Chapter 15: Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resources
WILLIAM R. HERSH
Learning Objectives
After viewing this presentation, viewers should be able to:
Enumerate the basic biomedical and health knowledge resources in books, journals, electronic databases, and other sources
Describe the major approaches used to indexing knowledge-based content
Apply advanced searching techniques to the major biomedical and health knowledge resources
Discuss the major results of information retrieval evaluation studies
Describe future directions for research in information retrieval
Introduction
Information Retrieval (IR), sometimes called search, concerns the acquisition, organization, and searching of knowledge-based information, which is usually defined as information derived and organized from observational or experimental research
Although IR in biomedicine traditionally concentrated on the retrieval of text from the biomedical literature, the study has expanded to include newer types of media that include images, video, chemical structures, gene and protein sequences, and a wide range of other digital media of relevance to biomedical education, research, and patient care
Introduction
The overall goal of the IR process is to find content that meets a person’s information needs
Components of information retrieval systems
IR tends to focus on knowledge-based information
Knowledge-based information categories:
Primary knowledge–based information (also called primary literature) is original research that appears in journals, books, reports, and other sources
Secondary knowledge–based information consists of the writing that reviews, condenses, and/or synthesizes the primary literature. The most common examples of this type of literature are books, monographs, and review articles in journals and other publications
Knowledge Based Information
Virtually all scientific journals are published electronically
Not only is there the increased convenience of redistributing articles, but research has found that freely available on the Web have a higher likelihood of being cited by other papers than those that are not (Bork 2012)
Printing and mailing, tasks no longer needed in electronic publishing, comprised a significant part of the “added value” from publishers of journals. There is still however value added by publishers, such as hiring and managing editorial staff to produce the journals and managing the peer review process
Publication of Knowledge-Based Information
The basic principle of open access publishing is that authors and/or their institutions pay the cost of production of manuscripts up front after they are accepted through a peer review process. After the paper is published, it becomes freely available on the Web. Since most research is usually funded by grants, the cost of open access publishing should be included in grant budgets. The uptake of publishers adhering to ...
Biomedical indexing and retrieval system based on language modeling approachijseajournal
This summarizes a research paper that proposes a biomedical indexing and retrieval system called BIOINSY. It uses a language modeling approach to select the best Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors to index medical articles from sources like PUBMED. The system first preprocesses articles by splitting text, stemming words, and removing stop words. It then extracts terms using a hybrid linguistic and statistical approach. Terms are weighted based on semantic relationships in MeSH, not just statistics. Descriptors are selected by disambiguating terms and estimating the probability a descriptor was generated by the article's language model. Experiments showed the effectiveness of this conceptual indexing approach.
The document defines various terms related to indexing such as index, descriptor, document, identifier, indexing language, indexing system, keyword, qualifier, and translation. It then discusses the history and development of indexing from early civilizations to modern computerized indexing. It also covers different types of indexes like alphabetical, classified, concordance, and periodical indexes. Finally, it outlines principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, consistency and different indexing languages and systems.
How to conduct_a_systematic_or_evidence_reviewEaglefly Fly
This document provides guidance on conducting a systematic or evidence-based literature review. It discusses defining search terms, identifying relevant articles through database searches and other methods, applying inclusion/exclusion filters to evaluate articles, synthesizing results, and summarizing the evidence found to determine the best intervention. The goal is to reduce bias and provide a comprehensive review of a topic through an explicit and transparent process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ontology oriented concept based clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract Worldwide health centre scientists, physicians and other patients are accessing, analyzing, integrating and storing massive amounts of digital medical data in different database. The potential for retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The objective of our approach is to differentiate relevant information from irrelevant through user friendly and efficient search algorithms. The traditional solution employs keyword based search without the semantic consideration. So the keyword retrieval may return inaccurate and incomplete results. In order to overcome the problem of information retrieval from this huge amount of database, there is a need for concept based clustering method in ontology. In the proposed method, WorldNet is integrated in order to match the synonyms for the identified keywords so as to obtain the accurate information and it presents the concept based clustering developed using k-means algorithm in accordance with the principles of ontology so that the importance of words of a cluster can be identified. Keywords: Ontology, Concept based clustering, K-means algorithm and information retrieval.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature review and databases. It then discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. The document outlines the major electronic databases and other sources to search for literature. It provides the steps for conducting a literature review, which include understanding the research problem, identifying relevant sources, searching the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the findings, and writing the review. Key points are that a literature review lays the foundation for a study, helps avoid duplication, and allows findings to be discussed in context of prior work.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability
Biomedical indexing and retrieval system based on language modeling approachijseajournal
This summarizes a research paper that proposes a biomedical indexing and retrieval system called BIOINSY. It uses a language modeling approach to select the best Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors to index medical articles from sources like PUBMED. The system first preprocesses articles by splitting text, stemming words, and removing stop words. It then extracts terms using a hybrid linguistic and statistical approach. Terms are weighted based on semantic relationships in MeSH, not just statistics. Descriptors are selected by disambiguating terms and estimating the probability a descriptor was generated by the article's language model. Experiments showed the effectiveness of this conceptual indexing approach.
The document defines various terms related to indexing such as index, descriptor, document, identifier, indexing language, indexing system, keyword, qualifier, and translation. It then discusses the history and development of indexing from early civilizations to modern computerized indexing. It also covers different types of indexes like alphabetical, classified, concordance, and periodical indexes. Finally, it outlines principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, consistency and different indexing languages and systems.
How to conduct_a_systematic_or_evidence_reviewEaglefly Fly
This document provides guidance on conducting a systematic or evidence-based literature review. It discusses defining search terms, identifying relevant articles through database searches and other methods, applying inclusion/exclusion filters to evaluate articles, synthesizing results, and summarizing the evidence found to determine the best intervention. The goal is to reduce bias and provide a comprehensive review of a topic through an explicit and transparent process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ontology oriented concept based clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract Worldwide health centre scientists, physicians and other patients are accessing, analyzing, integrating and storing massive amounts of digital medical data in different database. The potential for retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The objective of our approach is to differentiate relevant information from irrelevant through user friendly and efficient search algorithms. The traditional solution employs keyword based search without the semantic consideration. So the keyword retrieval may return inaccurate and incomplete results. In order to overcome the problem of information retrieval from this huge amount of database, there is a need for concept based clustering method in ontology. In the proposed method, WorldNet is integrated in order to match the synonyms for the identified keywords so as to obtain the accurate information and it presents the concept based clustering developed using k-means algorithm in accordance with the principles of ontology so that the importance of words of a cluster can be identified. Keywords: Ontology, Concept based clustering, K-means algorithm and information retrieval.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature review and databases. It then discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. The document outlines the major electronic databases and other sources to search for literature. It provides the steps for conducting a literature review, which include understanding the research problem, identifying relevant sources, searching the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the findings, and writing the review. Key points are that a literature review lays the foundation for a study, helps avoid duplication, and allows findings to be discussed in context of prior work.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
Scientific research writing involves communicating research to others through technical writing. Key elements of research writing include research manuscripts, review articles, peer review papers, meta-analyses, dissertations, and research journals. Manuscripts should follow common guidelines including front matter, references, and common chapters such as an introduction and literature review. Authors should consider publication elements like impact factor, DOIs, plagiarism checks, and referencing styles when writing.
Secondary literature includes reviews and systematic reviews that summarize and synthesize primary literature on a topic. Systematic reviews use explicit and reproducible methods to comprehensively search for and analyze relevant studies. They may qualitatively summarize results or conduct a quantitative meta-analysis. Indexing and abstracting databases like PubMed provide access to citations and abstracts of primary literature and use controlled vocabularies like MeSH terms. Both PubMed and Google Scholar can be used to search biomedical literature, but PubMed's controlled vocabulary and indexing of medical terms allows it to retrieve more targeted results.
This document provides an overview of how to effectively search for information to answer a research question. It discusses developing a focused question using PICO elements, identifies appropriate biomedical databases like Medline and Embase, explains peer review of sources, and demonstrates using MeSH terms and Boolean operators to search Medline through Ovid. It also discusses evaluating websites, citation management software, and when to consult a librarian for help.
The document discusses the importance and process of reviewing literature for research. It states that a literature review identifies what is already known about the topic, potential gaps, and helps develop hypotheses and research questions. The review examines primary sources like research reports and secondary sources like summaries. It provides examples of electronic databases and online journals that can be searched, as well as printed sources such as nursing journals, research reports, dissertations, and books. The purpose is to convey previous knowledge on the topic and help improve research methodologies.
This document outlines finding knowledge in digital libraries for nursing. It defines digital libraries and describes their advantages over traditional libraries. It discusses personal reference managers, library guides, and bibliographic databases useful for nursing research, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The document describes embarking on a quest for knowledge through questioning practice, searching evidence, analyzing literature, applying findings, and evaluating outcomes. It also discusses challenges to adopting evidence-based nursing.
Finding articles and books using database for your discipline pubricaPubrica
A literature search is a well-organised and systematic survey from the already published data to become aware of a breadth of good pleasant references on a particular topic. Formulating a well-focussed question is an important step for facilitating accurate scientific research.
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Library science applies various tools and perspectives from fields like management and information technology to the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. It also covers how people interact with and are trained to use information. Key areas studied include collection management, information systems, research methods, and preservation. Library science is constantly evolving to incorporate new topics. Classification systems are used to organize library collections to facilitate subject access and the physical location of resources.
This document provides guidance on effectively searching medical bibliographic databases. It begins by outlining the objectives of orienting the audience on how to search these databases and identifying appropriate databases. The introduction discusses the rapid growth of medical information and the importance of effectively reviewing previous literature. The document then describes several major medical bibliographic databases and how to access them. It provides a model for the information search process, including defining the research problem, choosing relevant databases, developing a search strategy, and evaluating results. Finally, it offers practical tips for searching, such as using Boolean operators and wildcards to account for variations in search terms.
This document provides an overview of information resources for conducting research. It discusses developing a focused research question, identifying relevant terms and databases to search, evaluating search results, and tools for managing citations. Key databases recommended for answering public health and ethnic minority questions include Medline, Embase, and CINAHL. The document emphasizes refining searches and stresses that librarians can help at all stages of the research process.
Module 4 Report Writing and ResearchCommentaryTopicsResearc.docxmoirarandell
Module 4: Report Writing and Research
Commentary
Topics
ResearchReports
Research
Research skills are important in both the academic and the work environment. During your career as a student, you have researched different subjects to gain knowledge. In the workplace, you may conduct research for numerous reasons, such as to determine the cost of new equipment, to gain an understanding of a technical term or concept, to summarize a procedure for your supervisor, or to uncover facts for a technical report.
To keep up with changes in technology, it is imperative that you gain familiarity with all available research methods. In the past, people typically performed research at a library. Today, they turn to the World Wide Web; however, technical writers can conduct research through numerous channels. Personal interviews, e-mail questionnaires, and listservs (programs by which e-mail messages are sent to a mailing list go out to all those on that list) can provide valid research opportunities.
Chances are, if you need to research a particular topic, your first source will be the Internet. There, you can find information from government organizations, academic institutions, commercial groups, and individuals. Remember, though, that not every site on the Web is a reliable source of information. Universities, for example, are more credible than obscure Web sites with a single author who lacks verifiable credentials. To conduct research on the Internet, follow these tips:
· Look for Web sites that end in .gov, .org, and .edu.
· For a .edu or other site, make sure you can find the author of the material.
· Check the author's credentials and see if he or she is referenced in the field.
· Find out whether the author has a bibliography or a works cited section, and check to ensure that his or her references are reputable (i.e., academic books, government journals, etc.).
· See whether the Web page has a publication date, and when the last update occurred.
· If you can't locate the origins of a Web page or its author, be aware that you may not have found a credible source.
Many groups, including federal agencies, offer online indexes and databases. These are generally broken down by subject matter (such as MEDLINE from the Community of Science (COS), which offers medical journals and health publications; or ERIC from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, which provides literature on education from journals and other sources). Within each of these databases, you can drill down to relevant research materials by entering specific search requirements. UMUC's Information and Library Services Web site provides a wealth of up-to-date online indexes. You can also find this link in the Toolkit section of this course, if you would like to use it for your reference.
The type of research you'll perform will be determined by your audience and purpose. For example, if your supervisor wants you to report on the latest trends and de ...
Medical writers play an important role in clearly communicating complex medical data and information. They are used by organizations and individuals who have limited time or writing skills but need to produce high-quality documents. The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical writers, which include analyzing data, writing documents, coordinating reviews, and ensuring formatting consistency. It notes that using medical writers can produce documents faster and with fewer errors. Bad writing can be costly, as it can slow regulatory reviews and potentially lead to paper rejections. The document provides references on medical writing skills and common reasons for manuscript rejections.
Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning ApproachesYogeshIJTSRD
The automated keyword extraction task is to define a collection of representative terms for the text. Extracting keywords defines a small collection of terms, key phrases and keywords that define the document’s context. Keyword search allows large document collections to be searched effectively. To allocate suitable key phrases to new documents, text categorization techniques can be applied. A predefined collection of key phrases from which all key phrases for new documents are selected is given in the training documents. The training data for each key phrase describes a collection of documents associated with it. Standard machine learning techniques are used for each key phrase to construct a classifier from the training materials, using those relevant to it as positive examples and the rest as negative examples. Provided a new text, it is processed by the classifier of each key phrase. Preeti Sondhi | Aakib Jabbar "Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39890/survey-on-key-phrase-extraction-using-machine-learning-approaches/preeti-sondhi
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
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FOCUS INFORMATION LITERACY^A Survey of Scholarly Literatu.docxkeugene1
FOCUS: INFORMATION LITERACY^
A Survey of Scholarly Literature Databases
for Clinical Laboratory Science
DONNA LO'MALLEY
Ihis article reviews the use of journal literature databases
including CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science; sum-
marizing databases including Cochrane Database of System-
atic Reviews, online textbooks, and clinical decision-support
tools; and the Internet search engines Coogle and Coogle
Scholar, llic series closes with a practical example employ-
ing a cross-section of the knowledge and skills gained from
all three articles.
ABBREVIATIONS: C : D S R = Cochrane Database of Sys-
tematic Reviews; CINAHL = Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature; CDM = gestational diabetes;
SCI = Science Citation Index.
INDEX TERMS: algorithms; bibliographic databases; infor-
mation storage and retrieval; Internet; medical technology;
online systems.
Clin Lab Sci 2008;21( l ) :49
Donna L O'Malley MLS is library associate professor at
rhe Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont,
Burlington VT.
Addressforcorrespondence:Donna L OMalley MLS, library
iissociate professor, Dana Medical Library, University of Ver-
mont, Medical Education Center, Burlington VT05405. (802)
656-44!5, (802) 656-0762 (fax), [email protected]
Frances Delwiche MLIS MT(ASCP) is the Foeus: Information
Literacy guest editor.
fhe Focus icctiim seeks to publish reievani and timely continuing
vducation for cliuicnl laboratory practitioners. Section editors, topics,
and authors art selected in advance to cover current areas of interest in
each discipline. Readers Ciin ohtiiin continuing education credit (CE)
through PA. C.EJ'hy completing the continuing education registration
form, recording answers to the examination, and mailing a photocopy of
it with the appropriate fee to the arUress designated on the form. Sugges-
lions jor future Eoctis topics andatithors, and manuscripts appropriate
for CE credit are encouraged. Direct all inquiries to the Clin Lab Sci
Editorial Office, ICInk, 858 Saint Annes Drive, Iowa City IA 52245.
{319)354-3861, (319)338-1016 (fax), [email protected]
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Descrihe what is meant by "primary literature" in the
health sciences.
2. Discuss the characteristics of the major primary and
summarizing databases used by health professionals.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of searching
the Internet for professional health information.
4. Illustrate how popular Internet search engines can be
used to find unique information in the health sciences.
The primary literature in the health sciences consists of re-
ports of original research generally published in the form of
articles in scholarly/academic journals. Ihe articles in these
journals are indexed by searchable databases such as MED-
LINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, which function as an aid
to finding articles on a desired topic. The primary literature
has the advantage of being a direct communication from the
researchers who performed the inv.
The document defines important terms related to searching bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed. MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database covering medicine and health fields. PubMed provides free access to the MEDLINE database. Each record in PubMed represents a journal article and includes fields like author, title, and MeSH headings. MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary system used to index articles. Boolean operators like AND and OR can be used to combine search terms in the PubMed query box.
This document provides guidance on conducting literature searches for sports-related research. It outlines key biomedical databases like Medline and Science Citation Index that can be used to find peer-reviewed journal articles. It emphasizes planning searches by defining concepts and keywords in order to retrieve the most relevant results. Criteria for evaluating sources like currency, authority and objectivity are also discussed. Inter-library loans can obtain articles not available through the library's databases. Referencing found literature is important for properly attributing sources.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into th.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into the only Male, Female, ND, and Other) (bar comparison chart, pie comparison chart)
2. How many Male, Female, ND, and Other are there in each ALIGN. (Bar comparison chart)
3. How many red-haired heroes do Marvel and DC have?
.
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, and Aspergillus, can survive for one to three months on a variety of materials found in hospitals, including scrub suits, lab coats, plastic aprons, and computer keyboards. What can hospital personnel do to reduce the spread of these pathogens?
2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity?
**Provide APA references for each
.
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Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
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privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
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recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
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Scientific research writing involves communicating research to others through technical writing. Key elements of research writing include research manuscripts, review articles, peer review papers, meta-analyses, dissertations, and research journals. Manuscripts should follow common guidelines including front matter, references, and common chapters such as an introduction and literature review. Authors should consider publication elements like impact factor, DOIs, plagiarism checks, and referencing styles when writing.
Secondary literature includes reviews and systematic reviews that summarize and synthesize primary literature on a topic. Systematic reviews use explicit and reproducible methods to comprehensively search for and analyze relevant studies. They may qualitatively summarize results or conduct a quantitative meta-analysis. Indexing and abstracting databases like PubMed provide access to citations and abstracts of primary literature and use controlled vocabularies like MeSH terms. Both PubMed and Google Scholar can be used to search biomedical literature, but PubMed's controlled vocabulary and indexing of medical terms allows it to retrieve more targeted results.
This document provides an overview of how to effectively search for information to answer a research question. It discusses developing a focused question using PICO elements, identifies appropriate biomedical databases like Medline and Embase, explains peer review of sources, and demonstrates using MeSH terms and Boolean operators to search Medline through Ovid. It also discusses evaluating websites, citation management software, and when to consult a librarian for help.
The document discusses the importance and process of reviewing literature for research. It states that a literature review identifies what is already known about the topic, potential gaps, and helps develop hypotheses and research questions. The review examines primary sources like research reports and secondary sources like summaries. It provides examples of electronic databases and online journals that can be searched, as well as printed sources such as nursing journals, research reports, dissertations, and books. The purpose is to convey previous knowledge on the topic and help improve research methodologies.
This document outlines finding knowledge in digital libraries for nursing. It defines digital libraries and describes their advantages over traditional libraries. It discusses personal reference managers, library guides, and bibliographic databases useful for nursing research, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The document describes embarking on a quest for knowledge through questioning practice, searching evidence, analyzing literature, applying findings, and evaluating outcomes. It also discusses challenges to adopting evidence-based nursing.
Finding articles and books using database for your discipline pubricaPubrica
A literature search is a well-organised and systematic survey from the already published data to become aware of a breadth of good pleasant references on a particular topic. Formulating a well-focussed question is an important step for facilitating accurate scientific research.
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Library science applies various tools and perspectives from fields like management and information technology to the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. It also covers how people interact with and are trained to use information. Key areas studied include collection management, information systems, research methods, and preservation. Library science is constantly evolving to incorporate new topics. Classification systems are used to organize library collections to facilitate subject access and the physical location of resources.
This document provides guidance on effectively searching medical bibliographic databases. It begins by outlining the objectives of orienting the audience on how to search these databases and identifying appropriate databases. The introduction discusses the rapid growth of medical information and the importance of effectively reviewing previous literature. The document then describes several major medical bibliographic databases and how to access them. It provides a model for the information search process, including defining the research problem, choosing relevant databases, developing a search strategy, and evaluating results. Finally, it offers practical tips for searching, such as using Boolean operators and wildcards to account for variations in search terms.
This document provides an overview of information resources for conducting research. It discusses developing a focused research question, identifying relevant terms and databases to search, evaluating search results, and tools for managing citations. Key databases recommended for answering public health and ethnic minority questions include Medline, Embase, and CINAHL. The document emphasizes refining searches and stresses that librarians can help at all stages of the research process.
Module 4 Report Writing and ResearchCommentaryTopicsResearc.docxmoirarandell
Module 4: Report Writing and Research
Commentary
Topics
ResearchReports
Research
Research skills are important in both the academic and the work environment. During your career as a student, you have researched different subjects to gain knowledge. In the workplace, you may conduct research for numerous reasons, such as to determine the cost of new equipment, to gain an understanding of a technical term or concept, to summarize a procedure for your supervisor, or to uncover facts for a technical report.
To keep up with changes in technology, it is imperative that you gain familiarity with all available research methods. In the past, people typically performed research at a library. Today, they turn to the World Wide Web; however, technical writers can conduct research through numerous channels. Personal interviews, e-mail questionnaires, and listservs (programs by which e-mail messages are sent to a mailing list go out to all those on that list) can provide valid research opportunities.
Chances are, if you need to research a particular topic, your first source will be the Internet. There, you can find information from government organizations, academic institutions, commercial groups, and individuals. Remember, though, that not every site on the Web is a reliable source of information. Universities, for example, are more credible than obscure Web sites with a single author who lacks verifiable credentials. To conduct research on the Internet, follow these tips:
· Look for Web sites that end in .gov, .org, and .edu.
· For a .edu or other site, make sure you can find the author of the material.
· Check the author's credentials and see if he or she is referenced in the field.
· Find out whether the author has a bibliography or a works cited section, and check to ensure that his or her references are reputable (i.e., academic books, government journals, etc.).
· See whether the Web page has a publication date, and when the last update occurred.
· If you can't locate the origins of a Web page or its author, be aware that you may not have found a credible source.
Many groups, including federal agencies, offer online indexes and databases. These are generally broken down by subject matter (such as MEDLINE from the Community of Science (COS), which offers medical journals and health publications; or ERIC from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, which provides literature on education from journals and other sources). Within each of these databases, you can drill down to relevant research materials by entering specific search requirements. UMUC's Information and Library Services Web site provides a wealth of up-to-date online indexes. You can also find this link in the Toolkit section of this course, if you would like to use it for your reference.
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Medical writers play an important role in clearly communicating complex medical data and information. They are used by organizations and individuals who have limited time or writing skills but need to produce high-quality documents. The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical writers, which include analyzing data, writing documents, coordinating reviews, and ensuring formatting consistency. It notes that using medical writers can produce documents faster and with fewer errors. Bad writing can be costly, as it can slow regulatory reviews and potentially lead to paper rejections. The document provides references on medical writing skills and common reasons for manuscript rejections.
Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning ApproachesYogeshIJTSRD
The automated keyword extraction task is to define a collection of representative terms for the text. Extracting keywords defines a small collection of terms, key phrases and keywords that define the document’s context. Keyword search allows large document collections to be searched effectively. To allocate suitable key phrases to new documents, text categorization techniques can be applied. A predefined collection of key phrases from which all key phrases for new documents are selected is given in the training documents. The training data for each key phrase describes a collection of documents associated with it. Standard machine learning techniques are used for each key phrase to construct a classifier from the training materials, using those relevant to it as positive examples and the rest as negative examples. Provided a new text, it is processed by the classifier of each key phrase. Preeti Sondhi | Aakib Jabbar "Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39890/survey-on-key-phrase-extraction-using-machine-learning-approaches/preeti-sondhi
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
The
large
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FOCUS INFORMATION LITERACY^A Survey of Scholarly Literatu.docxkeugene1
FOCUS: INFORMATION LITERACY^
A Survey of Scholarly Literature Databases
for Clinical Laboratory Science
DONNA LO'MALLEY
Ihis article reviews the use of journal literature databases
including CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science; sum-
marizing databases including Cochrane Database of System-
atic Reviews, online textbooks, and clinical decision-support
tools; and the Internet search engines Coogle and Coogle
Scholar, llic series closes with a practical example employ-
ing a cross-section of the knowledge and skills gained from
all three articles.
ABBREVIATIONS: C : D S R = Cochrane Database of Sys-
tematic Reviews; CINAHL = Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature; CDM = gestational diabetes;
SCI = Science Citation Index.
INDEX TERMS: algorithms; bibliographic databases; infor-
mation storage and retrieval; Internet; medical technology;
online systems.
Clin Lab Sci 2008;21( l ) :49
Donna L O'Malley MLS is library associate professor at
rhe Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont,
Burlington VT.
Addressforcorrespondence:Donna L OMalley MLS, library
iissociate professor, Dana Medical Library, University of Ver-
mont, Medical Education Center, Burlington VT05405. (802)
656-44!5, (802) 656-0762 (fax), [email protected]
Frances Delwiche MLIS MT(ASCP) is the Foeus: Information
Literacy guest editor.
fhe Focus icctiim seeks to publish reievani and timely continuing
vducation for cliuicnl laboratory practitioners. Section editors, topics,
and authors art selected in advance to cover current areas of interest in
each discipline. Readers Ciin ohtiiin continuing education credit (CE)
through PA. C.EJ'hy completing the continuing education registration
form, recording answers to the examination, and mailing a photocopy of
it with the appropriate fee to the arUress designated on the form. Sugges-
lions jor future Eoctis topics andatithors, and manuscripts appropriate
for CE credit are encouraged. Direct all inquiries to the Clin Lab Sci
Editorial Office, ICInk, 858 Saint Annes Drive, Iowa City IA 52245.
{319)354-3861, (319)338-1016 (fax), [email protected]
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Descrihe what is meant by "primary literature" in the
health sciences.
2. Discuss the characteristics of the major primary and
summarizing databases used by health professionals.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of searching
the Internet for professional health information.
4. Illustrate how popular Internet search engines can be
used to find unique information in the health sciences.
The primary literature in the health sciences consists of re-
ports of original research generally published in the form of
articles in scholarly/academic journals. Ihe articles in these
journals are indexed by searchable databases such as MED-
LINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, which function as an aid
to finding articles on a desired topic. The primary literature
has the advantage of being a direct communication from the
researchers who performed the inv.
The document defines important terms related to searching bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed. MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database covering medicine and health fields. PubMed provides free access to the MEDLINE database. Each record in PubMed represents a journal article and includes fields like author, title, and MeSH headings. MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary system used to index articles. Boolean operators like AND and OR can be used to combine search terms in the PubMed query box.
This document provides guidance on conducting literature searches for sports-related research. It outlines key biomedical databases like Medline and Science Citation Index that can be used to find peer-reviewed journal articles. It emphasizes planning searches by defining concepts and keywords in order to retrieve the most relevant results. Criteria for evaluating sources like currency, authority and objectivity are also discussed. Inter-library loans can obtain articles not available through the library's databases. Referencing found literature is important for properly attributing sources.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
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1. The main characters names in "The Shape of Things" are Adam and Evelyn, suggesting the play is a retelling of the original creation myth. Compare the original “Adam and Eve” and characters in the Judea-Christian creation account to Adam and Evelyn. How is The Shape of Things similar or different from the traditional Judea-Xian account? (Keep in mind the main difference being art and artistic versus theistic creation).
2. The “garden” is the museum, and roped off sculpture with the fig leaf is, like the tree of good and evil, what you’re not supposed to touch. Why does the author present the museum as a creation space? How is the sculpture like the tree of good and evil? What happens when they cross the line and touch (or photograph) it?
3. Compare Evelyn and Pygmalion as creators. How does their gender effect their position in history and creation? How do both their creations critique the culture in which they exist? Describe the "changes" to society that Evelyn and Pygmalion aspire to in their art.
4. How much are the creators (Evelyn and Pygmalion) in control of creation and their art work? Where does their control break down? What is the difference between creator and creature; or is the creature reducible to its creator?
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Shutter Island (2010; Mystery, Thriller; Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo
2. Watch the film you have selected as a psychology student and not merely as an ordinary film viewer (it is suggested that you watch the selected film multiple times).
3. Provide your own summary of the film, using psychological terms and concepts that you have learned in class and from your textbook. State clearly the psychological disorder you have seen portrayed in the film you have chosen, using DSM criteria/language. You should explain the psychological disorder portrayed in the movie. Determine and evaluate if the disorder identified in the film is accurate according to your textbook and other resource materials. Provide evidence using actual behaviors seen in the film. Is the depiction of the psychological disorder in the film accurate or not? Give evidence to support your claims using observable behaviors from the movie.
4. Based on the information from the film, determine what clinical diagnosis (or diagnoses) a character from the movie most likely has/have (can be the main character or supporting characters). Use criteria provided by the DSM-5 and provide an evidence-based diagnosis/diagnoses of the person. You will need to justify their diagnoses by demonstrating how the character’s symptoms meet some or all the criteria outlined in the DSM-5 as evidence of your diagnosis/diagnoses. Everything that you assert should be supported by evidence.
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1. The Institute of Medicine (now a renamed as a part of the
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No one is suggesting that being admitted into a jail cell is the same as being admitted into a hospital bed. There are many obvious differences between the two, including the basic purpose of the two institutions.
But while much is different, what is the same is how a pre-existing set of structured behaviors and processes are used to firmly, and without asking or negotiating, radically transform a “regular” person into a defined role of a “patient” that then can be diagnosed, treated, and discharged back into the world once the patient has finished their “time” in the “system.”
While patient-centered care emphasizes the value of increased sensitivity to a patient’s preferences, needs, and values, what we want to focus on is how decisions made by healthcare leaders affect the actual experience of a person receiving that care.
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What can healthcare leaders do in improve the actual personal experience that "real people" go through as our "patients?"
(Be sure to develop your answers AFTER you review the definition and roles of "Leadership" in the readings for this week).
[1] Institute on Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, March, 2001
2. Health Information Technonogy - PPP Discussion
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2. Why are covenants important in the Bible? What do they accomplish? Are they all the same, whether in structure or outlook? Do the different writers view them differently? What does the ancient Near Eastern background to the biblical covenant contribute to our understanding?
3. Dt 6:4 used to be translated
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] our God, the LORD [YHWH] is one.”
Currently, we translate
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] is our God, the LORD [YHWH] alone.”
In all likelihood, the second translation is grammatically preferable. What is the interpretive difference between “one” and “alone”? Is it significant? How, if at all, does this verse relate to the First Commandment? How does this verse relate to Gen 1:26, 3:22, and 11:7? How does this verse relate to the variant non-MT variant in Dt 32:8-9 (as reproduced in HarperCollins)? Why is any of this important?
Be sure to provide a careful, well-written essay which gives ample biblical examples (proof texts) to support the point(s) you wish to make.
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1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
Scholarly article, APA format, and no grammar error
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2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
use reference and scholarly nursing article.
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1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are found below this.
Globalization and Inflatio
n
Drivers of Inflation
Inflation
and Unemploymen
t
2. Locate two JOURNAL articles which discuss this topic further. You need to focus on the Abstract, Introduction, Results, and Conclusion. For our purposes, you are not expected to fully understand the Data and Methodology.
3. Summarize these journal articles. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste. Cite your sources.
4.The replies are due by the deadline specified in the Course Schedule.
Please post (in APA format) your article citation.
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1. Review the following request from a customer:
We have a need to replace the aging Signage Application. This application is housed in District 4 and serves the district as well as two other districts. We would like a new application that can be used statewide to track all information related to road signs.
The current system is old and doesn’t do most of what we need it to.
The current system has a whole bunch of reports, but no way for the user to update them by themselves without getting IT involved.
We also can’t create our own reports, on-demand, when we need to. Currently, data is entered into the application manually by Administrative Staff, but in the future, we would like to be able to take a picture of the road sign using a phone app, and have it automagically populate the database with geospatial location and other information. We thought about having a Smart Watch interface, but we don’t need that. Also, the current method does not have any way to manage the quality of the data that is entered, so there is a lot of garbage information there. There is no way to centrally manage security access, with the existing application. We want to get real time alerts when a sign gets knocked over in an accident and have a dashboard that shows where signs have been knocked over across the state. This is kind of important, but not super-critical. We need to store location information, types of signs, when a new sign is installed, who installed it, etc. We plan to provide the phone app to drivers in each district who will drive around, take pictures of the signs, and upload them to the database at the end of each day, or in realtime, if a data connection is available.
Back in Central Office, reviewers will review the sign information and validate it. A report will be printed every month with the results and a map. There are probably other things, but we can’t think of anything else right now.
2. List the main goal(s) of this request
3. Write all the user stories you see (include value statements and acceptance criteria, if possible)
4. Prioritize the user stories as
a. Critical
b. Important
c. Useful
d. Out of Scope
5. Are the user stories sufficiently detailed? If not, what steps would you take to split them/further define them?
6. What are the known Data Entities?
7. Is there an implied business process? Draw an activity diagram or a flow chart of it
8. Who are the actors/roles?
9. What questions would you ask of the stakeholders to get more information?
10. What technology should be used to implement the solution?
11. What would you do next as the assigned Business Analyst working on an Agile team?
.
1. Research risk assessment approaches.2. Create an outline .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research risk assessment approaches.
2. Create an outline for a basic qualitative risk assessment plan.
3. Write an introduction to the plan explaining its purpose and importance.
4. Define the scope and boundaries for the risk assessment.
5. Identify data center assets and activities to be assessed.
6. Identify relevant threats and vulnerabilities. Include those listed in the scenario and add to the list if needed.
7. Identify relevant types of controls to be assessed.
8. Identify the key roles and responsibilities of individuals and departments within the organization as they pertain to risk assessments.
9. Develop a proposed schedule for the risk assessment process.
10. Complete the draft risk assessment plan detailing the information above. Risk assessment plans often include tables, but you choose the best format to present the material. Format the bulk of the plan similar to a professional business report and cite any sources you used.
.
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into two primary dimensions. Please list and discuss these two behaviors.
2. Distinguish between charismatic, transformational, and authentic leadership. Could an individual display all three types of leadership?
.
1. Research Topic Super Computer Data MiningThe aim of this.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research Topic: Super Computer Data Mining
The aim of this project is to produce a super-computing data mining resource for use by the UK academic community which utilizes a number of advanced machine learning and statistical algorithms for large datasets. In particular, a number of evolutionary computing-based algorithms and the ensemble machine approach will be used to exploit the large-scale parallelism possible in super-computing. This purpose is embodied in the following objectives:
1. to develop a massively parallel approach for commonly used statistical and machine learning techniques for exploratory data analysis
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for feature creation and selection
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for data modelling
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of ensemble machines for data modelling consisting of many well-known machine learning algorithms;
1. to develop an appropriate super-computing infra-structure to support the use of such advanced machine learning techniques with large datasets.
Research Needs:
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
· Submission
. you have multiple submission to check you safe assignments
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1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary bu.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary business activities. Include: Minimum 7 Pages. Excluding reference page
2.
A. A brief historical summary,
B. A list of competitors,
C. The company's position within the industry,
D. Recent developments within the company/industry,
E. Future direction, and
F. Other items of significance to your corporation.
3. Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
A. Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
B. Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
C. Explore the corporate website.
D. Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals
The report should be well written with cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
.
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job a.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job after graduation.
and
2. Develop a reward system for motivating IPT members to do their jobs more conscientiously and to take on more responsibility.
[The assignment should be at least 400 words minimum and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced), and attached as a WORD file.]
Plagiarism free
.
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured? What are some ways that social class is affecting health outcomes for people who become ill with COVID-19?
2. What is the CARES Act? Has it been enough? What has happened to people's ability to pay their bills since it expired?
3. As things stand now, data is showing higher COVID-19 related mortality rates for African Americans. Given what you know from the textbook and from the attached articles, what are some explanations for the disparity?
4. What is environmental racism (injustice)? How does environmental racism put some populations at higher risk for severe medical complications than others? (Vice article)
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-us-deep-south-poverty-race-perfect-storm
.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Chapter 15 Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resourc.docx
1. Chapter 15: Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge
Resources
WILLIAM R. HERSH
Learning Objectives
After viewing this presentation, viewers should be able to:
Enumerate the basic biomedical and health knowledge resources
in books, journals, electronic databases, and other sources
Describe the major approaches used to indexing knowledge-
based content
Apply advanced searching techniques to the major biomedical
and health knowledge resources
Discuss the major results of information retrieval evaluation
studies
Describe future directions for research in information retrieval
2. Introduction
Information Retrieval (IR), sometimes called search, concerns
the acquisition, organization, and searching of knowledge-based
information, which is usually defined as information derived
and organized from obser-vational or experimental research
Although IR in biomedicine traditionally concentrated on the
retrieval of text from the biomedical liter-ature, the study has
expanded to include newer types of media that include images,
video, chemical structures, gene and protein sequences, and a
wide range of other digital media of relevance to biomedical
education, research, and patient care
Introduction
The overall goal of the IR process is to find content that meets a
person’s information needs
Components of information retrieval systems
3. IR tends to focus on knowledge-based information
Knowledge-based information categories:
Primary knowl-edge–based information (also called primary
literature) is original research that appears in journals, books,
reports, and other sources
Secondary knowledge–based information consists of the writing
that reviews, condenses, and/or synthesizes the primary
literature. The most com-mon examples of this type of literature
are books, monographs, and review articles in journals and
other publications
Knowledge Based Information
Virtually all scientific journals are published electronically
Not only is there the increased con-venience of redistributing
articles, but research has found that freely available on the Web
have a higher likelihood of being cited by other papers than
those that are not (Bork 2012)
Printing and mailing, tasks no longer needed in electronic
publishing, comprised a significant part of the “added value”
4. from publishers of journals. There is still however value added
by publishers, such as hiring and managing editorial staff to
produce the journals and managing the peer review process
Publication of Knowledge-Based Information
The basic principle of open access publishing is that authors
and/or their institutions pay the cost of production of
manuscripts up front after they are accepted through a peer
review process. After the paper is published, it becomes freely
available on the Web. Since most research is usually funded by
grants, the cost of open access publishing should be included in
grant budgets. The uptake of publishers adhering to the open
access model has been modest, with the most prominent being
Biomed Central (BMC, www.biomedcentral.com ) and the
Public Library of Science ( PLoS, www.plos.org )
Publishing Costs and Open Access
5. Information content is classified in four categories:
Bibliographic: the best-known and most widely used biomedical
bibliographic database is MEDLINE, which contains
bibliographic references to all the biomedical articles,
editorials, and letters to the editors in approximately 5,000
scientific journals
Full-text content: a large component of this content con-sists of
the online versions of books and periodicals. As already noted,
most traditionally paper-based medical literature, from
textbooks to journals, is now available electronically
Content
Annotated content: these resources are usually not stored as
freestanding Web pages but instead are often housed in database
management systems
Aggregated content: Aggregated content has been developed for
all types of users from consumers to clinicians to scientists.
Probably the largest aggregated consumer information resource
is MedlinePlus ( http://medlineplus.gov ) from the NLM.
MedlinePlus includes all the types of content previously
described, aggregated for easy access to a given topic
Content
6. Indexing is the process of assigning metadata to content to
facilitate its retrieval. Most modern commercial content is
indexed in two ways:
Manual indexing—where human indexers, usually using a
controlled terminology, assign indexing terms and attributes to
documents, often following a specific protocol
Automated indexing—where computers make the indexing
assignments, usually lim-ited to breaking out each word in the
document (or part of the document) as an indexing term
Indexing
A controlled terminology contains a set of terms that can be
applied to a task, such as indexing
When the terminology defines the terms, it is usually called a
vocabulary
When the terminology contains variants or synonyms of terms,
it is also called a thesaurus
Controlled Terminologies
7. A controlled terminology usually contains a list of terms that
are the canonical repre-sentations of the concepts. If it is a
thesaurus, it contains relationships between terms, which
typically fall into three categories:
Hierarchical—terms that are broader or narrower. The
hierarchical organization not only provides an overview of the
structure of a thesaurus but also can be used to enhance
searching (e.g., MeSH tree explosions that add terms from an
entire portion of the hierarchy to augment a search)
Synonym—terms that are synonyms, allowing the indexer or
searcher to express a concept in different words
Related—terms that are not synonymous or hierarchical but are
somehow otherwise related. These usually remind the searcher
of different but related terms that may enhance a search
Controlled Terminologies
The MeSH terminology is used to manually index most of the
databases produced by the NLM
The latest version contains over 26,000 subject headings
MeSH contains the three types of relationships described in the
8. previous slide:
Hierarchical—MeSH is organized hierarchically into 16 trees,
such as Diseases, Organisms, and Chemicals and Drugs
Synonym—MeSH contains a vast number of entry terms, which
are synonyms of the headings
Related—terms that may be useful for searchers to add to their
searches when appro-priate are suggested for many headings
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
The MeSH terminology files, their associated data, and their
supporting documentation are available on the NLM’s MeSH
Web site http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
“Slice” through MeSH hierarchy
9. Manual indexing is most commonly done for bibliographic and
annotated content, although it is sometimes for other types of
content as well
While most Web content is indexed automatically (see next
slide), one approach to manual indexing has been to apply
metadata to Web pages and sites, exemplified by the Dublin
Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI, www.dublincore.org )
Manuel Indexing
The goal of the DCMI has been to develop a set of standard data
elements that creators of Web resources can use to apply
metadata to their content
DCMI standard has been approved by the National Information
Standards Organization and the International Organization of
Standards specification has 15 defined elements and sample
elements include:
DC.title - name given to the resource
DC.creator - person or organization primarily responsible for
creating the intellectual content of the resource
DC.subject - topic of the resource
DC.description - a textual description of the content of the
resource
DC.publisher - entity responsible for making the resource
available in its present form
DC.date - date associated with the creation or availability of the
resource
Manuel Indexing
10. In automated indexing, the indexing is done by a computer
We will focus on the auto-mated indexing used in operational
IR systems, namely the indexing of documents by the words
they contain
Word indexing is typically done by defining all consecutive
alphanumeric sequences between white space (which consists of
spaces, punctuation, carriage returns, and other non-
alphanumeric characters) as words. Systems must take particular
care to apply the same process to documents and the user’s
query, especially with characters such as hyphens and
apostrophes
Automated Indexing
A commonly used approach for term weighting is TF*IDF
weighting, which com-bines the inverse document frequency
(IDF) and term frequency (TF).
11. The usual formula is:
Automated Indexing
Synonymy—different words may have the same meaning, such
as high and elevated. This problem may extend to the level of
phrases with no words in common, such as the synonyms
hypertension and high blood pressure
Polysemy—the same word may have different meanings or
senses. For example, the word lead can refer to an element or to
a part of an electrocardiogram machine
Content—words in a document may not reflect its focus. For
example, an article describing hypertension may make mention
in passing to other concepts, such as congestive heart failure
(CHF) that are not the focus of the article
Context—words take on meaning based on other words around
them
Morphology—words can have suffixes that do not change the
underlying meaning, such as indicators of plurals, various
participles, adjectival forms of nouns, and nominalized forms of
adjectives
Granularity—queries and documents may describe concepts at
different levels of a hier-archy. A query for antibiotics for
treatment of a specific infection returns documents that only
contain specific antibiotics
12. Automated Indexing Limitations
Exact-Match Retrieval- In exact-match searching, the IR system
gives the user all documents that exactly match the criteria
specified in the search statement(s). This type of searching is
often called Boolean searching
Retrieval
Boolean operators
Partial-Match Retrieval-Although partial-match searching was
conceptualized very early, it did not see wide-spread use in IR
systems until the advent of Web search engines in the 1990s
The most common approach to document ranking in partial-
match searching is to give each a score based on the sum of the
weights of terms common to the document and query
Retrieval
13. There are many different retrieval interfaces, with some of the
features reflecting the content or structure of the underlying
database
PubMed is the system at NLM that searches MEDLINE and
other bibliographic databases
Retrieval Systems
There has been a great deal of research over the years devoted
to evaluation of IR sys-tems.
One of those frameworks organized evaluation around six
questions that someone advocating the use of IR systems might
ask (Hersh 1998):
Was the system used?
For what was the system used?
Were the users satisfied?
14. How well did they use the system?
What factors were associated with successful or unsuccessful
use of the system?
Did the system have an impact?
Evaluation
There are many ways to evaluate the performance of IR
systems, the most widely used of which are the relevance-based
measures of recall and precision
Recall is the pro-portion of relevant documents retrieved from
the database:
In other words, recall answers the question, for a given search,
what fraction of all the relevant documents have been obtained
from the database?
System-Oriented Evaluation
15. Precision is the proportion of relevant documents retrieved in
the search:
This measure answers the question, for a search, what fraction
of the retrieved docu-ments are relevant?
One problem that arises when one is comparing systems that use
ranking versus those that do not is that non-ranking systems,
typically using Boolean searching, tend to retrieve a fixed set of
documents and as a result have fixed points of recall and
preci-sion
System-Oriented Evaluation
A number of user-oriented evaluations have been performed
over the years looking at users of biomedical information. Most
of these studies have focused on clinicians
For example, Hersh et al studied in 1995 using the task-oriented
approach compared Boolean ver-sus natural language searching
in the textbook Scientific American Medicine
16. There are more studies listed in the textbook Chapter 15
User-Oriented Evaluation
Research taking place in several areas related to IR include:
Information extraction and text mining—usually through the use
of natural language processing (NLP) to extract facts and
knowledge from text
Summarization—Providing automated extracts or abstracts
summarizing the content of longer documents
Question-answering—Going beyond retrieval of documents to
providing actual answers to questions, as exemplified by the
IBM Corp. Watson system, which is being applied to medicine
(Ferrucci 2010)
Future Directions
There are many biomedical and health knowledge resources
17. online available in bibliographic databases, journals and other
full-text resources, Web sites, and other sources
Bibliographic content is likely to be indexed using controlled
vocabularies assigned by humans
Full-text and other resources are likely to be indexed via
extraction of words
The major approaches to searching biomedical and health
knowledge resources include exact-match searching using sets
and Boolean operators and partial-match searching on words
using relevance ranking
System-oriented evaluation studies tend to focus on
performance of search systems and usually involvement
measurement of the relevance-based measures of recall and
precision
User-oriented evaluation studies tend to compare users and their
abilities to complete tasks using retrieval systems
Conclusions
Chapter 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
Robert Hoyt MD
John Grizzard MD
18. Learning Objectives
After reviewing the presentation, viewers should be able to:
Describe the history behind digital radiology and the creation of
picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)
Itemize the benefits of digital radiology to clinicians, patients
and hospitals
List the challenges facing the adoption of picture archiving and
communication systems
Describe the difference between computed and digital radiology
Outline the field of medical imaging informatics
Describe new imaging technologies such as Web PACS and
mobile imaging viewers
19. Definitions
Medical Imaging Informatics: “study and application of
processes of information and communications technology for
the acquisition, manipulation, analysis and distribution of
medical image data”
Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM)
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS):
medical imaging technology which provides economical storage
of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities
Introduction
Medical Imaging Informatics:
Could belong to Biomedical informatics or Radiology
Study of imaging, acquisition, storage, interpretation and
sharing to improve patient care
Imaging data moves throughout medical enterprise and interacts
with EHRs, voice recognition dictation systems, computer-aided
diagnosis software, health information organizations, etc.
Important to have knowledge of workflow, networks, security,
data quality, hardware and software
20. Digital imaging
Started in the 1970s
First filmless hospital occurred in 1999
Transitioning to PACS
Similar to photography (film to digital)
Introduction of computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic
resonance imaging that all became digital
Eliminated need for film processing and storage rooms
Images could be viewed at a remote location
Advantages: cost savings, storage, retrieval
Transition to Filmless Radiology
Extensive initial costs
Printing remained for referring physicians
Use of film scanners for digital viewing
Proprietary imaging formats
Later, DICOM (DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications
in Medicine) standard was created
Upgrade conventional radiology rooms for CT, ultrasound, and
MRI for the digital world
Computer-based image archiving
21. Transition to Filmless Radiology
Integrate PACS with EHRs, hospital information systems (HISs)
and radiology information systems (RISs)
Veterans Health Administration launched a teleradiology
network in 2007 to provide radiology coverage to all of its
regions
Faster processors, higher capacity disk drives, higher resolution
monitors, more robust hospital information systems, better
servers and faster network speeds were necessary for the change
to digital imaging
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)
Full PACS
Images are processed from ultrasonography (US), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET),
computed tomography (CT), routine radiography and endoscopy
Mini-PACS
More limited and processes images from only one or two
modalities
22. PACS Key Components
PACS Key Components
Digital acquisition devices: sources of images, such as digital
angiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, CT, MRI , ultrasound
scanners
Network: ties PACS components together
Database server: high speed and robust central computer to
process information
Archival server: responsible for storing images and enables
short term (fast retrieval) and long term (slower retrieval)
storage
Radiology Information system (RIS): system that maintains
patient demographics, scheduling, billing information and
interpretations
23. Workstation: software and hardware to access PACS and
replaces standard light box or view box
Teleradiology: ability to remotely view images at a location
distant from the site of origin
Types of Digital Detectors
Computed radiography (CR)
After x-ray exposure to a special cassette, a laser reader scans
the image and converts it to a digital image. The image is erased
on the cassette so it can be used repeatedly
Digital radiography (DR)
Does not require an intermediate step of laser scanning
Typical PACS Workflow
Patient is identified in hospital information system (HIS)
An order is created that is sent to the radiology information
system (RIS) via an HL7 protocol
Orders will go to imaging device via the DICOM protocol
24. Image is created in DICOM format and sent to the PACS server
Images are stored in image archive
Radiologist is notified of a pending study
Study is then read at a computer workstation using high-
resolution monitors and viewing software available from a
variety of different vendors
Comparison can be made to prior studies
Diagnostic report is generated by the radiologist, often using
voice recognition software
Report is then stored on the PACS server
Web Based PACS
Reduce need for duplicate studies, and allow more rapid
diagnosis and treatment
DICOM imaging format could be an impediment to use of the
World Wide Web
Not browser compatible: Usually this entails downloading a
small application (thin client) from the PACS vendor that
enables the remote viewing station to act like a modified PACS
workstation
Alternate potential solution: "zero-footprint" Web viewer where
DICOM images are pre-converted to GIF
Legacy PACS compared to Web PACS in next slide
25. Legacy PACSWeb PACSOnly available on computers with
proper software installedAvailable anywhere with internet
accessUpgrades must be manually installedUpgrades are done
centrally or are not necessaryMultiple user interfacesOne user
interfaceDifficult to integrate with health information
exchangesEasy to integrate with health information
exchangesDifficult to link to multiple EHRsEasier to link to
EHRsLabor intensive for PACS administrator for maintenance
and trainingMuch less labor intensive for maintenance and
trainingCould involve multiple operating systemsOne operating
systemLess likely to be standards-basedUtilizes JPEG
compression, DICOM, HL7 and IHE profiles
Legacy vs. Web PACS
PACS and Mobile Technology
Until 2011, FDA prohibited physicians from using radiology
images displayed on mobile devices to make an official
diagnoses
Mobile MIM: Includes a VueMe version for patients
ResolutionMD Mobile is a medical imaging diagnostic
application for radiologists. Their server-based software
application allows physicians immediate access to the display,
26. reports, and analysis of patient images such as CT and MR,
stored within any healthcare facility, and to submit a clinical
diagnosis via their medical devices
OsiriX Mobile DICOM Viewer is a free PACS open source
viewer for the MAC operating system
PACS for a Hospital Desktop Features
Zoom-in feature for close-up detail
Ability to rotate images in any direction
Text button to see the report
Mark-up tool that does the following to the image: Adds text,
measures the size and ratios of objects
Measures angles
Measures the square area of a mass or region
Adds an arrow
Right click on the image and short cut tools appear
Export an image to any of the following destinations: Teaching
file,
CD-ROM, hard drive, USB drive, save to clipboard or Create
a video
27. PACS Advantages
Replaces a standard x-ray film archive
Allows for remote viewing and reporting
Expedites the incorporation of medical images into an
electronic health record
Images can be archived and transported on portable media, e.g.
USB drive and Apple’s iPhone
Other specialties that generate images may join PACS such as
cardiologists
PACS can be web-based and use “service oriented architecture”
Unlike conventional x-rays, digital films have a zoom feature
and can be manipulated in innumerable ways
Improves productivity by allowing multiple clinicians to view
the same image from different locations
Rapid retrieval of digital images for interpretation and
comparison with previous studies
PACS Advantages
Fewer “lost films”
Reports are more likely to accompany the digital image
Radiologists can view an image back and forth like a movie,
known as “stack mode”
28. Quicker reporting back to the requesting clinician
Digital imaging allows for computer aided detection (CAD)
Increased productivity
PACS Disadvantages
Cost: Open source and “rental PACS” are alternatives
New legislation cutting reimbursement rates
Expense and complexity to integrate with hospital and radiology
information systems and EHRs
Lack of interoperability with other PACSs
Bandwidth limits may require network upgrades
Different vendors may use different DICOM tags to label films
Viewing digital images a little slower than routine x-ray films
Workstations may require upgrades if high resolution monitors
are necessary
Moving Forward
Stage 2 Meaningful Use required both eligible professionals and
29. hospitals to incorporate (or make accessible) through their
electronic health records more than 10% of images ordered
Trend towards web based PACS
PACS is greatly accepted by clinicians
Fellowship in imaging informatics
Certificate in imaging informatics. Requirements can be found
in the textbook
Imaging Informatics Education
PACS is the logical progression from x-ray films to digital
imaging due to multiple new technologies
Medical Imaging Informatics will study the impact and
significance of all facets of digital imaging
PACS is very popular among clinicians, patients and hospitals,
but cost remains an issue
Web PACS offers more image interoperability options
Conclusions