CHAPTER 2 PRESENTATION final-CRIM3:HUMAN BEHAVIOR.pptx

Chapter 2
CONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLES OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Gain a better understanding of human behavior, the factors that
affect changes in human behavior, and how it is defined through
different perspectives;
2. Gain a better understanding of how a human’s personality
develops over time through experience and how these
experiences enable a person to reach self actualization;
3. Become familiar with the causes, conflicts, and motivations
affecting human behavior;
4. Identify the theories that attempt to explain human behavior
2

- Human behavior refers to a voluntary or
involuntary attitude of a person to adapt and fit
society's values and ideas of what is right and
wrong.
-Human behavior refers to the range of behaviors
exhibited by humans and which are influenced by
culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics,
authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion
and/or genetics.

Common
Perspectives in the
Study of Human
Behavior
5

6
1. Neurological
2. Behavioral
3. Cognitive
4. Psychoanalytic
5. Humanistic

7
1.
Neurological
This perspective
emphasizes
human actions in
relation to events
that take place
inside the body,
especially the
brain and the
nervous system.

8
2.
Behavioral
This view focuses
on the external
activities that can
be observed and
measured.

9
3.
Cognitive
This perspective
studies how the
brain processes
and transforms
information in
various ways

10
4. Psycho-
analytical
This view
emphasizes
unconscious
motives
stemming from
repressed sexual
and aggressive
impulses in
childhood

11
5. Humanistic
This perspective
focuses on the
subject
experiences,
freedom of
choice, and
strong motivation
to achieve self-
actualization.

FACTORS THAT
AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
12

13
1. Heredity
2. Environment
3. Learning

14
1. Heredity
This is
determined by
genes, which are
segments of cell
structures called
chromosomes,
by which parents
pass on traits to
their offspring

15
2.
Environment
These factors
consist of the
conditions that
surround and
influence an
individual.

16
3.
Learning
This refers to the
process by which
behaviors
change as a
result of
experience or
practice.

17
Other Factors:
1. Attitudes, beliefs,
emotions
2. Reasoning
3. Culture, values,
ethics, religion
4. Authority,
motivation,
persuasion, and
coercion

MOTIVATION OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
18

The Needs Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow was an American
psychologist who developed a
hierarchy of needs to explain
human motivation. His theory
suggested that people have a
number of basic needs that must be
met before people move up the
hierarchy to pursue more social,
emotional, and self-actualizing
needs.
19

The Needs Theory of Human Motivation
This theory states that throughout one's life,
desires, wishes, and drives that are collectively called "needs,"
motivate every individual. When not fulfilled, these needs
places an individual under stress Thus, to relieve the tensions
created, one has to strive for appropriate satisfaction of
these needs.

21
THE FIVE-
STAGE
PYRAMID
ACCORDING TO
MASLOW’S
THEORY

FOODS
23
DRINK AIR
SHELTER SLEEP WARMTH

SECURITY
24
PROTECTION
FROM ELEMENTS
LAW FREEDOM FROM FEAR
ORDER
STABILITY

ACHIEVEMENT
26
INDEPENDENCE
MASTERY
STATUS DOMINANCE
SELF-RESPECT
PRESTIGE
RESPECT FROM OTHER

realization of one's personal
potential and self-
fulfillment
27
seeking personal growth
and peak experiences.

28
The
Psychodynamics
of Human
Motivation

The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
29
Psychodynamics, which
literally means "motivation
to action defines human
behavior in terms of the
personality of the inner self
It also refers to the concept
of subjective life and inner
forces within which are called
"mental personality".

In psychology, the
psychodynamic view is used to
explain human personality and
behavior in terms of conscious
and unconscious forces such as
unconscious desires and beliefs.
30
according to this theory, the
mind has three level by which
its psychic forces operate,
namely: ID, EGO and
SUPEREGO

> How Do Defense Mechanisms Work?
> In Sigmund Freud's model of personality, the ego is the
aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing
this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands
of the id and the superego.
> The id: The part of the personality that seeks to fulfill all
wants, needs, and impulses. The id is the most basic,
primal part of our personalities and does not consider
things such as social appropriateness, morality, or even
the reality of fulfilling our wants and needs.
31

> The part of the personality that tries to get the ego to
act in an idealistic and moral manner. The superego is
made up of all the internalized morals and values we
acquire from our parents, other family members,
religious influences, and society.
> To deal with anxiety, Freud believed that defense
mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts
created by the id, superego, and reality.2 So what
happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of
our desires, the constraints of reality, and our own
moral standards?
32

> According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state
that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the
ego that things are not going the way they should. As a
result, the ego employs some sort of defense
mechanism to help reduce these feelings of anxiety.
33

> Displacement
> Have you ever had a really bad day at work, then went
home and took out your frustration on family and
friends? If you answered yes, you have experienced the
ego defense mechanism of displacement.
> Displacement involves taking out our frustrations,
feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are
less threatening.
34

> Displaced aggression is a common example of this
defense mechanism. Rather than express your anger in
ways that could lead to negative consequences (like
arguing with your boss), you instead express your
anger toward a person or object that poses no threat
(such as your spouse, children, or pets).
35

> Denial
> Denial is probably one of the best-known defense
mechanisms. Denial functions to protect the ego from
things with which the person cannot cope and is used
often to describe situations in which people seem unable
to face reality or admit an obvious truth (e.g., "They're
in denial").
> Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that
something has occurred or is currently occurring.
People living with drug or alcohol addiction often deny
that they have a problem, while victims of traumatic
events may deny that the event ever occurred.
36

> While it may temporarily shield you from anxiety or
pain, denial also requires a substantial investment of
energy. Because of this, other defenses are used to
help keep these unacceptable feelings from conscious
awareness.
> In many cases, there might be overwhelming evidence
that something is true, yet the person will continue to
deny its existence or truth because it is too
uncomfortable to face.
37

> Repression
> Repression acts to keep information out of conscious
awareness. However, these memories don't just
disappear; they continue to influence our behavior.For
example, a person who has repressed memories of
abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty
forming relationships.
38

> Suppression
> Sometimes you might repress information consciously
by forcing the unwanted information out of your
awareness. This is known as suppression. In most
cases, however, this removal of anxiety-provoking
memories from awareness is believed to occur
unconsciously.
39

> Sublimation
> Sublimation is a defense mechanism that allows us to
act out unacceptable impulses by converting these
behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example, a
person experiencing extreme anger might take up
kickboxing as a means of venting frustration.
> Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity
and allows people to function normally in socially
acceptable ways.
40

> Projection
> Projection is a defense mechanism that involves taking
your own unacceptable qualities or feelings and
ascribing them to other people.3 For example, if you
have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead
believe that they do not like you.
> Projection works by allowing the expression of the
desire or impulse, but in a way that the ego cannot
recognize, therefore reducing anxiety.
41

> Intellectualization
> Intellectualization works to reduce anxiety by thinking
about events in a cold, clinical way.8
> This defense mechanism allows us to avoid thinking
about the stressful, emotional aspect of the situation
and instead focus only on the intellectual component.
> For example, a person who has just been diagnosed with
a terminal illness might focus on learning everything
about the disease in order to avoid distress and remain
distant from the reality of the situation and their
feelings about it.
42

> Rationalization
> Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves
explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a
rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons
for the behavior.
> For example, a person who is turned down for a date
might rationalize the situation by saying they were not
attracted to the other person anyway. A student might
rationalize a poor exam score by blaming the
instructor rather than admitting their own lack of
preparation.
43

> Regression
> When confronted by stressful events, people
sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to
patterns of behavior used earlier in development.3
Anna Freud called this defense mechanism regression
and suggested that people act out behaviors from the
stage of psychosexual development in which they are
fixated.
> For example, an individual fixated at an earlier
developmental stage might cry or sulk upon hearing
unpleasant news.
44

> According to Freud, behaviors associated with
regression can vary greatly depending on the stage at
which a person is fixated. For example, an individual
fixated at the oral stage might begin eating or
smoking excessively, or might become verbally
aggressive. A fixation at the anal stage might result in
excessive tidiness or messiness.
45

> Reaction Formation
> Reaction formation reduces anxiety by taking up the
opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior.3 An example of
reaction formation would be treating someone you
strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in
order to hide your true feelings.
> Why do people behave this way? According to Freud,
they are using reaction formation as a defense
mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in
the exact opposite manner.
46

> 10 Other Common Defense Mechanisms
> Acting out: Coping with stress by engaging in actions
rather than acknowledging and bearing certain
feelings. For example, instead of telling someone that
you are angry with them, you might yell at them or
throw something against the wall.
> Aim inhibition: Accepting a modified form of their
original goal. An example of this would be becoming a
high school basketball coach rather than a professional
athlete.
47

> Altruism: Satisfying internal needs through helping
others. For example, someone recovering from
substance use might volunteer to help others in
recovery as a way to deal with drug cravings.
> Avoidance: Refusing to deal with or encounter
unpleasant objects or situations. For example, rather
than discuss a problem with someone, you might simply
start avoiding them altogether so you don't have to
deal with the issue.
48

> Compensation: Overachieving in one area to
compensate for failures in another. For example,
someone who feels insecure academically might
compensate by excelling in athletics.
> Dissociation: Becoming separated or removed from
your experience. When dealing with something
stressful, for example, you might mentally and
emotionally disengage yourself from the situation.
49

> Fantasy: Avoiding reality by retreating to a safe place
within your mind. When something in your life is
causing anxiety, you might retreat to your inner world
where the cause of the stress cannot harm you.
> Humor: Pointing out the funny or ironic aspects of a
situation. An example of this might be cracking a joke
in a stressful or traumatic situation.
50

> Passive-aggression: Indirectly expressing anger.
Instead of telling someone that you are upset, for
example, you might give them the silent treatment.
> Undoing: Trying to make up for what you feel are
inappropriate thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. For
example, if you hurt someone's feelings, you might
offer to do something nice for them to assuage your
anxiety or guilt.
51

> While defense mechanisms are often thought of as
negative reactions, we all need them to temporarily
ease stress and protect self-esteem during critical
times, allowing us to focus on what is necessary at the
moment.
> Some of these defenses can be more helpful than
others. For example, utilizing humor to overcome a
stressful, anxiety-provoking situation can actually be
an adaptive defense mechanism.
52

> Types of Anxiety
> Not all types of anxiety are created equal. Nor do
these anxieties stem from the same sources. Freud
identified three types of anxiety:
> Moral anxiety: A fear of violating our own moral
principles
> Neurotic anxiety: The unconscious worry that we will
lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment
for inappropriate behavior
53

> Reality anxiety: Fear of real-world events. The cause
of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example,
a person might fear a dog bite when they are near a
menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this
anxiety is to avoid the threatening object.
> Although we may knowingly use coping mechanisms to
manage anxiety, in many cases, these defenses work
unconsciously to distort reality.
54

CAUSES OF CONFLICTS
IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
55

56
1. Physical Causes
2. Social Conflicts
3. Economic
Conflicts

Physical Causes
These refer to
natural causes, like
typhoon, and
earthquake, fire,
flood, and storm.
57

Social Conflicts
These are restrictions or
rules in the home, school,
workplace, and
community.
58

Economic Conflicts
These result from one's
inability to acquire material
things because of poverty or
other financial obligations
59

60
Two Basic Types
of Human
Behavior
1. Inherited
Behavior
2. Learned
Behavior

61
Inherited
Behavior
Behavioral
response or reflex
that is exhibited
by people based
on their genetic
endowment or the
process of natural
selection..

62
Learned
Behavior
Involves cognitive
adaptation that
enhances the
human being's
abilities to cope
with environmental
changes and
manipulate the
environment to
improve one's
existence.

Other types of behavior
63
TYPES BEHAVIOR
1. Habitual Motor, emotional, language
2. Instinctive Unlearned behavior
3. Symbolic Substitute behavior
4. Complex Two or more habitual
behavior that occur in one
situation

STIMULANTS OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
64

> Sensations - These are feelings or impressions of
stimuli that may be delivered via the following sources:
STIMULANTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
65
1. Olfactory
2. cutaneous
3. Auditory
4. Gustatory
5. Visual

> Perception - This refers to one's knowledge of
various stimuli from the environment or external
sources.
STIMULANTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
66
> Awareness - This is a psychological activity that
occurs in accordance with the interpretation and
experience of various stimuli.

Attributes of Human Behavior
67
1. Duration- how long it occurs in terms of
functions of time
2. Extensity- spatial characteristics
3. Intensity- magnitude or level
4. Quantity- normal or abnormal,
un/acceptability.

Characteristics of Behavior
68
1. Human behaviors are primarily native or
learned
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal
needs
3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious motor, or
intentional

Personality Dimensions that affect Human Behavior
69
Hans Eysenck
Hans Eysenck was born in Germany
but moved to England after turning
18 and spent most of his working life
there. His research interests were
wide-ranging, but he is perhaps best
known for his theories of personality
and intelligence.
Theory of Personality

70
Hans Eysenck
 Psychoticism as a personality
type that is prone to take risks,
might engage in anti-social
behaviors, impulsiveness, or non-
conformist behavior.
 Extraversion includes outgoing or
very social behavior. Think of
someone who is always the life of
the party. This person is probably
an extrovert.
 Neuroticism is a personality trait
that includes anxious and nervous
behavior and a frequent feeling of
fear or worry.

71
TYPE CHARACTERISTICS EFFECTS
1. Extraversion Frequently seeks stimulation,
excitement, and thrills
Gets people in trouble
has the greatest role in
crime and delinquency
2. Neuroticism Intensely reacts to stress,
generally moody, touchy
sensitive to slights and anxious
or nervous
Enhances habits and
influences the individual
to behave in ways that
are considered anti-
social
3. Psychoticism Cold, cruel, social insensitivity,
disregard
for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others,
attraction towards the unusual
Impulse aggressive
individual without
appreciable conscience
or sense of morals

> FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSION
> theory developed in 1949 by D. W. Fiske (1949) and later
expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967),
Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987).
72

OPENNES
> -is a characteristic that includes imagination and
insight. The world, other people and an eagerness to
learn and experience new things is particularly high
for this personality trait. It leads to having a broad
range of interests and being more adventurous
when it comes to decision making.
> Creativity also plays a big part in the openness
trait; this leads to a greater comfort zone when it
comes to abstract and lateral thinking.
73

> Conscientiousness - is a trait that includes high
levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and
goal-directed behaviours. This organized and
structured approach is often found within people
who work in science and even high-retail finance
where detail orientation and organization are
required as a skill set.
74

> A good example of a conscientious person would be
someone you know who is always planning ahead for
the next time you meet - and in the meantime,
regularly staying in contact, checking in on your
wellbeing. They like to organise around certain
dates and events and are focused on you when you
meet.
75

Extraversion
> Extraversion (sometimes referred to as
Extroversion) is a trait that many will have come
across in their own lives. It’s easily identifiable
and widely recognizable as “someone who gets
energized in the company of others.”
> This, amongst other traits which include,
talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of
emotional expressiveness, have made
extraverted people widely recognizable over
many years of social interaction.
76

> We all have that one friend or family member -
or several - who aren’t exactly wall flowers in a
social interaction. They thrive on being the
centre of attention, enjoy meeting new people
and somehow tend to have the biggest friends and
acquaintance group you have known.
77

Agreeableness
> People who exhibit
high agreeableness will show signs of
trust, altruism, kindness, and affection.
Highly agreeable people tend to have
high prosocial behaviours which means
that they’re more inclined to be helping
other people.
78

> Sharing, comforting and cooperating are traits that
lend themselves to highly agreeable personality
types. Empathy towards others is commonly
understood as another form of agreeableness even if
the term doesn’t quite fit.
> Agreeable people tend to find careers in areas where
they can help the most. Charity workers, medicine,
mental health and even those who volunteer in soup
kitchens and dedicate time to the third sector (social
studies) are high in the agreeableness chart.
79

Neuroticism
> Neuroticism is characterized by sadness, moodiness,
and emotional instability. Often mistaken for anti-
social behaviour, or worse a greater psychological
issue, neuroticism is a physical and emotional
response to stress and perceived threats in
someone’s daily life.
80

> Individuals who exhibit high levels of neuroticism will
tend to experience mood swings, anxiety and
irritability. Some individuals who experience sudden
changes in character from a day-to-day perspective
could be highly neurotic and respond to high stress
levels in their work and personal lives.
81

> Anxiety, which plays a large part in the makeup
of neuroticism, is about an individual's ability to
cope with stress and perceived or actual risk.
People who suffer with neuroticism will overthink
a lot of situations and find difficulty in relaxing
even in their own space.
82

Abnormal Behavior
84
This is a kind of behavior that fails to meet
the characteristics of a normal person and includes
inabilities in the following areas:
1. Free expression of personality
2. Adequate security feeling
3. Efficient contact with reality
4. Adaptability to group norms
5. Emotional maturity
6. Adequate self-knowledge
7. Integrated and consistent personality

Abnormal Behavior
85
Criminal Psychology -
This is a branch of
knowledge various
aspects of criminal
behavior. Specifically, it
refers to “the study of
the mind and its
workings in relation to
crime”.

88
PERSONAL
DISORDER
This kind of disorder
originates during the early
development process, and
leads to maladaptive
behavior.
Is a type of mental disorder
in which you have a rigid and
unhealthy pattern of
thinking, functioning and
behaving.

Classifications of Personality Disorder
89
CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS
1. Passive Aggressive Passively dependent and aggressive
due to overindulgence
2. Hysterical Personality
Disorder
Easily excitable, emotional instability,
dramatic need for attention, immature,
tendency to sexualize contacts with
the opposite sex
3. Compulsive Personality
disorder
Excessive concern for conformity,
perfection, and order
4. Paranoid Personality Hypersensitive, unwarranted
suspicion, jealousy envy, and feelings
of excessive importance

92
NEUROSES
Neuroses or psychoneurosis
are behavioral disorders
that are brought about by
emotional tension resulting
from conflict repression,
frustration, or insecurity
Neurotic individuals
compromise with reality by
developing imaginary
ailments, obsessions,
phobias, compulsion,
depression or anxiety.

behavioral characteristics
of individuals displaying
neurotic reactions
1. Inability to function at
the normal capacity
level
2. Presence of anxiety
3. Rigid or repetitive
behavior
4. Somatic complaints
5. Immaturity
93

behavioral
characteristics of
individuals displaying
neurotic reactions
6. Hypersensitivity
7. Egocentricity
8. Unhappiness
9. A great deal of
unconsciously motivated
behavior
94

The following factors may be considered important
considerations when evaluating an individual suffering from
neurosis
Understanding the Causes of Neuroses
95
1. Predisposing or constitutional factors
2. One's immediate life situation
3. Childhood development patterns
4. Important cultural factors

1. Anxiety Reactions
Classification of Neuroses According to the
Most Striking Symptoms
96
These are mainly manifested in
consciously experienced feelings
of anxiety and apprehension, for
which there are no bases in actual
life.

1. Anxiety Reactions
97
Hysteria
This disorder is a type of anxiety
reaction, in which the individual
manifests one or more symptoms that
are often associated with organic
disease.

FORMS OF HYSTERIA
98
1. Amnesia
2. Fugue
3. Somnambulism

1. Amnesia
This is a disorder wherein the
individual cannot recall his or
her name and remembers
little or nothing about the
past in varying levels of
intensity.
99

100
Types of
amnesia
1. Anterograde - This
is the inability to
retain information,
which has just been
seen or read.

101
Types of
amnesia
2. Retrograde - This
refers to the
inability to recall
any event (and
details thereof)
that took place
during a certain
period.

102
Types of
amnesia
3. Localized - The
inability to recall
events and details
that are related
to a particular
situation.

2. Fugue
The word fugue comes from
the Latin word for “flight”.
This is a type of amnesia
wherein one wanders away
from his or her home or
usual surroundings; often, the
person has no recollection as
to how he/she came to be
there when awareness sets in.
103

Multiple
Personality
This is a dramatic form of
hysteria, in which the
patient develops two or
more separated and very
distinct personalities..
104

3. Somnambulism
This is a dreamlike state in
which the person walks about
and carries on certain
activities that he eventually
fails to remember when he
wakes up.
105

2. Psychastenia
106
This is a psychoneurotic condition that is
accompanied by a vast range of mental and
emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled.
The person is fear-ridden by obsessions,
compulsion, or unreasonable dread or phobia.
Other symptoms of Psychastenia are unreasonable elation, over
inhibition, or constant depression

FORMS OF PSYCHASTENIA
107
1. Phobia
2. Obsession
3. Compulsion

1. Phobia
This refers to an irrational or
exaggerated fear of an
object, person, act or
situation. The word itself
comes from the Greek word
“phobos”, which means fear or
horror.
This is characterized by the
following:
108

1. Phobia
•Reasons for the fear do not
make sense.
•One's fear paralyzes instead
of enhances one's ability to
deal with a problem.
•The fear seems to be caused
by the threat of self-
destructive aggressions that
may take place.
109

Examples of Phobias
110
Arachnophobia
Ophidiophobia
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Cynophobia Mysophobia
Astraphobia
Trypophobia

2. Obsession
This refers to an idea or a
series that recur very
frequently that they
interfere with the ability of
an individual to think and/or
function normally.
111

3. Compulsion
This is an irresistible
tendency to perform an act
or ritual, which an individual
feels compelled to carry out
although it is recognized as
irrational; a person must
perform an act and give in to
the urge in order to reduce
the tension.
112

Examples of Compulsion
113
Suicidal mania - the impulse to take one's life
Homicidal mania - the impulse to kill
Pyromania - the impulse to set things on fire
Megalomania - the impulse to amass great fame or power
Dipsomania - the impulse to drink liquor
Kleptomania- the impulse to steal
Arithmomania - the impulse to count everything

Traumatic
neuroses
These are manifested in situations, in
which the individual fears for his/her
safety.
Traumatic Neurosis was First
mentioned in the book of German
physician Herman Oppenheim in 1884.
42 cases caused by railway or
workplace accidents.
114

Operational
Fatigue
Otherwise known as war neurosis,
this is manifested in response to a
battle environment.
115

3. Psychoses
116
Psychoses are serious mental illnesses that are
characterized by unpredictable behavior.
Psychotic persons have a largely unrealistic
interpretation of the self and the life around
them. In this case, their ego has lost control
over their personality. In addition, people with
psychoses have great mood swings that range
from extreme exaltation to extreme depression.

CLASSIFICATION OF
PSYCHOSES
117
1. Organic/Somatogenic
2. Functional Psychosis

1. Organic/
Somatogenic
Are due to a wide variety of
causes; however, damage or
injury to the brain or other
parts of the central nervous
system is always involved.
118

119
Symptoms
of Organic
Psychoses
 Emotional instability, which
is manifested by general
irritability or violent mood
swings without a clear
cause.
 Impairment of normal,
intellectual functions
 Inappropriate behavior and
changes in general
behaviors, including neglect
of responsibilities, lack of
interest in personal
appearance, and an anti-
social tendency

120
Types of
Organic
Psychoses
 Psychoses associated
with toxins
with infectious
disease
with old age
with head injuries

2. Functional
Psychosis
refers to a serious mental
disorder involving the total
personality with no
observable tissue damage.
Hence, with no organic basis,
these ailments are believed to
result from years of living
under emotional stress.
121

122
Forms of
Functional
Psychosis
1. Schizophrenic
Disorder
2. Affective Disorder
3. Paranoia
4. Anti-Social
Personality -

Schizophrenic Disorder
123
Is a psychotic condition that is
characterized by one's withdrawal
from reality, indifference toward
daily problems, and the tendency to
live in a world of fantasy.
The word "schizophrenia" comes from the Greek words "schizo"
(split) and "phrene" ( mind); hence, the term is used to describe
the fragmented state of mind of people suffering from such a
disorder.

124
Was an influential German psychiatrist who
lived in the late 19th and the early 20th
century. His work had a major impact on
modern psychiatry and its understanding of
mental illnesses based on natural scientific
concepts
Dr. Emile Kraepelin
He was first identified this disease on 1887, he considered this
disease as a discrete mental illness. Dr. Kraeplin was also the
first to classify varied mental disorders into categories.

125
Was a Swiss psychiatrist and eugenicist,
most notable for his contributions to the
understanding of mental illness. Eugen
Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia" to
describe the condition of individuals who
showed symptoms of the disease.
Eugen Bleuler
He was first identified this disease on 1887, he considered this
disease as a discrete mental illness. Dr. Kraeplin was also the
first to classify varied mental disorders into categories.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia
126
 Disorganized patterns of feeling and thinking, where
there is no logic or reason in thoughts and expressed
feelings.
 Apathy or absence of feelings and emotions in situations that call for such
reactions.
 Bizarre actions, including absurd and eccentric. gestures, or such activities as
hoarding, among others.
 Shunning others, reclusiveness, or narrowing of interests and social contacts
 Disorganized speech patterns
 Delusions and hallucinations (usually auditory)
 Deterioration of conduct and personal habits
.

128
Types of
Schizophrenia
Simple
Schizophrenia
Hebephrenic
Schizophrenia
Catatonic
Schizophrenia
Paranoid
Schizophrenia

129
1. Simple
Schizophrenia
This manifests in a
gradual decline of
interest and ambition.
The person withdraws
from almost all social
contacts and
becomes increasingly
irritable and
inattentive.

130
2. Hebephrenic
Schizophrenia
It usually begins in
early adolescence and
develops gradually in
time. The person may be
prone to fits of
laughter or childish
giggling and grimacing
for hours without
apparent reasons.

131
3. Catatonic
Schizophrenia
This is marked by
cycles of psychomotor
reactions in stupor
(partial or complete
loss of
consciousness) and
excitement phases.

132
4. Paranoid
Schizophrenia
This is marked by
hallucinations and
delusions that are
illogical and loosely
organized, as well as
grandiose and/or
persecutory in nature.

Affective Disorder
133
Affective disorders refer to a set of
psychiatric diseases, the symptoms
for which may vary depending on
each individual Symptoms typically
affect one's mood, hence affective
disorders are also called mood
disorders that can be anywhere
from mild to severe.

134
Types of
Affective
Disorder
Depression
Bipolar
Disorder
Anxiety
Disorder

135
1. Depression
This is often
characterized by
feelings of extreme
hopelessness and
sadness. These
episodes may last
anywhere from several
days or even weeks.

136
Depression
symptoms
o suicidal thoughts;
o irritability or anxiety;
o prolonged sadness;
o lack of interest in normal
activities;
o lethargy and lack of
energy;
o major changes in eating
and sleeping habits;
o feelings of guilt;
o difficulty concentrating;
o aches and pains that have
no physical explanation

137
2. Bipolar
Disorder
This refers to a state
wherein the person
experiences
alternating periods of
depression and periods
of mania, which is the
feeling of being
extremely positive and
active.

138
Bipolar
disorder
symptoms
o chronic mood swings
o during depression,
symptoms similar to those
for major depressive
disorder
o during mania, less sleep and
feelings of exaggerated
self-confidence
o irritability or aggression
o feeling of self-importance
o impulsiveness and
recklessness
o delusions or hallucinations

139
3. Anxiety
Disorder
The different types of
anxiety disorders are
all characterized by
feelings of anxiety,
fear, and nervousness

140
Anxiety
disorder
symptoms
o constant worrying
o Irritability
o obsessive thoughts
o restlessness and
trouble concentrating
o trembling, sweating,
shortness of breath
and rapid heart rate
o difficulty sleeping
o nausea

Paranoia
141
This is another type of psychotic
reaction, the main symptom of
which is characterized by suspicion.
Is the feeling that you're being
threatened in some way, such as
people watching you or acting
against you, even though there's no
proof that it's true. It happens to a
lot of people at some point.
.

142
Types of
Paranoia
 Persecutory
Paranoia
 Litigious Paranoia
 Erotic Paranoia
 Exalted Paranoia
 Jealous Paranoia

143
1. Persecutory
Paranoia
This refers to having
delusions hrom of
persecution. The
person believes that
some people atis are
plotting to harm
him/her in some way.

144
2. Litigious
Paranoia
This refers to having
delusions of both
persecution and
grandeur; a person
may go to great
lengths to bring
alleged persecutors
to court.

145
3. Erotic
Paranoia
Also called amorous
paranoia, this refers
to having delusions
that a certain person
is in love with him/her..

146
4. Exalted
Paranoia
Having grandiose
delusions and believes
himself/ herself as
someone with great
power or importance,
usually a social
reformer or religious
crusader.

147
5. Jealous
Paranoia
The state of having
extreme and irrational
jealousy.

Anti-Social Personality
148
A person with an anti-social personality is
a mentally disturbed person who is
opposed to the Normal principles upon
which a society is based.
Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a
mental disorder in which a person consistently shows no regard for
right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. People
with antisocial personality disorder tend to antagonize, manipulate or
treat others harshly or with callous indifference. They show no guilt
or remorse for their behavior.

149
Characteristics
of an Anti-
Social
Personality
Sociopath
Psychopath

150
1. Sociopath refers to a person who
dislikes any sense
social or moral
responsibility due to
mental illness.

151
2. Psychopath
refers to a person
with a personality
disorder that is
characterized by anti-
social behavior,
indifference immorality,
and abnormal changes
in mood or activity
psychopath is a classic
manipulator or con
artist.

Dealing with Different Abnormal and Deviant
Behaviors
152
Abnormal Behavior Proper Handling and Hints
1. Anxiety Reassurance
2. Depressed Put yourself in the shoes of the sufferer; be on the alert
for possible suicide
3. Obsessive Compulsive Understand that the sufferer is disturbed and not crazy;
refer to the appropriate facility
4. Phobia Supportive intervention
5. Psychoses Display of guns, force, and restraints should be avoided
unless there is a manifestation of danger to one's life; send
the patient to a hospital. If he/she desists, be firm.

153
6. Psychopathy 1. Review arrest records.
2. 2. Recognize con man/woman's manipulative
conversation
3. Don't bluff; he/she is a master of this and certainly
better than anybody
4. Interview him/her after knowing every detail of a case.
5. A psychopath can beat lie detectors; he/she is immune
to anxiety unless placed under stress
6. 6. Be firm and clear.
7. A psychopath may be charming but can also become very
angry and may manipulate others, thus violating their
rights.

154
7. Drug Dependent
Behavior
1. Be patient, but firm- the person is not himself
2. Keep him/her talking to relieve the stress;
3. Refer him/her to the appropriate hospital, medical facility or
medical institution.
8. Paranoid Behavior 1. Be understanding; never give the impression that he/she is
crazy.
2. Friendliness and neutrality is usually the best approach.
3. Do not heighten the patient's anxieties; do not provoke
him/her, or ignite violent reactions.
4. Assure the paranoid patient that your presence is to help
and protect him/her.
5. Do not frighten a paranoid patient with weapon; he/she may
panic and react violently. However, do not to let your
guards down. Remember, a paranoid patient may be suicidal
and/or homicidal.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY
156
SEXUALITY - The behavior associated with the
relation between sexes and their respective
reproductive organs.
ABNORMAL SEXUALITY/SEXUAL DEVIANCY - A kind of sexual behavior
that seeks stimulation and gratification by means other than normal,
heterosexual norms.
NORMAL SEXUALITY - Sexual completion that leads to a mature and well-
adjusted individual, capable of entering relationships with a member of the
opposite sex, and who is physically and mentally stable and satisfying
heterosexual needs.

157
Classifications
of Sexual
Abnormalities
1. As to Choice of Sexual
Partner
2. As to Instinctual
Sexual Urge
3. As to the Mode of
Sexual Expression or
Way of Sexual
Satisfaction
4. As to the Parts of the
Body
5. As to Visual Stimulus
6. As to Number
7. Other Sexual Deviations

158
Types of Abnormality Characteristics
1. Infantisexual Sexual desire towards an immature person
2. Bestosexual Sexual desire towards animals
3. Autosexual A form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried out
without the cooperation of another person
4. Gerontophilia Sexual desire toward an elder person
5. Necrophilia Sexual perversion that is characterized by erotic
desire or actual sexual intercourse with a corpse
6. Incest Sexual relations between persons who, by reason of
blood relationship, cannot legally marry

159
1. Satyriasis Excessive sexual desire of men to perform
intercourse
2. Nymphomania Strong sexual feeling of a woman
3. Sexual Anesthesia Absence of sexual desire or arousal during
sexual act in women
4. Gerontophilia Painful sexual act in women
5. Vaginisimus Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act

As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or
Way of Sexual Satisfaction
160
Types of
Abnormality
Characteristics
1. Oralism
(Irrumation)
The use of the mouth as a way of sex gratification, such
as fellatio, cunnilingus and anilingus
2. Sado Masochism
(Algolagnia)
Pain or cruel acts as a factor for gratification, such as
sadism and masochism
3. Fetishism A form of sexual perversion, in which the real or
fantasized presence of an object or bodily part is
necessary for sexual stimulation gratification
Examples: anatomic, clothing, necrophilia and odor, etc.

As to the Parts of the Body
161
1. Sodomy Sexual act through the anus of another human being
2. Uranism An act in which sexual gratification is attained by
fingering, fondling the breast, licking parts of the body,
etc.
3. Frottage A form of sexual gratification that is characterized by
the compulsive desire of a person to rub his sexual
organ against the body parts of another person
4. Pantialism A form of sexual deviation, in which a person has a
special affinity to certain parts of the female body

As to Visual Stimulus
162
Types of
Abnormality
Characteristics
1. Voyeurism A form of sexual perversion that is
characterized by a compulsion to covertly
look at a person undress or perform other
activities
2. Mixoscopia
(Scoptophilia )
Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is
attained by watching a couple undress or
during their acts of sexual intimacy

As to Number
163
Types of
Abnormality
Characteristics
1. Froilism A form of sexual perversion, in which
three persons participate in the sexual
orgy (Suixante-neve)
2. Pluralism A form of sexual deviation, in which a
group of persons participate in the
sexual or (sexual festival)

Other Sexual Deviations
164
Types of
Abnormality
Characteristics
1. Corpolalia A form of sexual deviation that is characterize
by the need to use obscene language to obtain
orgasm
2. Don Juanism A form of sexual deviation that is characterize
by promiscuity and seduction of many women as
part of a male's sexual career
3. Indecent
Exposure
(Exhibitionism)
Willful exposure of one's genital organs public
places and in the presence of other persons,
usually those of the opposite sex

165
That’s all
Any questions?

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