This document discusses revising instructional materials to improve student learning. It recommends that teachers examine pre-tests and post-tests to identify gaps in student understanding and weaknesses in instructional materials. The document then provides examples of different types of instructional materials like distance education, computer-based instruction, and self-instructional materials. It offers guidance on analyzing student performance data from trials of instructional materials and determining what types of revisions are needed to content, procedures, or instructor-led materials to improve student outcomes.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Background
Revising instructional materials was designed to draw
implications about the entry behaviors of a target
audience. Teachers should examine and review pre-
tests and post-tests to compare and see where the
gaps are, to ensure that it is useful for teachers and
students. It is important to check on procedures and
implementation changes as needed.
3. Objectives
Identify weakness in
instructional materials
Identify weakness in
instructor-led materials
Identify problems in
instructional materials
How so suggest revisions for
problematic materials
4.
5. What Materials
Terminology and description will be administer
to learners.
Examples:
• Distance Education
• Computer-base Instruction
• Self-Instruction Material
6. What Is Distance Education
Distance education, also known as
distance learning, is a field of education
using educational strategies that take
advantage of technology to deliver
lessons to students without ever requiring
them to be in a traditional educational
setting such as a classroom
7. What Is Computer-based Instruction
Computer-based instruction, or CBI, is a teaching
approach that integrates computer software
programs with other teaching materials in the
classroom. Other terms used for CBI are: computer-
based training, computer-assisted instruction and
computer-assisted learning. There are many ways
CBI can be used in the classrooms or as standalone
learning tools. Teachers use CBI for drills and
practices, tutorials, simulations, and instructional
games.
8. What Is Self-Instruction Material
It is about how
students instruct
themselves with self-
instructional material
without any help of
the teacher, its
advantages over
textbooks.
9. Analysis For One-to-One Trails
The designer has five kind of basic
information available:
1. Learner characteristic and entry behaviors
2. Direct response to the instructions
3. Learning time
4. Posttest performance
5. Responses to an attitude questionnaire
10. Analysis For One-to-One Trails
Revise Instruction:
• Try to determine, based in learner performance, whether
your rubric or test items are fault. If flawed, then
changes should be made to mark them consistent with
the objectives and the intent of the instructions. If the
items are satisfactory, and the learners performed poor
than the instruction must be changed.
11. You have three sources of suggestions for
change and they are as following:
1. Learner suggestions
2. Learner performance
3. Your own reactions to the instructions.
Analysis For One-to-One Trails
12. Analysis Data From Small-Group and Field
Trails
The available data typically includes the following:
1. items performance on the pretest
2. posttest
3. response to an attitude questionnaire;
4. learning and testing time
5. comments made directly in the materials.
13. Analysis Data From Small-Group and Field
Trails
The purpose for the item-by-objective analysis is
threefold:
1. To determine the difficulty of each item for the
group
2. To determine the difficult of each objective for
the group
3. To determine the consistency with which the set
of items within an objective measures learners’
performance on the objective.
14. Data Examination Sequence
Once data has been collected, it
should be used in the following order:
Entry behavior required
Pretests and posttests used
Instructional strategy employed
Learning time required
Instructional procedures used
Revision process
15. Types Of Revisions
Revision of instructions occur after a formative
evaluation. There are two types of revisions.
1. Change made to the content or substance of the
material to make them more accurate or
effective.
2. Concerns the procedures employed in using the
materials.
16. Revision Process
Given all the data from small-group or fields-
trials evaluations, the designer must make
decisions about how to make revisions.
Otherwise, the strategies suggested for revising
instructions following the one-to-one
evaluations also apply at this point-namely, use
the data your experience, and sound learning
principles as the bases for your revisions.
17. Revising Instructor Led-
Instruction
Instructors working from an instructor’s guide have the
same flexibility as the developer for changing
instructions.
The instructors notes from the guide should reflect
questions raised by learners and response to those
questions.
Unlike using written instructional materials, the
instructors can revise the presentation during this
implementation and note the reasons for the change.
19. SUMMARY
To develop lifelong learner, we should show our students how to
be creative. Students can be guided in selecting or designing the
best ways to demonstrate their own learning. As a future educator,
I want to help my students to have the determination to succeed.
If we can show students’ the importance of success, they can
learn to self-monitor and self-assess progress toward meeting
their goals. To further motivate lifelong learners, teachers should
examine and review pre-tests and post-tests to compare and see
where the gaps are. Teachers should also revise instructions as
needed.
