2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
❑ Project identification
❑ Problem analysis
❑ Objective analysis
❑ Analysis of strategies
3-2
4. 2-4
Analysis of the problems
▪ Analysis of the Problems:
Involves identifying what the main problems are
and establishing the cause and effect relationship
between these problems.
One main tool used in problem analysis is the
“problem tree”.
Note: Problem Tree has three parts:
1. A Trunk: is the main problem
2. Roots: represent the cause of the core problem
3. Branches: represent its effects
5. 2-5
Analysis of the problems
Polluters are
not controlled
Population not
aware of the danger
of waste dumpling
Existing legal regulation are
inadequate to prevent direct
discharge of wastewater
40% of households
& 20% of business
not connected to
sewerage network
High levels of solid
waste dumped into
river
Most households &
factories discharge
wastewater directly into
the river
Wastewater treated in
plants does not meet
environment standards
River water quality is deteriorating
High incidence of water diseases
& illnesses, particularly among
poor families & under 5$
Riverine ecosystem under
serious threat, including
declining fish stocks
Catch and income of fishing
families in decline
Environment protection
agency ineffective & closely
aligned with industry interests
No public
information/educa
tion program
available
Pollution has
been a low
political priority
Inadequate levels of capital
investment & poor business
planning within local
government
6. 2-6
▪ Preparatory steps
Before starting work on preparing a problem tree,
you must:
• Clarify the scope of the investigation or
analysis
• Inform yourself further: collect and review
existing background information on the main
issue(s) of concern and on the geographic
area(s)
• Identify the relevant stakeholder group(s)
• Conduct the analysis
Analysis of the problems
7. 2-7
▪ Stakeholder Analysis:
▪ For most bilateral aid projects the partner
government’s implementing line agencies will be
primary stakeholders. Adequate analysis of their
roles, interests and capacity to participate should
therefore be factored into project preparation.
Stakeholder analysis matrix-How affected by the problem(s)
Stakeholder How affected by
the problem(s)?
Capacity/motivation to
participate in addressing
the problem(s)
Relationship with
other stakeholders
(eg partnership or
conflict)
Analysis of the problems
8. 2-8
▪ Objective tree should be prepared after the
problem tree. While the problem tree shows
the cause and effect relationship between
problems, the objective tree show the means-
end relationship between objectives.
Analysis of Objectives
9. 2-9
Polluters are
effectively
controlled
Population more
aware of the danger
of waste dumpling
Environment protection
agency is effective & more
responsive to a broad
range of stakeholder
interests
Public
information/
education
program
established
Pollution
management is
given a higher
political priority
Improved business planning
within Local Government is
established, including cost
recovery mechanisms
New legal regulations are
established which are
effective in preventing
direct discharge wastewater
Increase % of households
& business are connected
to sewerage network
The quantity of
solid waste
dumped into the
river is reduced
No. of households &
factories discharging
wastewater directly into the
river is reduced
Wastewater treatment
meets environmental
standards
River water quality is improved
Incidence of water borne
diseases & illnesses is reduced,
particularly among poor
families & under 5$
Threat to the riverine
ecosystem is reduced, and
fish stocks are increased
Catch and income of
fishing families is stabilised
or increased
Analysis of Objectives
10. 2-10
Analysis of Alternative Strategies
• The aim of strategy analysis is to divide the
objectives tree into more consistent smaller sub-
units that may compose the core for a project
• Each of the sub-units of the objective tree can
represent an alternative strategy for the future
project
• Decision is based on policy priorities, budget,
human resources, urgency, social acceptability, etc
• Part of the objective tree is possibly not a part of the
project but should be considered in the analysis of
assumptions and risk
11. 2-11
1. RELEVANCE: the strategy corresponds to the
needs of the stakeholders
2. EFFECTIVENESS: the lower level objectives of the
strategy will contribute to achievement of the
project purpose
3. EFFICIENCY: cost-effectiveness of the strategy in
transforming the means into results
4. CONSISTENT with policies
5. SUSTAINABILITY of the project
6. ASSUMPTIONS and RISKS
Criteria for selection of the project
strategy
