Chapter 1-INTRO TO PF.pptx

MADAM SITI ZAHARAH BINTI SIDEK | JTMK, POLITEKNIK MUADZAM SHAH
DFC 20113
PROGRAMMING
FUDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS
OF PROGRAMMING

COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES
CLO 1: Implement programming element
and articulate how they are used to achieve
a working program.
( C3, PLO 2 )
CLO 2: Show simple programs by
developing code to solve problems in a
computer using C++ programming
language. ( P2, PLO 3 )

LEARNING OUTCOMES
at the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able
to:
• Describe the item in C++ program
structure
• Comments
• Preprocessor directives
• Header files
• main() function
• return statements.
• Describe two types of comments that
supported by C++ program
• Explain coding standard best practices
1.1 Define
the C++
program
basic
structure

1.1 INTRODUCE THE C++
PROGRAM BASIC STRUCTURE
• Probably the best way to start learning a programming
language is by writing a program.
• Therefore, here is our first program:
// my first program in C++
#include <iostream.h>
int main ()
{
cout << “My First Program!";
return 0;
}
Output:
My First Program!
OUTPUT
SOURCE CODE

a) Comment Style
•Entries in the source code which are ignored by the compiler
•C++ support 2 style/form of comments:
i.//Single Line Comments
 for simple 'side' notes
 best places to put these comments are next to variable
declarations, and next to pieces of code that may need
explanation.
ii./ *block comment */or /*Multi-Line Comments*/
 most useful for long explanations of code.
 useful for two reasons: They make your functions easier
to understand, and they make it easier to spot errors in
code.

• Illustrate the valid & invalid comments within a program.
Comment statements
// this program displays a message valid
/ this program displays a message invalid
// this comment is invalid because its
extend over two lines
invalid
// this comment is used a comment that
//extend across two lines
valid
/*this comment is a block comment that
spans
three lines*/
valid

b) Pre Processor Directive
• What’s a #?
• Any line that begins with # symbol is a pre-processor directive
• Processed by preprocessor before compiling
• What’s pre-processor?
• A utility program, which processes special instructions are written in a
C/C++ program.
• Include a library or some special instructions to the compiler about
some certain terms used in the program
• Different preprocessor directives (commands) perform different tasks.
• Uses for?
• It is a message directly to the compiler.

• How to write/syntax ?
• Begin with #
• No semicolon (;) is expected at the end of a preprocessor directive.
• Example:
Pre-processor directive Meaning
#include <iostream> Tells preprocessor to include the input/output stream
header file <iostream>
#define NAME “BOB” Define a constant

c) Header File
• sometimes known as an include file. Header files
almost always have a .h extension.
• Why use?
• For big projects having all the code in one file is impractical. But if we
split the project into smaller files, how can we share functions between
them? Headers!
 The purpose of a header file?
 To hold declarations for other files to use.
 When we use the line #include <iostream>, we are telling the compiler
to locate and then read all the declarations from a header file named
“iostream”.

• Consider the following program:
 Program never declare cout, so how does the compiler know what
cout is?
 The answer is that cout has been declared in a header file
called “iostream”.
Bear in mind that
header files typically
only contain
declarations. They do
not define how
something is
implemented

d) Main Function
• This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the
main function.
• A part of every C++ program and identify the start of the
program
Exactly one function in a program must be main
main is a Keyword.
• Keyword : A word in code that is reserved by C++ for
a specific use.
• Header of function main?
int main( )

• The structure of a main Function:
int main ( )
{
C++ program statements goes here;
return 0;
}
Function
body
Type of
return value
Function name An empty
argument list

• 4 common ways of main declaration:
int main()
{
return 0;
}
void main()
{
}
main(void)
{
}
main( )
{
}

e) Curly Braces {}
• Body is delimited by braces ({ })
• Identify a segment / body of a program
The start and end of a function
The start and end of the selection or repetition block.
• Since the opening brace indicates the start of a segment
with the closing brace indicating the end of a segment,
there must be just as many opening braces as closing
braces

f) C++ statement
• What's?
A specification of an action to be taken by the computer as the program
executes.
Instruct the program to perform an action
• Syntax?
All statements end with a semicolon (;)
• Statement has two parts :
Declaration
• The part of the program that tells the compiler the
names of memory cells in a program
Executable statements
• Program lines that are converted to machine language instructions
and executed by the computer

g) Return Statement
• Means?
The return statement causes the main function to finish.
Return may be followed by a return code (in our example
is followed by the return code with a value of zero).
A return code of 0 for the main function is generally
interpreted as the program worked as expected without
any errors during its execution.
• When used?
 At the end of main

Two situations for return statement:
a) Return optional in void functions
A void function doesn't have to have a return statement when the end is
reached, it automatically returns.

b) Return required in non-void functions
 If a function returns a value, it must have a return
statement that specifies the value to return.
 It's possible to have more than one return.
 Example 1: return 0;
Return the value
0 to the
computer's
operating system
to signal that the
program has
completed
successfully

• Coding Standards Best Practices
Refer this link:
https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html

• Importance of following coding standards best practices:
easier for a developer to understand
easier to find and correct bugs
provides a better view of how that code fits within the
larger application
easier for someone to maintain that code

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE
Ahmad are asked to create a program that can calculate the
area of rectangle. He need to identify the IPO, draw a
flowchart and create a program. You are asked to help
Ahmad.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
at the end of this sub-chapter, students should
be able to:
• Explain identifier, variable and
constant.
• State the rules for naming an identifier.
• Name the variables according the
standards
• Explain the data types.
• List the data types and their respective
range with examples:
• Integer
• Floating point
• Character
• Boolean
• String
1.2 Explain
identifier
and data
types

• IDENTIFIER: Words used to represent certain program
entities (variables, function names, etc).
• VARIABLE is identifier whose value can change during the
course of execution of a program
• KEYWORDS (reserved words) have standard, predefined
meanings and must be used only for their intended purpose. It
cannot be used as an identifier.
• CONSTANTS are values that do not change during program
execution. They can be any type of integer, character or
floating-point.
1.2 EXPLAIN IDENTIFIER AND
DATA TYPES

a) Identifier
• Words used to represent certain program entities
(variables, function names, etc).
• Example:
• int number;
• number is an identifier used as a program variable
• void CalculateTotal (int value)
• CalculateTotal is an identifier used as a function name
DATA TYPES

b) Variables
• What's? Is a Location in memory which:
we can refer to by an identifier, and
in which a data value that can be change
Where value can be stored
• Common data types (fundamental, primitive or built-in)
int – integer numbers : 1, 2, 4,….
char – characters : ‘a’, ‘c’, …
float, double: floating point numbers: 2.5, 4.96
• The value of a variable could be changed while the program is
running.
• Declaring a variable means specifying both its name and its data
type.
DATA TYPES

EXAMPLE OF VARIABLES
 int is an abbreviation for integer.
• Integer store value: 3, 102, 3211, -456, etc.
• Example variable : number_of_bars
 double represents numbers with a fractional
component
• double store value: 1.34, 4.0, -345.6, etc.
• Example variable : one_weight ,total_weight
DATA TYPES

c) Constant
• Entities that appear in the program code as fixed values.
• Any attempt to modify a CONSTANT will result in error.
• Declared using the const qualifier
• Also called named constants or read-only variables
• Must be initialized with a constant expression when they are
declared and cannot be modified
• Example: const int size = 5;
DATA TYPES

Types of constant:
1. Literals
Literals are the most obvious kind of
constants.
They are used to express particular values
within the source code of a program.
 e.g:
a=5;
grade=‘A’;
DATA TYPES

Types of constant:
2. Define Constant (#define)
You can define your own names for constants that
you use very often without having to resort to
memory-consuming variables, simply by using the
#define preprocessor directive.
 Its format is:
#define identifier value
Examples:
#define PI 3.14159
#define GRAVITY 9.8
DATA TYPES

Types of Constant:
3. Declared Constants
With the const prefix you can declare constants with
A specific type in the same way as you would do with
A variable:
const int pathwidth = 100;
const char grade = ‘A';
They are treated just like regular variables except
that their values cannot be modified after their
definition.
DATA TYPES

Rules Example
Can contain a mix of character and numbers. However it cannot start
a number
H2o
First character must be a letter or underscore Number1,
_area
Can be of mixed cases including underscore character XsquAre
my_num
Cannot contain any arithmetic operators R*S+T
… or any other punctuation marks #@x%!!
Cannot be a C keyword/reserved word struct; cout;
Cannot contain a space My height
… identifiers are case sensitive Tax != tax
NAMING CONVENTION RULES FOR IDENTIFIER
DATA TYPES

• They are formed by combining letters, digits & underscores.
• Blank space is not allowed in an identifier.
• The first character of an identifier must be a letter.
Valid Invalid Reason
Monthly_Salary Monthly Salary Blank space cannot be used
Month1 1stMonth Digit cannot be used as a first
character
Email_add email@ Special characters cannot be
used
DATA TYPES

• Why variables needed in programming?
Variables are used to store information to be referenced and
manipulated in a computer program.
They also provide a way of labeling data with a descriptive name, so
our programs can be understood more clearly by the reader and
ourselves.
It is helpful to think of variables as containers that hold
information.
Their purpose is to label and store data in memory. This data can
then be used throughout a program.
DATA TYPES

• When we create a program, we store the variables in
our computer's memory.
• But the computer has to know what kind of data we
want to store in them.
• Since it is not going to occupy the same amount of
memory to store a simple number than to store a
single letter or a large number.
• They are not going to be interpreted the same way.
Basic Data Types
DATA TYPES

DATA
TYPES
Numeric
• int
• float
• double
Non-numeric
• char
• string
• bool
DATA TYPES

Name Description Size* Range*
string Sequence of character.
10 bytes +
string length
0 to approximately 2 billion
char Character or small integer. 1byte
signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
bool
Boolean value. It can take one
of two values: true or false.
1byte true or false
float Floating point number. 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
int Integer. 4bytes
signed: -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
double
Double precision floating
point number.
8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
DATA TYPES

• There are 6 basic data types :
i. char
• equivalent to ‘letters’ in English language
• Example of characters:
• Numeric digits: 0 - 9
• Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z
• Space (blank)
• Special characters: , . ; ? “ / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc
• single character
• keyword: char
• Example code:
• Sample values
‘B’ ‘d’ ‘4’ ‘?’ ‘*’
The
declared
character
must be
enclosed
within a
single
quote!
char my_letter;
my_letter = 'U';
DATA TYPES

ii. int
• used to declare numeric program variables of integer type
• whole numbers, positive and negative
• keyword: int
• Example code :
• Sample values:
4578 -4578 0
int number;
number = 12;
DATA TYPES

iii. double
• used to declare floating point variable of higher
precision or higher range of numbers
• exponential numbers, positive and negative
• keyword: double
• Code example:
double valuebig;
valuebig = 12E-3;
DATA TYPES

iv. float
• fractional parts, positive and negative
• real numbers with a decimal point
• keyword: float
• Example code:
• sample values
95.274 95.5 2.265
float height;
height = 1.72;
DATA TYPES

v. bool
• The bool data type is capable of holding a
Boolean value.
• Objects of type bool may have only the values
true or false.
• To declare a variable of type bool:
bool old_enough;
DATA TYPES

vi. string
• a string is a sequence of characters enclosed in
double quotes
• string sample values:
“Hello” “Year 2000” “1234”
• the empty string (null string) contains no
characters and is written as “ ”
• Example code:
DATA TYPES
string name = “Ahmad Albab”;

// operating with variables
#include <iostream>
Using namespace std;
int main ()
{
// declaring variables
int a, b, result;
// process:
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;
// print out the result:
cout << result;
// terminate the program:
return 0;
}
Output:
4
Example 1:
DATA TYPES

// operating with variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
// declaring variables
string name;
//get input from user
cout<<“Enter your name: “;
cin>>name;
// print out name:
cout <<“Your name: “<<name;
// terminate the program:
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter your
name: ALI
Your name:
ALI
Example 2:
DATA TYPES

LEARNING OUTCOMES
AT THE END OF THIS SUB-CHAPTER,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• Describe the features of C++
language.
• Develop C++ program using
Integrated Development
Enviroment (IDE).
• Get started with IDE
• Create a project file
• Create a simple C++ program
• Compile a C++ program
• Run a C++ program
1.3 Identify
the basic of
computer
program

1.3 APPLY THE BASIC OF
COMPUTER PROGRAM
Features of C++ language
C++ is object oriented programming language and it is a very simple and easy
language, this language have following features.

• Simple
Every C++ program can be written in simple English language so that it is very easy to
understand and developed by programmer.
• Portability
It is the concept of carrying the instruction from one system to another system. In C++
Language .cpp file contain source code, we can edit also this code. .exe file contain application,
only we can execute this file. When we write and compile any C++ program on window
operating system that program easily run on other window based system.
• Powerful
C++ is a very powerful programming language, it have a wide verity of data types, functions,
control statements, decision making statements, etc.
• Platform dependent
A language is said to be platform dependent whenever the program is execute in the same
operating system where that was developed and compiled but not run and execute on other
operating system. C++ is platform dependent language.
• Object oriented
This main advantage of C++ is, it is object oriented programming language. It follow concept
of oops like polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction.
COMPUTER PROGRAM

• Case sensitive
C++ is a case sensitive programming language. In C++ programming 'break and BREAK'
both are different. If any language treats lower case latter separately and upper case latter
separately than they can be called as case sensitive programming language [Example c, c++,
java, .net are sensitive programming languages.] other wise it is called as case
insensitive programming language [Example HTML, SQL is case insensitive programming
languages].
• Compiler based
C++ is a compiler based programming language that means without compilation no C++
program can be executed. First we need compiler to compile our program and then execute.
• Syntax based language
C++ is a strongly tight syntax based programming language. If any language follow rules and
regulation very strictly known as strongly tight syntax based language. Example C, C++,
Java, .net etc. If any language not follow rules and regulation very strictly known as loosely
tight syntax based language.
Example HTML.
• Use of Pointers
Pointers is a variable which hold the address of another variable, pointer directly direct
access to memory address of any variable due to this performance of application is improve.
In C++ language also concept of pointer are available.
COMPUTER PROGRAM

Integrated Development Environment
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer
programmers for software development.
All of the tools for writing, compiling and
testing code in one place.
An IDE normally consists of:
- a source code editor
- a compiler and/or an interpreter
- build automation tools
- a debugger
COMPUTER PROGRAM

Get start with IDE Software: Dev C++
Compile
Execute
New file
Compile & Execute
COMPUTER PROGRAM

• Create a simple C++ program:
• Compile and run your code. Then display the output.
Write a program to display your name,
registration number and department in separate
line.
COMPUTER PROGRAM

S
O
L
U
T
I
O
N
COMPUTER PROGRAM

LEARNING OUTCOMES
AT THE END OF THIS SUB-CHAPTER,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
•Describe the compiling process of a
program
•Source code
•Compiler
•Linker
•Executable file
•Describe with example the errors in
programming:
•Syntax/ compile time errors
•Run time errors
•Logical errors
•Identify effective debugging process
•Debug simple programs to demonstrate
syntax/ compile time, run time and logical
error
1.4
Describe the
compiling and
debugging
process and
errors in
programming

1.4 IDENTIFY THE COMPILING AND
DEBUGGING PROCESS, AND ERRORS IN
PROGRAMMING.
COMPILING PROCESS
• A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs)
that transforms source code written in a computer
language (the source language) into another computer
language (the target language, often having a binary form
known as object code).
• The most common reason for wanting to transform source
code is to create an executable program.

PROGRAMMING.

HOW C++ WORKS?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTu0kf-7h08
PROGRAMMING.

ERRORS IN PROGRAMMING
ERRORS
Syntax/
Compile
Run
Time
Logical
PROGRAMMING.

Error Descriptions Common examples
Syntax
errors/
compile
error
Grammar errors in the
of the programming
language.
 Misspelled variable and function names.
 Missing semicolons(;)
 Improperly matches parentheses, square
], and curly braces{ }
 Incorrect format in selection and loop statements
Run time
errors
Occur when a program
with no syntax errors asks
the computer to do
something that the
computer is unable to
reliably do.
Trying to divide by a variable that contains a
of zero
Trying to open a file that doesn't exist
There is no way for the compiler to know about
these kinds of errors when the program is
Logic
errors
Logic errors occur when
there is a design flaw in
your program.
Multiplying when you should be dividing
Adding when you should be subtracting
Opening and using data from the wrong file
Displaying the wrong message
PROGRAMMING.

SPECIAL CHARACTERS IN C++ PROGRAMMING SYNTAX
Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( ) Open/close parentheses Used when naming a function
{ } Open/close brace Encloses a group of statements
" " Open/close quotation
marks
Encloses string of characters
; Semicolon End of a programming
statement
PROGRAMMING.

WHAT IS DEBUGGING???
• Debugging is the process of locating and fixing or by
passing bugs (errors) in computer program code or
the engineering of a hardware device.
• Debugging is a generalized term which essentially
means to step through a process in order to
systematically eliminate errors.
PROGRAMMING.

DEBUG PROGRAMS WITH SYNTAX /
COMPILE TIME, RUN TIME AND
LOGICAL ERROR
Do in Lab Activity 1

THE END

Chapter 1-INTRO TO PF.pptx

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