Chapter 10.1 RSTP.pdf
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Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) was created to keep up with the faster convergence speeds of routing protocols like OSPF and EIGRP when responding to network changes. RSTP works by designating alternative and backup ports that can immediately enter the forwarding state rather than passively waiting for the network to converge like STP. It is faster than STP by allowing blocking ports to immediately transition to forwarding when the root port fails and adding a mechanism for replacing designated ports without waiting to forward.
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RSTP (rapid spanning tree protocol)
In 2001, the IEEE introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) as 802.1w. RSTP provides significantly
faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change, introducing new convergence behavior and
bridge port roles to do this. RSTP was designed to be backwards-compatible with standard STP.
While STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond
to changes within 3 × Hello times (default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few milliseconds of a physical
link failure. The so-called Hello time is an important and configurable time interval that is used by RSTP
for several purposes; its default value is 2 seconds.
Ijcn 114DRSTP: A Simple Technique for Preventing Count-to-Infinity in RSTP Co...
Ethernet is a dominant local area network (LAN) technology from last three decades. Today most LANs are switched Ethernet networks. Spanning tree protocol is a vital protocol for smooth operation of switched Ethernet networks. However the current standard of spanning tree protocol for Ethernet – commonly known as Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol or in short RSTP – is highly susceptible to classical count-to-infinity problem. This problem adversely effects the network convergence time, depending upon how long count-to-infinity situation persists in the network, and thus leads to network congestion and packet loss. In the worst case, even forwarding loops may be induced that further enhances the network congestion. Thus, the dependability of RSTP controlled Ethernet networks are highly questionable due to its vulnerability against the count-to-infinity problem. This paper first discusses the count-to-infinity problem in spanning tree controlled Ethernet networks, in general and in RSTP controlled Ethernet networks, in particular. Then this paper proposes a simple solution to overwhelm this problem efficiently.
Difference b/w STP RSTP PVST & MSTP
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
A Critical Note On Ring Flushing
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol enable switches to flood incoming frame with broadcast or unknown unicast destination address even in switched Ethernet networks having redundant links. It also allows switches to secretly learn location of connected devices in such networks. However some of those learnt location may become stale if a topology change is detected by RSTP and need to be flushed by switches in the network. It is find that standard address flushing technique of RSTP flushes too many addresses from large number of switches after a topology change. As a result there is a sudden massive increase in flooding traffic which may cause network-wide congestion, frame delay and frame loss. Recently a new address flushing technique named as Ring Flushing was proposed for RSTP that flushes addresses from small number of selective ports of very selective switches and so dramatically reduces the amount of flooding traffic after a topology change. However, number of flaws are identified in the current implementation of this newly proposed technique. This paper will not critically discuss the flaws in the current implementation of Ring Flushing but will also propose there simple yet effective solutions.
RRSTP: A Spanning Tree Protocol for Obviating Count-to-Infinity from Switched...
This paper will presents a highly reliable and rapidly converging spanning tree protocol named as Reliable Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. The need of this spanning tree protocol is felt because reliability of switched Ethernet networks is heavily dependent upon that of spanning tree protocol. But current standard spanning tree protocol – Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol – is well known for its susceptibility to classical count-to-infinity problem. Because of this problem the protocol has extremely variable and unexpectedly high convergence time even in small networks. As a result network wide congestion, frame loss and frame delay may occur. Even forwarding loops may be induced into the network under certain circumstances. It is expected that the new protocol – RRSTP – will significantly increase the dependability of switched Ethernet networks by providing guaranteed protection against the count-to-infinity problem.
Why hierarchical routing is employed in Internet 2.2.What are the tw.docx
Hierarchical routing organizes routers in a hierarchical manner to reduce complexity and routing table size as networks grow larger. Inter-AS routing propagates reachability information between autonomous systems and configures forwarding tables to determine the best gateway for packet delivery. Hot potato routing passes data packets between networks as quickly as possible without buffering to avoid congestion, especially in networks where messages cannot be stored. The major differences between RIP and OSPF are that RIP uses distance vector routing, has a maximum hop count of 15, and does not divide networks into areas, while OSPF uses link-state routing, has no hop count limit, and divides networks into areas and backbones.
Why hierarchical routing is employed in Internet- 2-2-What are the two.docx
Why hierarchical routing is employed in Internet? 2.2.What are the two major jobs of inter-AS routing? 2.3.What is hot potato routing? 2.4.What are the major differences between RIP and OSPF?
Solution
2.1why hierarchical routing is employed in internet
Hierarchical routing is the procedure of arranging routers in a hierarchical manner. A good example would be to consider a corporate intranet. Most corporate intranets consist of a high speed backbone network. It decreases the complexity of network topology, increases routing efficiency, and causes much less congestionbecause of fewer routing advertisements. When the network size grows, the number of routers in the network increases. Consequently, the size of routing tables increases, as well, and routers can\'t handle network traffic as efficiently. We use hierarchical routing to overcome this problem.
2.2 two major jobs of inter AS routing
Inter As routing propagates reachability info to all internal router.
To configure the forwarding table, router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forward packets for dest..
2.3 What is hot potato routing
Hot potato routing is a routing technique enabling packet routing without storing them in buffers. Instead, this technique continuously transfers data packets until they reach their destination without the packets having to wait or be stored in a buffer. It is the practice of passing traffic off to another autonomous system as quickly as possible, thus using their network for wide-area transit.
This technique is most commonly used in optical networks where messages cannot be stored in any medium. Hot potato routing is used when individual communication links cannot support more than one packet at a time.
Hot potato routing is also known as deflection routing.
2.4 Difference between RIP and OSPF
Both RIP and OSPF are examples of interior routing protocols. RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol and OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First.
RIP is a distance vector protocol and OSPF is a link state protocol.
In RIP protocol, networks are not divided in areas or tables. The metrics used in OSPF are bandwidth and delay.
In RIP maximum hop count is 15. In OSPF no hop count.
In RIP protocol, networks are not divided in areas or tables. In OSPF, routing is carried out in autonomous system, into areas, sub areas as well as backbone areas.
.
Open Shortest Path First
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses link-state information to make routing decisions. Each router running OSPF floods link-state advertisements (LSAs) throughout the area or autonomous system that contain information about that router's attached interfaces and metrics. Routers then use the information in LSAs to calculate the shortest path to each network and build routing tables. OSPF supports different network types including broadcast, point-to-point, non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA), and point-to-multipoint. It elects a designated router on broadcast networks to reduce the number of adjacencies formed and amount of routing information exchanged.
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RSTP (rapid spanning tree protocol)
In 2001, the IEEE introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) as 802.1w. RSTP provides significantly
faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change, introducing new convergence behavior and
bridge port roles to do this. RSTP was designed to be backwards-compatible with standard STP.
While STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond
to changes within 3 × Hello times (default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few milliseconds of a physical
link failure. The so-called Hello time is an important and configurable time interval that is used by RSTP
for several purposes; its default value is 2 seconds.
Ijcn 114DRSTP: A Simple Technique for Preventing Count-to-Infinity in RSTP Co...
Ethernet is a dominant local area network (LAN) technology from last three decades. Today most LANs are switched Ethernet networks. Spanning tree protocol is a vital protocol for smooth operation of switched Ethernet networks. However the current standard of spanning tree protocol for Ethernet – commonly known as Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol or in short RSTP – is highly susceptible to classical count-to-infinity problem. This problem adversely effects the network convergence time, depending upon how long count-to-infinity situation persists in the network, and thus leads to network congestion and packet loss. In the worst case, even forwarding loops may be induced that further enhances the network congestion. Thus, the dependability of RSTP controlled Ethernet networks are highly questionable due to its vulnerability against the count-to-infinity problem. This paper first discusses the count-to-infinity problem in spanning tree controlled Ethernet networks, in general and in RSTP controlled Ethernet networks, in particular. Then this paper proposes a simple solution to overwhelm this problem efficiently.
Difference b/w STP RSTP PVST & MSTP
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
A Critical Note On Ring Flushing
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol enable switches to flood incoming frame with broadcast or unknown unicast destination address even in switched Ethernet networks having redundant links. It also allows switches to secretly learn location of connected devices in such networks. However some of those learnt location may become stale if a topology change is detected by RSTP and need to be flushed by switches in the network. It is find that standard address flushing technique of RSTP flushes too many addresses from large number of switches after a topology change. As a result there is a sudden massive increase in flooding traffic which may cause network-wide congestion, frame delay and frame loss. Recently a new address flushing technique named as Ring Flushing was proposed for RSTP that flushes addresses from small number of selective ports of very selective switches and so dramatically reduces the amount of flooding traffic after a topology change. However, number of flaws are identified in the current implementation of this newly proposed technique. This paper will not critically discuss the flaws in the current implementation of Ring Flushing but will also propose there simple yet effective solutions.
RRSTP: A Spanning Tree Protocol for Obviating Count-to-Infinity from Switched...
This paper will presents a highly reliable and rapidly converging spanning tree protocol named as Reliable Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. The need of this spanning tree protocol is felt because reliability of switched Ethernet networks is heavily dependent upon that of spanning tree protocol. But current standard spanning tree protocol – Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol – is well known for its susceptibility to classical count-to-infinity problem. Because of this problem the protocol has extremely variable and unexpectedly high convergence time even in small networks. As a result network wide congestion, frame loss and frame delay may occur. Even forwarding loops may be induced into the network under certain circumstances. It is expected that the new protocol – RRSTP – will significantly increase the dependability of switched Ethernet networks by providing guaranteed protection against the count-to-infinity problem.
Why hierarchical routing is employed in Internet 2.2.What are the tw.docx
Hierarchical routing organizes routers in a hierarchical manner to reduce complexity and routing table size as networks grow larger. Inter-AS routing propagates reachability information between autonomous systems and configures forwarding tables to determine the best gateway for packet delivery. Hot potato routing passes data packets between networks as quickly as possible without buffering to avoid congestion, especially in networks where messages cannot be stored. The major differences between RIP and OSPF are that RIP uses distance vector routing, has a maximum hop count of 15, and does not divide networks into areas, while OSPF uses link-state routing, has no hop count limit, and divides networks into areas and backbones.
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Why hierarchical routing is employed in Internet? 2.2.What are the two major jobs of inter-AS routing? 2.3.What is hot potato routing? 2.4.What are the major differences between RIP and OSPF?
Solution
2.1why hierarchical routing is employed in internet
Hierarchical routing is the procedure of arranging routers in a hierarchical manner. A good example would be to consider a corporate intranet. Most corporate intranets consist of a high speed backbone network. It decreases the complexity of network topology, increases routing efficiency, and causes much less congestionbecause of fewer routing advertisements. When the network size grows, the number of routers in the network increases. Consequently, the size of routing tables increases, as well, and routers can\'t handle network traffic as efficiently. We use hierarchical routing to overcome this problem.
2.2 two major jobs of inter AS routing
Inter As routing propagates reachability info to all internal router.
To configure the forwarding table, router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forward packets for dest..
2.3 What is hot potato routing
Hot potato routing is a routing technique enabling packet routing without storing them in buffers. Instead, this technique continuously transfers data packets until they reach their destination without the packets having to wait or be stored in a buffer. It is the practice of passing traffic off to another autonomous system as quickly as possible, thus using their network for wide-area transit.
This technique is most commonly used in optical networks where messages cannot be stored in any medium. Hot potato routing is used when individual communication links cannot support more than one packet at a time.
Hot potato routing is also known as deflection routing.
2.4 Difference between RIP and OSPF
Both RIP and OSPF are examples of interior routing protocols. RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol and OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First.
RIP is a distance vector protocol and OSPF is a link state protocol.
In RIP protocol, networks are not divided in areas or tables. The metrics used in OSPF are bandwidth and delay.
In RIP maximum hop count is 15. In OSPF no hop count.
In RIP protocol, networks are not divided in areas or tables. In OSPF, routing is carried out in autonomous system, into areas, sub areas as well as backbone areas.
.
Open Shortest Path First
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses link-state information to make routing decisions. Each router running OSPF floods link-state advertisements (LSAs) throughout the area or autonomous system that contain information about that router's attached interfaces and metrics. Routers then use the information in LSAs to calculate the shortest path to each network and build routing tables. OSPF supports different network types including broadcast, point-to-point, non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA), and point-to-multipoint. It elects a designated router on broadcast networks to reduce the number of adjacencies formed and amount of routing information exchanged.
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http://cyberintelligent.blogspot.in
+91 9876162698 +919988288019
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The concept of the spanning tree protocol was devised to address broadcast storming. The spanning tree algorithm itself is defined by the IEEE standard 802.1D and its later revisions.
The IEEE Standard 802.1 uses the term bridge to define the spanning tree operation, and uses terms such as Bridge Protocol Data Units and Root Bridge when defining spanning tree protocol functions.
When a bridge receives a frame, it reads the source and destination address fields. The bridge then enters the frame’s source address in its forwarding database. In doing this the bridge associates the frame’s source address with the network attached to the por t on which the frame was received. The bridge also reads the destination address and if it can find this address in its forwarding database, it forwards the frame to the appropriate port. If the bridge does not recognize the destination address, it forwards the frame out from all its por ts except for the one on which the frame was received, and then waits for a reply. This process is known as “flooding”. Similarly, packets with broadcast or multicast destination MAC addresses will be flooded by a bridge.
A significant problem arises where bridges connect via multiple paths. A frame that arrives with an unknown or broadcast/multicast destination address is flooded over all available paths. The arrival of these frames at another network via different paths and bridges produces major problems. The bridges find the same source MAC address arriving on
multiple different por ts, making it impossible to maintain a reliable forwarding database. As a result, increasing numbers of packets will be forwarded to multiple paths. This process is selfperpetuating and produces a condition known as a packet storm, where the increase of circulating frames can eventually overload the network.
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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
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Ospf
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Exploration lan switching_chapter5
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
Protocolo Spanning Tree
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
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Chapter 10.1 RSTP.pdf
- 1. RSTP
- 2. RAPID SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL Routing protocol like OSPF and EIGRP are mush faster than spanning tree when they deel with change a network. To keep with a speed of these routing protocol another flavur of spanning was created called rapid spanning tree. RSTP works by adding an alternative port and a backup port compared to STP. These ports are allowed to immediately enter the forwarding state rather than passively wait for the network to converge.
- 3. STP RSTP disabled discarding blocking discarding listening discarding learning learning forwarding forwarding
- 4. How is it faster ?? RST makes a Blocking Port to move to forwarding state immediately when RP fails. RSTP adds a new mechanism to replace a designated port, without any waiting to reach a forwarding state (in some conditions). Max age timer is just 3 times hello but in STP it was 10 times the hello. RSTP can send and receive hello between the neighbor instead of waiting for the Root switch hellos.
- 5. RSTP States and Processes