This document provides an overview of disaster risk and management in the Philippines. It begins with the Philippines' geographic profile as an archipelago that is prone to various natural hazards due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and Pacific typhoon belt. Several major recent disasters that impacted the Philippines are described, demonstrating the country's high risk ranking. The document then discusses how factors like climate change, unplanned urbanization, and societal changes have contributed to increased disaster losses. It outlines the disaster management cycle and various approaches to disaster planning. Key components of emergency preparedness and response are identified for effective disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines.

2. DISASTER AHEAD

3. At the end of this lecture, SN’s will be able to:
1. Understand Philippines Disaster Risk Profile;
2. Classify the major types of disasters based on their unique characteristics
and describe their consequences;
3. Identify societal factors that have contributed to increased losses (human
and property) as the result of disasters;
4. Describe two principles of disaster planning, including the agent-specific
and the all-hazards approach, and the basic components of a disaster plan;
5. Discuss the five areas of focus in emergency and disaster planning:
preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery, and evaluation;
6. Describe risk assessment, hazard identification, and vulnerability analysis;
7. Assess constraints on a community’s or organization’s ability to respond;
8. Describe the core preparedness actions; and
9. Recognize situations suggestive of an increased need for additional
comprehensive planning.

4.  We are an archipelago of 7,107 islands
 A total land area of approximately 300,000 square
kilometers (116,000 sq. miles)
 Three main islands: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
 The seas surrounding the islands are the Philippine
Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west,
and the Celebes Sea on the south.
 The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers
southwest and Taiwan directly north.
 The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the
south/southwest, and Palau is to the east beyond
the Philippine Sea.

5. PACIFIC RING OF FIRE:
This is the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates meet and is prone to
occurrences of different geologic hazards

6. + +
SPACE

7. +

8. ACTIVE FAULT AND
TRENCHES
(faultfinder.phivolcs.d
ost.gov.ph)

9. +

10. +

11. PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT
This explains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as typhoons.
Our country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons per year, according to the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).

12. The 15 countries with the highest risk
worldwide
Country Risk (%)
1. Vanuatu 56.71
2. Antigua and
Barbuda
30.80
3. Tonga 29.39
4. Solomon Islands 29.36
5. Guyana 22.87
6. Papua New Guinea 22.18
7. Brunei Darussalam 21.68
8. Guatemala 20.69
9. Philippines 20.69
10 .Bangladesh 18.78
3rd in 2011 – 2013
2nd in 2014
3rd in 2015 – 2016
3rd in 2017
3rd in 2018
9th in 2019
Developed by Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft in
cooperation with the United Nations University
in Bonn)

13. 193 Countries UN-recognized
Over 99 percent of the world’s population
The countries with the highest disaster risk
worldwide are the Philippines (WRI 46.82), India
(WRI 42.31), and Indonesia (WRI 41.46).
Publisher WorldRiskReport 2022 Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft
Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International Law of
Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV)

15. How do we differentiate disasters from
hazards?

16. A dangerous
phenomenon, substance,
human activity or
condition that pose
threat to life and
property.
RA 10121

17. Serious disruption of the functioning of a community
or a society
Human losses
Material losses
Economic losses
Environmental
losses
Photo credit:: Google Images

18. Cebu City hospital staff members cope with disaster |
Inquirer News
A catastrophic event that
results in casualties that
overwhelm the
healthcare resources in
that particular
community.
Al-Madhari & Zeller

19. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2009 Tropical Storm Ondoy
464 37
Dead Missing
5294.9 M
Injured Affected
PhP 11B Damages

20. Major Disasters in the Philippines 2013 Bohol Earthquake
209 Dead
8 Missing
877Injured
3.2 M Affected
PhP 2.25B Damages

21. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2013 Typhoon Yolanda
6 300 Dead
1 062 Missing
28 688 Injured
16 M Affected
PhP 89.6B Damages

22. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2018 Mayon Volcano Eruption
Around 90 000
Affected
PhP 166 M
Damages

23. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2018 Typhoon Ompong
82 2
Dead Missing
138 3 M
Injured Affected
PhP 33.9B
Damages

24. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2019 Major Earthquakes
Porac, Pampanga (M 6.1)
Itbayat, Batanes (M 5.9)
Castillejos, Zambales (M 5.9)
San Julian, E. Samar (M 6.5)
Tulunan, Cotabato (M 6.6)
Davao Del Sur (M 6.9)

25. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2020 Taal Volcano Eruption
737 K
Affected
PhP 3B
Damages

26. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2020 (to present) Novel
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
As of 16 August 2023 (WHO):
4,173,631
confirmed cases
66,646
deaths

27. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2013, Zamboanga Crisis
7
Dead
119 000
Displaced
PhP 3.2B
Damages

28. Major Disasters in the Philippines
2017, Marawi Crisis
87
Dead
350 000
Displaced
PhP 17B
Damages

29. 2 Broad Categories of Disaster:
 Natural (Geophysical, hydrometeorological, climatological)
 Man-made (Human-induced)

30. 3 Broad Categories of Man-
made Disaster:
 Complex Emergencies
are situations where populations suffer significant
casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other political
conflicts. This can result fromm a combination of forces
such as drought, famine, disease, and political unrest.
After 2017 Marawi battle, displaced Filipinos hope to return home

31. 3 Broad Categories of Man-
made Disaster:
 Technological Disasters
* NA-TECH Disaster (Natural and
Technological Disasters)
a natural disaster or phenomenon
that triggers a secondary disaster, as
a result of weaknesses in the human
environment
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident in Soviet
Union

32. 3 Broad Categories of Man-
made Disaster:
 Technological Disasters
Sinking of the MV Princess of the Stars

33. 3 Broad Categories of
Man-made Disaster:
 Disasters that are not caused
by natural hazards but occur
in human settlements
(Human-settlement Disaster)
700 Residents Homeless in 14-hour Fire in March 2015

34. Disaster Categories
Disaster are categorized based on the
following:
 Onset
* Sudden/Rapid
* Slow / Gradual and Progresive
 Impact
* Sudden
* Prolonged
 Duration
* Short
* Prolonged/ Protracted
 Location

35. Disasters in Hospitals and other Health Care
Facilities
 Internal
Disruption of normal hospital function
due to injuries or deaths of hospital
personnel or damage to the physical
plant, as with hospital fire, power
failure or chemical spill.
 External
Include scenarios such as
earthquakes, mass casualty events
or epidemics where the hospital
itself may or may not be affected
but is a critical part of the larger
response.

36. 1. Today 50 % of the world
population lives in urban
centers by 2030 this is expected
to increase to 60%.
2. The majority of the largest cities,
known as Mega Cities are in
developing countries while 90%
of the population growth of
developing countries will be
urban in nature.
UNPLANNED
URBANIZATION

37. CLIMATE CHANGE
Largely due to the
emission of
greenhouse gases
such as carbon
dioxide.

38. Weather :
• Short term changes
• Can change rapidly
(what is happening
outside right now)
Climate :
• Long term state
• Occurs over seasons
or longer

39. • Change in climate
identified by changes
in properties
• Persists for an
extended period
• Due to natural
variability or as a
result of human
activity

40. •Stronger and more
frequent typhoons
•Droughts
•Extremely warm and cold
seasons
(Aftermath of Typhoon
Haiyan in 2013)
Photo credit:: Google Images

41. Rapid rise in global
temperature brought
about by the greenhouse
effect.
Photo credit:: Google Images

43. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Carbon Dioxide Methane

44. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Nitrous Oxide Chlorofluorocarbon

45. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Cutting and Burning of Trees

49. Premature Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses Damaged local health care
Infrastructure
Increased Risk of Communicable
Diseases
Psychological, emotional, and social impacts Food Shortage/Insecurity Displaced Population

50. 2013 Typhoon
Yolanda
6 300 Dead
1 062 Missing
28 688 Injured
2013 Bohol Earthquake
209 Dead
8 Missing
877 Injured

51. 2009 Tropical
Storm Ondoy
464 Dead
37 Missing
529 Injured
2020 (to present) Novel
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
As of 06 Feb. 2022: 3.6 million
confirmed cases 54, 214 dead

52. DOH: 177 health
facilities affected
due to Abra quake
| GMA News
Online
15 health facilities incur
minor damage from
Paeng: DOH

53. The major causes of communicable
disease in disasters can be
categorized into four areas:
 Infections due to contaminated food
and water
 Respiratory infections
 Vector and insect-borne diseases
 Infections due to wounds and injuries.
More than 400 cases of diarrhoea
and gastroenteritis in typhoon-
affected areas due to ST Rai, with
141 health facilities damaged by
the storm, according to
Philippine Government agencies
https://reliefweb.int/

54. Emotional instability, stress
reactions, anxiety, trauma and
other psychological symptoms are
observed commonly after the disaster and other
traumatic experiences.
Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review
Nikunj Makwana
Published online 2019 Oct 31
In the Philippines, after super typhoon
Haiyan affected the Visayas Region,
approximately 800,000 people suffered
from mental health problems. Of this
number, about 10% or 80,000 people
were dealing with severe depression
https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/

55. 18 March 2021, Rome – A new report released today by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) shows that the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather
disasters such as floods, droughts and megafires as a result of climate change is having a
devastating effect on food security and livelihoods.
https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-related-disasters-a-major-threat-to-food-security-fao

56. Fighting in Zamboanga over the next
four weeks displaced more than 100,000
people, most of them in the Muslim
minority. The conflict resulted in dozens
of deaths and the destruction of more
than 10,000 homes.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/30/philippines-
protect-zamboangas-displaced-minorities

57. Disaster Continuum -
refers to the life cycle
of a disaster.
Also called as
emergency
management cycle.

58. 3 Major Phases
 Preimpact (before)
 Impact (during)
 Postimpact (after)

59. 5 Basic Phases of DM
 Preparedness
 Mitigation and Prevention
 Response and Early Recovery
 Recovery and Rehabilitation
 Evaluation

60.  Preparedness - proactive disaster planning designed to structure disaster
response prior to its occurrence.
*Disaster planning encompasses a) Risk Assessment, and b) Warning
 Mitigation - measures to reduce the harmful effects of disasters by limiting
its impact on human health, community function, and economic
infrastructure.
 Prevention - activities to prevent a disaster from occurring and actions to
prevent further disease, disability and loss of life.

61.  Response - actual implementation of the disaster plan.
* Emergency Management to address the event/incident.
- focuses on emergency relief: saving lives, providing
first aid, minimizing and restoring damaged
systems and providing care and basic life
requirements to victims (food, water, shelter)
 Recovery - actions to stabilize and returning community to normal or pre-
impact status.
 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction - activities to counter the long-term
effects of disaster and future development.

62.  Evaluation - examines what or which activities worked, did not work, what
specific problems, issues, and challenges were identified.
“Future disaster planning needs to be based on empirical evidence derived
from previous disasters”

63. Disaster
Phase
Pre-impact Impact Post-Impact
TIME 0
0 - 24
hours
24 - 72
hours
greater than 72
hours
Disaster
Continuum
Planning/ Preparedness
Warning
Prevention
Response
Emergency Management
Mitigation
Recovery
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Evaluation

64. Nursing
Actions
• Disaster Plans
• Community Risk
Assessment
• Initiate Disaster
Prevention measures
• Perform disaster drills
and table top exercises
• Identify educational
and training needs for
all nurses
• Develop disaster
nursing databases for
notification,
mobilization, triage of
staffing resources
• Develop evaluation
plans for nursing
response
• Activate disaster response plan
• Mitigate all on-going hazards
• Activate disaster emergency
disaster plans
• Establish need for mutual aid
relationship
• Ongoing triage and provision of
nursing care
• Evaluate public health needs
• Establish safe shelter and delivery
of adequate food and water
supplies
• Provide sanitation needs and
waste removal
• Establish disease surveillance
• Establish vector control
• Evaluate the need for additional
nursing staff
• Continue provision of nursing and
medical care
• Continue disease surveillance
• Monitor the safety of food and water
supply
• Restore public health infrastructure
• Re-triage and transport of patients to
appropriate level of care
• Reunite family members
• Monitor long term physical health
ouctomes and mental health status
og survivors
• Provide counceling and debriefing for
the staff
• Provide staff with adequate time to
rest
• Evaluate disaster nursing response
actions
• Revise original disaster preparedness
plan

65. “Disaster Planning continuum is broad in
scope and must address collaboration
across agencies and organizations,
advance preparations, needs assessment,
event management, and recovery
efforts”
“Formulation of Comprehensive Disaster
or emergency operations plan”

66. Types of Disaster Planning
• Agent-specific Approach - preparedness
activities are focused on the “most likely threats”
to occur based on their location.
• All-hazards Approach - conceptual model for
disaster preparedness that incorporates disaster
management in all major types of disaster
events to maximize planning efforts, resources
and expenditures.

67. Common Issues and Challenges that can ba
addressed in the core preparedness activities:
 Communication Problems
 Triage, transportation and evacuation
problems
 leadership Issues
 The management, security of, and distribution
of resources at the disaster site
 Warning system and messages
 Search and Rescue
 Media Issues
 Patient Identification and Tracking
 Health Care Infrastructure damages
 Management of volunteers,
donations and other large number
resources
 Apathy and resistance to the
planning efforts

69. Hazard Identification and
Mapping - is the advance
identificationof potential
problems or events that are
most likely to affect an
institution or community.

70. Hazard
Probability Impact
Average
Probability +
Impact /2
Rank
Rate Remarks Rate Remarks

71. SAMPLE PROBABILITY SCALE
1
Most Unlikely
2
Unlikely
3
Likely
4
Very Likely
5
Almost Certain
The event may
occur only in
exceptional
cases
The event could
occur at some
time, but
probably will
not
The event might
occur at some
time, and
probably will
The event will
probably occur
in most or
many cases
The event is
expected to occur
in many or most
cases

72. SAMPLE IMPACT SCALE
1
Negligible
2
Minor
3
Moderate
4
Severe
5
Devastating
No casualty
(dead, injured,
missing)
 Injured: 1-5
 Dead: 0
 Missing: 0
 Injured: 1-20
 Dead: 1-2
 Missing: 1-2
 Injured: 1-50
 Dead: 1-20
 Missing: 1-20
 Injured: 50 & above
 Dead: 21 & above
 Missing: 21 &
above
No damage to
property
Minor loss and/or
damage to property (up
to Php 500,000 worth of
damage)
Significant loss and/or
damage to property
(Php 500,001-3M)
Major loss to
property (Php 3-
10M)
Catastrophic loss to
property (Php 10M
above)
No delay in
normal
functioning
Up to one day delay in
operations
Up to 1 week delay in
operations
Between 1
month delay in
operations
More than 1 month
delay in operations

73. Hazard
Probability Impact Average
Probability +
Impact /2
Rank
Rate Remarks Rate Remarks
Fire/
Conflagration
5
Given the socioeconomic
factors and vulnerability,
the probability of the hazard
especially barangays with very
high susceptibility to fire is
ALMOST CERTAIN.
5
Based on the historical data, the most
significant or major fire incident had
caused a DEVASTATING IMPACT to the
affected barangay. The damages and
losses incurred at Barangays IX and Punta
Tabuc are costed at Php 10M
5 1
Vehicular
Accidents
(Mass Casualty
Incidents)
5
Based on available data, the
average number of accidents
per month, ranging from self-
inflicted traffic accident to
vehicular collision is 20.
Therefore, the probability is
EXPECTED.
3
Based on the statistics of Injuries related
to vehicular accidents from 2018 to 2022,
it has recorded a total of _____ cases,
ranging from minor sustained injuries to
multiple fractures and limb amputation,
and even death. Therefore, the Impact
rating is MODERATE.
4 2

75. Vulnerability
Characteristics and
circumstances of a
community, system,
or asset that make it
susceptible to the
damaging effects of a
hazard.
Photo credit:: Google Images

76. Vulnerability Examples
Unsafe housing
design and
construction
Conflicts in the
community
Lack of
settlements
planning and
policy
Lack of education
Lack of knowledge
and skills on
preparedness and
protective measures
Attitude of
helplessness
dependence and
indifference
Social inequity and
poverty
With disability/
impairment
Inadequate
protection of
assets

77. 4 Types of Vulnerability
 Physical Vulnerability may be determined by aspects such as population density
levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site, design and materials used for critical
infrastructure and for housing.
 Social Vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to
withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social
interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values. It is linked to the level of
well being of individuals, communities and society. It includes aspects related to
levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and security, access to basic
human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, positive traditional
values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational
systems.

78. 4 Types of Vulnerability
 Economic Vulnerability. The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
economic status of individuals, communities and nations The poor are usually more
vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures
and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being
negatively impacted by disasters.
 Environmental Vulnerability. Natural resource depletion and resource degradation
are key aspects of environmental vulnerability.

79. Vulnerability Analysis
Refers to the process of determining who is
most likely to be affected, the property most
likely to be damaged, and the capacity of the
community to deal with the effects of the
disaster.

80. Risk
Refers to the potential
disaster losses in lives,
health status, livelihood,
assets and services.
Photo credit:: Google Images

81. Elements at Risk
• People
• Critical Facilities and services
• Lifeline Utilities
• Livelihood
• Environment
Photo credit:: Google Images

83. Risk Assessment
A method to determine
the nature and extent of
risks by analyzing potential
hazards and evaluating
vulnerability of the
communities

84. Risk Assessment
Tools

85. Spot
Mapping
LEGEND
Boundaries
Transportation/
Infrastructure
Natural
resources,
features
Landmarks,
community
buildings
Population

86. CATEGORY INDICATOR/
CHARACTERISTICS
High ?
Medium ?
Low ?
Elements at
Risk Matrix

87. Combination of all the
strengths, attributes and
resources available within a
community, society or
organization
*Resource Identification is an
essential feature of disaster
planning

88. Established DRRM
system
Size and
Sophisticatio of
health care system
Strong community
organizations
Specialized Nursing
Personnel and
equipment
Adequate
communication
systems
Available
emergency
resources
Healthcare facilities
and utilities with
sound structural
integrity
Capacity Examples

89. The following disaster prevention measures can be implemented following the
analysis of hazards, vulnerability, and risk:
■ Prevention or removal of hazard (e.g., closing down an aging industrial facility
that cannot implement safety regulations).
■ Removal of at-risk populations from the hazard (e.g., evacuating populations
prior to the impact of a hurricane; resettling communities away from flood-
prone areas).
■ Provision of public information and education (e.g., providing information
concerning measures that the public can take to protect themselves during a
tornado).

90. ■ Establishment of early warning systems (e.g., using public service
announcements).
■ Mitigation of vulnerabilities (e.g., sensors for ventilation systems capable of
detecting deviations from normal conditions; sensors to check food, water,
currency, and mail for contamination).
■ Reduction of risk posed by some hazards (e.g., relocating a chemical depot
farther away from a school to reduce the risk that children would be exposed to
hazardous materials; enforcing strict building regulations in an earthquake-
prone zone).
■ Enhancement of a local community’s capacity to respond (e.g., health care
coordination across the entire health community, including health departments,
hospitals, clinics, and home care agencies).

91. Theoretical foundation for disaster planning
Disaster planning is only as effective as the assumptions upon
which it is based
Core preparedness activities must go beyond the routine.
Community needs assessment.
Identify leadership and command post.
The first 24–48 hours: design of the local response.
Identification and accommodation of vulnerable populations.
Identification of training and educational needs, resources, and
personal protective equipment (PPE).
Plan for the early conduct of damage assessment

92. Essential step in disaster planning
and preparedness is evaluation for
effectiveness and completeness
through Disaster Drills.
Drills are staged large, full-scale
exercises, using moulaged victims
and resources to assess
communication protocols,
notification procedures, and as
stipulated in the disaster response
plan.

93. KEY
MESSAGES
A professional mandate
exists that calls for
nurses to participate in
the development of and
serve as an integral part
of a community’s
disaster preparedness
plan.
Nurses must participate as
full partners with the
medical and emergency
management
communities in all aspects
of disaster response and
recovery.