This document provides an overview of viruses. It defines viruses as infectious particles consisting of genes surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes and some have envelopes. Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and use the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral particles. The document describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and replicative cycles of animal viruses. It explains that viruses cause important diseases in animals, plants, and humans. Emerging viruses are discussed as a threat.
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. There are two main cycles by which viruses replicate - the lytic cycle which results in host cell death and release of new virus particles, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and is copied along with it until induced to enter the lytic cycle. Retroviruses like HIV are unique in that they reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA which then integrates into the host cell genome.
Viruses can exist in two different life cycles when infecting bacteria. The lysogenic cycle allows viral DNA to integrate into the host bacterial chromosome where it is replicated alongside host DNA and passed onto daughter cells. The lytic cycle results in host cell lysis and death as new viruses are produced and released. Temperate phages like lambda can alternate between the lysogenic and lytic cycles, existing harmlessly as prophages until induced to switch to the lytic cycle.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on viruses, viroids, and prions. It discusses the general characteristics of viruses, including that they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a living host cell to multiply. It also covers viral structure, taxonomy, isolation/cultivation methods, and viral multiplication cycles. Specifically, it describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages, as well as the replication cycles of DNA and RNA containing animal viruses. Key aspects of viral structure and replication are illustrated with diagrams.
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
The document provides information about viruses, including their structure, classification, and life cycles. It describes that viruses are non-living particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect host cells. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes, and some have envelopes while others do not. They are classified based on their genetic material and hosts. The document also explains the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages and how they reproduce and infect bacterial cells.
Viruses are small infectious particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses infect a limited range of host cells and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which are then released to infect other cells. Viruses that infect bacteria can undergo a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase to insert viral DNA into the host genome as a permanent provirus. While viruses cause many diseases, vaccines can help stimulate immunity to prevent infection
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They multiply by using the host cell's machinery to produce more virus particles. Viruses range greatly in size and structure, and are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication method, and morphology. Viruses must infect living host cells to replicate, and the process involves attachment, entry, hijacking the cell to produce new viral components, and eventual cell lysis or budding of new viral particles.
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside host cells and are classified as DNA or RNA viruses. Viruses infect all types of organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. They have a variety of reproductive cycles including lytic which kills the host cell, and lysogenic where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome. New viruses are constantly evolving through mutations and jumping between species, sometimes causing global pandemics in animals and humans.
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. There are two main cycles by which viruses replicate - the lytic cycle which results in host cell death and release of new virus particles, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and is copied along with it until induced to enter the lytic cycle. Retroviruses like HIV are unique in that they reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA which then integrates into the host cell genome.
Viruses can exist in two different life cycles when infecting bacteria. The lysogenic cycle allows viral DNA to integrate into the host bacterial chromosome where it is replicated alongside host DNA and passed onto daughter cells. The lytic cycle results in host cell lysis and death as new viruses are produced and released. Temperate phages like lambda can alternate between the lysogenic and lytic cycles, existing harmlessly as prophages until induced to switch to the lytic cycle.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on viruses, viroids, and prions. It discusses the general characteristics of viruses, including that they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a living host cell to multiply. It also covers viral structure, taxonomy, isolation/cultivation methods, and viral multiplication cycles. Specifically, it describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages, as well as the replication cycles of DNA and RNA containing animal viruses. Key aspects of viral structure and replication are illustrated with diagrams.
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
The document provides information about viruses, including their structure, classification, and life cycles. It describes that viruses are non-living particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect host cells. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes, and some have envelopes while others do not. They are classified based on their genetic material and hosts. The document also explains the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages and how they reproduce and infect bacterial cells.
Viruses are small infectious particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses infect a limited range of host cells and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which are then released to infect other cells. Viruses that infect bacteria can undergo a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase to insert viral DNA into the host genome as a permanent provirus. While viruses cause many diseases, vaccines can help stimulate immunity to prevent infection
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They multiply by using the host cell's machinery to produce more virus particles. Viruses range greatly in size and structure, and are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication method, and morphology. Viruses must infect living host cells to replicate, and the process involves attachment, entry, hijacking the cell to produce new viral components, and eventual cell lysis or budding of new viral particles.
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside host cells and are classified as DNA or RNA viruses. Viruses infect all types of organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. They have a variety of reproductive cycles including lytic which kills the host cell, and lysogenic where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome. New viruses are constantly evolving through mutations and jumping between species, sometimes causing global pandemics in animals and humans.
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble them into new virus particles. There are seven basic stages of viral replication: 1) adsorption, 2) entry, 3) uncoating, 4) transcription, 5) synthesis of viral components, 6) assembly, and 7) release. Bacteriophages follow a similar process in bacterial cells, using either a lytic cycle that kills the host or a lysogenic cycle that allows long-term infection. Plant viruses enter through wounds or vectors and replicate using virus-specific RNA polymerases. Animal viruses recognize receptors to enter cells and then use the host to produce new virions.
Viruses are genetic parasites that require a living host cell to reproduce. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and have a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds their nucleic acid. Some viruses have an additional envelope acquired from the host cell. Viruses range in size from 0.015 to 0.4 micrometers. They are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, genome structure, presence of an envelope, and other characteristics. Viruses can be DNA or RNA viruses and have linear, circular, segmented, or non-segmented genomes that are single-stranded or double-stranded in polarity.
This document provides an overview of viruses, including:
- The history of virus discovery from Iwanowski's experiments in 1892 showing that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was able to pass through filters that removed bacteria.
- Characteristics of viruses that distinguish them from living cells, including being acellular and only able to reproduce within host cells.
- The components of viruses, which include nucleic acids and protein capsids, with some viruses also having envelopes.
- The replication cycles of bacteriophages and how they can either undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles, and the replication processes of enveloped DNA, RNA, and retroviruses within host cells.
- Emerging viruses
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate through either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more viruses, usually through a lytic cycle of attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly and release. Some viruses can also establish lysogenic or latent infections.
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate by either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more virions, which are then released to infect other cells through lytic or lysogenic cycles.
Viruses rely on host cells to replicate as they cannot do so independently. There are six basic stages of viral replication: 1) attachment to host cell receptors, 2) penetration of the host cell, 3) uncoating of the viral capsid, 4) replication of viral genetic material and proteins, 5) assembly of new viral particles, and 6) release of new virus particles through lysis or budding. The replication process differs between DNA and RNA viruses as well as between viruses with positive-sense and negative-sense genomes, but generally involves the virus taking over host cell machinery to produce more viruses and spread infection.
The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
Viruses have capsids made of protein subunits that enclose and protect their nucleic acid. Viruses come in two main shapes - helical or icosahedral - determined by the arrangement of capsomers in the capsid. Some viruses have an envelope in addition to the capsid.
Viral replication involves the virus binding to and entering a host cell, then using the cell's machinery to produce new viral components which are assembled and released to infect new cells. DNA and RNA viruses replicate via different mechanisms using virus-specific enzymes. Animal virus replication is more complex than bacterial viruses due to host cell complexity.
Growing viruses requires appropriate cell cultures or animal hosts that provide an environment where the virus can replicate
The document discusses various methods of transfection in animals. Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It describes viral transfection using bacteria like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and viruses. Non-viral methods include chemical transfection using calcium phosphate, liposomes, polyamines. Mechanical transfection employs microinjection or particle bombardment. Common chemical methods are calcium phosphate precipitation, polyplexes, and liposomes/lipoplexes. Viruses used are retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses. Bacterial and viral vectors allow for integration into the host genome while chemical and mechanical are often transient.
Viral replication involves three main stages: early events of adsorption, penetration and uncoating; middle events of transcription, translation and genome replication; and late events of assembly, release and lysis. The viral growth curve shows an eclipse period when no virus is detectable followed by a latent period until new virus appears and causes cytopathic effects. RNA viruses use different strategies to synthesize mRNA depending on whether their genome is single- or double-stranded and positive or negative sense. Viruses can also enter a lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome until induced to enter the lytic cycle.
This document provides an overview of viruses and virology. It discusses the general properties of viruses, including their structure, genomes, hosts, and methods of quantification. It describes the nature of the virion and details of viral structure. It also examines the virus-host relationship and viral replication cycle. Additionally, it covers viral diversity, including bacteriophages, animal viruses, retroviruses, and defective viruses. Finally, it discusses subviral entities such as viroids and prions.
The document discusses different types of infectious agents including viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions. It describes their structures and compositions. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain their own genome and proteins. Viroids contain only RNA, virusoids contain nucleic acid and a virus capsid, and prions are composed solely of protein. Defective viruses also require a helper virus. The document then discusses the history of virology discoveries and provides comparisons of viruses and cells.
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA, but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors and are then uncoated inside the cell. They hijack the host cell to synthesize viral components and assemble new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells.
Viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and rely on host cells to replicate. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Viruses infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and differ from other organisms in their structure, biology, and reproduction. Viruses are classified into groups based on their structure and method of replication, with the Baltimore system categorizing viruses into 7 groups depending on their nucleic acid and method of replication.
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors, then undergo a replication process involving uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of new virions. Their structure can be enveloped or nonenveloped, with capsids that have different symmetries and surface proteins important for infection.
Adenovirus and adeno virus associated diseasesAbilashSundar
This document provides information about adenovirus structure, replication, pathogenesis, host defenses, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It describes adenovirus as a non-enveloped virus containing double-stranded DNA. Replication involves attachment to host cells, entry, transcription, DNA replication, assembly and release. Adenovirus typically causes mild respiratory or gastrointestinal infections but can also cause eye infections. Diagnosis involves specimen collection and tests like antigen detection, serology and PCR. Prevention relies on hygiene and avoidance of direct contact while treatment focuses on symptom relief with no specific antiviral medications.
This document discusses the morphology, classification, and cultivation of viruses. It begins by defining viruses as obligate intracellular parasites containing either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. It then describes how viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition (DNA or RNA), structure/symmetry (complex, radial, cubic/icosahedral, rod/spiral), and host (animal, plant, bacteriophage). The replication cycle of viruses is also summarized in six stages: attachment, entry/penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis/replication, assembly, and release. The document provides details on each stage of the viral replication cycle within host cells.
This document discusses a chapter about the genetics of viruses and bacteria. It begins by introducing bacteriophages and their ability to infect bacteria like E. coli. It then discusses the structure and life cycles of viruses, including how they reproduce within host cells. It describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and the reproductive cycles of animal viruses. The document also covers genetic variation in bacteria through rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
Chapter 1 - Shift of Educational Focus From Content to Learning Outcomes.pptxDe La Salle University
This document discusses the shift from content-based education to outcomes-based education. It explains that outcomes-based education (OBE) focuses on what students can do after completing a course rather than focusing on what is taught. OBE has three key characteristics - it is student-centered, faculty-driven, and aims to provide meaningful data to guide instruction and assessment. The document also distinguishes between different levels of outcomes, including institutional outcomes, program outcomes, course outcomes, and learning outcomes. It provides examples of outcomes at each level to illustrate how OBE frameworks are implemented.
The document summarizes key concepts about speciation from Campbell Biology in Focus. It discusses Darwin's observations in the Galapagos Islands that inspired his theory of evolution. It defines speciation as the process by which one species splits into two or more species. There are two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation, which occurs with geographic isolation of populations, and sympatric speciation, which can occur without geographic separation through mechanisms like polyploidy or habitat differentiation. The biological species concept is also summarized, which defines a species as groups of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble them into new virus particles. There are seven basic stages of viral replication: 1) adsorption, 2) entry, 3) uncoating, 4) transcription, 5) synthesis of viral components, 6) assembly, and 7) release. Bacteriophages follow a similar process in bacterial cells, using either a lytic cycle that kills the host or a lysogenic cycle that allows long-term infection. Plant viruses enter through wounds or vectors and replicate using virus-specific RNA polymerases. Animal viruses recognize receptors to enter cells and then use the host to produce new virions.
Viruses are genetic parasites that require a living host cell to reproduce. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and have a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds their nucleic acid. Some viruses have an additional envelope acquired from the host cell. Viruses range in size from 0.015 to 0.4 micrometers. They are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, genome structure, presence of an envelope, and other characteristics. Viruses can be DNA or RNA viruses and have linear, circular, segmented, or non-segmented genomes that are single-stranded or double-stranded in polarity.
This document provides an overview of viruses, including:
- The history of virus discovery from Iwanowski's experiments in 1892 showing that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was able to pass through filters that removed bacteria.
- Characteristics of viruses that distinguish them from living cells, including being acellular and only able to reproduce within host cells.
- The components of viruses, which include nucleic acids and protein capsids, with some viruses also having envelopes.
- The replication cycles of bacteriophages and how they can either undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles, and the replication processes of enveloped DNA, RNA, and retroviruses within host cells.
- Emerging viruses
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate through either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more viruses, usually through a lytic cycle of attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly and release. Some viruses can also establish lysogenic or latent infections.
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate by either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more virions, which are then released to infect other cells through lytic or lysogenic cycles.
Viruses rely on host cells to replicate as they cannot do so independently. There are six basic stages of viral replication: 1) attachment to host cell receptors, 2) penetration of the host cell, 3) uncoating of the viral capsid, 4) replication of viral genetic material and proteins, 5) assembly of new viral particles, and 6) release of new virus particles through lysis or budding. The replication process differs between DNA and RNA viruses as well as between viruses with positive-sense and negative-sense genomes, but generally involves the virus taking over host cell machinery to produce more viruses and spread infection.
The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
Viruses have capsids made of protein subunits that enclose and protect their nucleic acid. Viruses come in two main shapes - helical or icosahedral - determined by the arrangement of capsomers in the capsid. Some viruses have an envelope in addition to the capsid.
Viral replication involves the virus binding to and entering a host cell, then using the cell's machinery to produce new viral components which are assembled and released to infect new cells. DNA and RNA viruses replicate via different mechanisms using virus-specific enzymes. Animal virus replication is more complex than bacterial viruses due to host cell complexity.
Growing viruses requires appropriate cell cultures or animal hosts that provide an environment where the virus can replicate
The document discusses various methods of transfection in animals. Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It describes viral transfection using bacteria like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and viruses. Non-viral methods include chemical transfection using calcium phosphate, liposomes, polyamines. Mechanical transfection employs microinjection or particle bombardment. Common chemical methods are calcium phosphate precipitation, polyplexes, and liposomes/lipoplexes. Viruses used are retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses. Bacterial and viral vectors allow for integration into the host genome while chemical and mechanical are often transient.
Viral replication involves three main stages: early events of adsorption, penetration and uncoating; middle events of transcription, translation and genome replication; and late events of assembly, release and lysis. The viral growth curve shows an eclipse period when no virus is detectable followed by a latent period until new virus appears and causes cytopathic effects. RNA viruses use different strategies to synthesize mRNA depending on whether their genome is single- or double-stranded and positive or negative sense. Viruses can also enter a lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome until induced to enter the lytic cycle.
This document provides an overview of viruses and virology. It discusses the general properties of viruses, including their structure, genomes, hosts, and methods of quantification. It describes the nature of the virion and details of viral structure. It also examines the virus-host relationship and viral replication cycle. Additionally, it covers viral diversity, including bacteriophages, animal viruses, retroviruses, and defective viruses. Finally, it discusses subviral entities such as viroids and prions.
The document discusses different types of infectious agents including viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions. It describes their structures and compositions. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain their own genome and proteins. Viroids contain only RNA, virusoids contain nucleic acid and a virus capsid, and prions are composed solely of protein. Defective viruses also require a helper virus. The document then discusses the history of virology discoveries and provides comparisons of viruses and cells.
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA, but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors and are then uncoated inside the cell. They hijack the host cell to synthesize viral components and assemble new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells.
Viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and rely on host cells to replicate. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Viruses infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and differ from other organisms in their structure, biology, and reproduction. Viruses are classified into groups based on their structure and method of replication, with the Baltimore system categorizing viruses into 7 groups depending on their nucleic acid and method of replication.
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors, then undergo a replication process involving uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of new virions. Their structure can be enveloped or nonenveloped, with capsids that have different symmetries and surface proteins important for infection.
Adenovirus and adeno virus associated diseasesAbilashSundar
This document provides information about adenovirus structure, replication, pathogenesis, host defenses, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It describes adenovirus as a non-enveloped virus containing double-stranded DNA. Replication involves attachment to host cells, entry, transcription, DNA replication, assembly and release. Adenovirus typically causes mild respiratory or gastrointestinal infections but can also cause eye infections. Diagnosis involves specimen collection and tests like antigen detection, serology and PCR. Prevention relies on hygiene and avoidance of direct contact while treatment focuses on symptom relief with no specific antiviral medications.
This document discusses the morphology, classification, and cultivation of viruses. It begins by defining viruses as obligate intracellular parasites containing either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. It then describes how viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition (DNA or RNA), structure/symmetry (complex, radial, cubic/icosahedral, rod/spiral), and host (animal, plant, bacteriophage). The replication cycle of viruses is also summarized in six stages: attachment, entry/penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis/replication, assembly, and release. The document provides details on each stage of the viral replication cycle within host cells.
This document discusses a chapter about the genetics of viruses and bacteria. It begins by introducing bacteriophages and their ability to infect bacteria like E. coli. It then discusses the structure and life cycles of viruses, including how they reproduce within host cells. It describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and the reproductive cycles of animal viruses. The document also covers genetic variation in bacteria through rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
Chapter 1 - Shift of Educational Focus From Content to Learning Outcomes.pptxDe La Salle University
This document discusses the shift from content-based education to outcomes-based education. It explains that outcomes-based education (OBE) focuses on what students can do after completing a course rather than focusing on what is taught. OBE has three key characteristics - it is student-centered, faculty-driven, and aims to provide meaningful data to guide instruction and assessment. The document also distinguishes between different levels of outcomes, including institutional outcomes, program outcomes, course outcomes, and learning outcomes. It provides examples of outcomes at each level to illustrate how OBE frameworks are implemented.
The document summarizes key concepts about speciation from Campbell Biology in Focus. It discusses Darwin's observations in the Galapagos Islands that inspired his theory of evolution. It defines speciation as the process by which one species splits into two or more species. There are two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation, which occurs with geographic isolation of populations, and sympatric speciation, which can occur without geographic separation through mechanisms like polyploidy or habitat differentiation. The biological species concept is also summarized, which defines a species as groups of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
The document discusses motor mechanisms and behavior in animals. It describes how muscle contraction occurs through the sliding filament mechanism of actin and myosin fibers. Contraction is initiated by calcium ion release in response to neural signals. There are different muscle fiber types adapted for speed or endurance. Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into movement through attachment to internal or external skeletons, allowing for behaviors important for survival and reproduction.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on global ecology and conservation biology:
1) Conservation biology seeks to preserve biodiversity by integrating fields like ecology, evolutionary biology, and genetics.
2) Human activities like habitat destruction, introduced species, overharvesting, and climate change threaten biodiversity by reducing genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
3) Conservation focuses on sustaining minimum viable population sizes and genetic diversity to prevent extinction through approaches like managing critical habitat and population transfers.
This document discusses microbial growth and the requirements for growth. It describes the following:
- There are four main phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During log phase, bacteria divide at their maximum rate.
- The key physical requirements for microbial growth are temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. Microbes are classified as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles based on temperature preferences.
- The key chemical requirements are a carbon source, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and trace elements. Microbes also have different oxygen requirements and ways of dealing with toxic forms of oxygen.
1) The document outlines key themes in biology, including evolution, levels of biological organization, energy flow, cells as the basic unit of structure and function, heredity via DNA, and interactions between organisms and the environment.
2) It describes the scientific process of making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing hypotheses through experiments and further observations.
3) Key concepts in biology like evolution and the cell theory emerged through this process of inquiry over many years.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).