CELLULAR/MOBILE
NETWORKS
More capacity due to spectral reuse
Lower transmission power due to smaller transmitter/receiver
distances
More robust system as Base Station problem only effects the
immediate cell
More predictable propagation environment due to shorter
distances
14. DISADVANTAGES OF CELLULAR/M
NETWORKS
Need for more infrastructure
Need for fixed network to connect Base Stations
Some residual interference from co-channel cells
Handover procedure required
15. THE CELLULAR
PRINCIPLE
Relies on the concept of concurrency
delivered through channel reuse i.e. reusing
channels in different cells
Total coverage area is divided into cells
only a subset of channels available in each cell
All channels partitioned into sets
sets assigned to cells
Rule: assign the same set to two cells that
are sufficient geographically distant so that
interference is small
Net result: increased capacity!
25. MULTIPLE ACCESS
SCHEMES
Four ways to divide the spectrum
among active users
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
time-division multiplexing (TDM)
code-division multiplexing (CDM)
space-division multiplexing (SDM)
26. CHOICE OF ACCESS
METHODS
A random access scheme using FDM, TDM, CDM
or SDM to dynamically assign sub-channels to
users is called random access method, e.g.
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA.
FDM, used in 1st generation systems, wastes
spectrum
Debate over TDMA vs CDMA for 2nd generation
TDMA advocates argue there is more
successful experience with TDMA.
CDMA proponents argue that CDMA offers
additional features such as increased range.
CDMA seems to be the access method of
choice for third-generation systems
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. CELLULAR SYSTEM: GSM
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded
1982)
now: Global System for Mobile
Communications
Communication: voice and data services
Mobility: International access, access control
Service Domains:
bearer services: transfer of data between
points
telematic services: telephony, SMS messages
supplementary services: forwarding,
conferencing
33. CELLULAR SYSTEM
Space divided into cells
A base station is responsible to communicate with
hosts in its cell
Mobile hosts can change cells while
communicating
Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts
communicating via a new base station
34. HAND-OFF PROCEDURE
Each base station periodically transmits beacon
Mobile host, on hearing stronger beacon from a
new BS, sends it a greeting
changes routing tables to make new BS its
default gateway
sends new BS identity of the old BS
New BS acknowledges the greeting and begins
to route Message Handling (MH)’s packets
Old
BS
New
BS
MH
2 3
5
1
4
6
35. HAND-OFF ISSUES
Hand-offs may result in temporary loss
of route to MH
with non-overlapping cells, it may be a
while before the mobile host receives a
beacon from the new BS
While routes are being reestablished
during handoff, MH and old BS may
attempt to send packets to each other,
resulting in loss of packets
36. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
1
Service Category Service Comments
Teleservices Speech
Emergency
SMS (Short Message Service)
Group 3 Fax
Full Rate 13Kbps
Point to Point & Cell Broadcast
Bearer Services Asynchronous Data
Synchronous Data
300 – 9600bps
300 – 9600bps
Supplementary Services Call Forward
Call Barring
Subscriber Busy, Not Reachable
International & Incoming Calls
37. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
2
Service Category Service Comments
Teleservices Speech
Emergency
SMS (Short Message Service)
Group 3 Fax
Half Rate 6.5Kbps
Point to Point & Cell Broadcast
Bearer Services Synchronous Packet Data Access 2400 – 9600bps
Supplementary Services CLI (Calling Line Identification)
Call Waiting
Call Hold
Multiparty
USSD (Unstructured Supplementary
Service Data)
Operator Barring
Advice on charge
38. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
2+
Primarily concerned with the improvement of
Bearer (data) services
Full data rate @ 14.4 kb/s
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Some additional supplementary services also
specified
39. ARCHITECTURE OF A GSM
NETWORK
SD
Mobile Station
BTS
MSC/
VLR
SIM
ME
BSC
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
40. ARCHITECTURE OF THE
GSM SYSTEM
GSM is a (PLMN ) Public Land Mobile Network
Components
(MS ) mobile station
(BS) base station
(MSC) mobile switching center
(LR) location register
Subsystems
(RSS) radio subsystem: covers all radio aspects
(NSS) network and switching subsystem: call forwarding, handover,
switching
• Authentication Center (AUC) –verifies user identity
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) – database for mobile equipment
identity (white, black and gray list)
(OSS) operation subsystem: network management
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) – manage day to day
cellular network operation
41. MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Fixed
Portable
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
number
Enables access to subscribed services
Smart card
42.
43. BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
- BTS
Usually referred to as the Base Station
Provides the interface to the network for the MS
Handles all communications with the MS
Transmitting power determines cell size
44. BASE STATION CONTROLLER
(BSC)
Controls Base Stations
Manages radio channels
Coordinates Handover
Abis interface
between BSC and BTS
A interface
between MSC and BSC
45. MOBILE SWITCHING
CENTRE (MSC)
Performs all switching/exchange functions
Handles
registration
authentication
location updating
common channel signaling
network interface
toll ticketing
GSM network must have at least one MSC
May connect to other networks
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
46. HOME LOCATION
REGISTER (HLR)
Administrative information for all subscribers
IMSI number
actual phone number
permitted supplementary services
parameters for authentication and ciphering
47. INTEGRATING GPRS
SD
Mobile Station
BTS
MSC/
VLR
BSC
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
SIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
+
TE
48. GPRS MOBILE STATION
(MS)
Two Components
Mobile Terminal (MT)+SIM card
Terminal Equipment (TE) – laptop or PDA
Three Classes of terminal
Class A - simultaneous support circuit switched (GSM)
and packet switched (GPRS) traffic
Class B- supports both GSM and GPRS connections but
not both at the same time. One call is suspended for the
duration of the other
Class C - handless either GSM or GPRS, only be
connected to one at one time.
49. GPRS NETWORK AND
SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
(NSS)
Two new nodes introduced for packet data
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
handles all packet data for the appropriate geographic
area
monitors GPRS users
handles security and access control
may be regarded as the packet switched equivalent of the
circuit-switched MSC
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
internetworking functionality
routes incoming data to correct SGSN
translates between different protocols and formats
Details of data services added to HLR
50. GPRS - SUMMARY
Data capacity increased considerably
Depending on configuration
@ 14.4 kb/s per channel, 115.2 kb/s can be achieved
@ 21.4 kb/s per channel, 171.2 kb/s can be achieved
Up to 8 users per channel
Minimum set-up time
“always-on” connection
Charging determined by actual data not time
51. UMTS/W-CDMA
UMTS is the European vision of 3G
UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Data rates of UMTS are:
144 kbps for rural
384 kbps for urban outdoor
2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
52. UMTS/W-CDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
SD
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
Core Network (CN)
UE
53. UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Core Network (CN) : To provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) : Provides the air interface
access method for User Equipment
USIM-Universal Subscriber Identity Module
ME- Mobile Equipment
UE –User Equipment
RNS- Radio Network Subsystem
RNC- Radio Network Controller
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node
Node B – is Base Transceiver Station BTS in UMTS
AUC - Authentication Center
EIR - Equipment Identity Register
54. GSM EVOLUTION TO 3G
GSM
9.6kbps
GSM Data
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 171 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA
(3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50
kbps
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing
sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
W-CDMA /
UMTS
59. 3.5G
3.5G or High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an enhanced version
and the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS. It comprises the
technologies that improve the Air Interface and increase the spectral
efficiency, to support data rates of 30 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many
new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future.
4G LTE Anytime,Anywhere Connection
4th Generation Wireless Communication
Long Term Evolution
Mobile Multimedia Communication
Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Up to 100 Mbps data transfer rate for high mobility
69. COURSE MATERIALS
CREDITED TO:
Richard Perlman, Lucent Technologies
Amjad Umar
Brough Turner, Marc Orange NMS Communications
Dirk H. Pesch, CIT
Shiow Yang Wu, National Dong Hwa University
