Graphic design and illustration aim to visually communicate messages through visual presentations. Graphic design has existed since early civilizations used written languages and symbols, and modern graphic design is rooted in developments like the printing press and industrial revolution. Key aspects of graphic design and illustration include symbols, logos, typography, layout, posters/advertisements, and illustration. Sculpture is a 3D art form that has been practiced for millennia using various materials and techniques like modeling, assembling, carving, and casting. Sculpture can be figurative or abstract and range in scale from small figurines to large earthworks that alter landscapes.

1. Chapter 10
Graphic design and illustration

2. • Graphic design – Visual presentation of information
– the goal is communication of a specific message
– Usually trying to sell something or give directions
• Sometimes called commercial art
– At SIU they call the degree a communications
design

3. Examples of things that are designed
before production
• Books • Book jackets
• Newspapers • Magazines
• Advertisements • Packaging
• Websites • CD covers
• Road signs • Logos
• Television & film credits

4. How old is graphic design art?
• Since the beginning of civilization
• Written languages
• Symbols
• Today’s graphic design is rooted in
– Invention of the printing press, 15th century
• Reproduction and distribution
–Industrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuries
Increased commercial applications
– Prior, most products were local
– After, mass manufacturing

5. symbols
• Most basic level of communication
• Letters are symbols
Ω Ж Φ Ш М
• Even arrows had to be developed
→ Δ

6. yin yang – dynamic balance of opposites,
explains existence
female/male
being/nonbeing
light/dark
action/inaction
opposites are
mutually
interdependent
both are
necessary to
make the whole

7. Symbols have no meaning in themselves,
they are given meaning by society.
The swastika dates back
to Neolithic Europe,
up to 5,700 yrs ago. Svastika = Sanskrit for good luck.
India

8. US Dept of
Transportation,
1974
developed to
communicate to
international travelers
by
Cook and Shanosky
Associates

9. logos

10. typography
• The arrangement and appearance of letters
• Calligraphy • Font, typeface
• People began to pay special attention to this with the
invention of movable type, 1450
• Sometimes designers will create their own lettering
• Sometimes designers use a combination of typefaces

11. Joan Dobkin,
leaflet for Amnesty International, 1991
Textbook,
pg 243

12. layout
• Blueprint for how an extended work such as a
book or magazine should look
– The way a page or a pair of pages are balanced
• Using smaller and larger shapes
• Using darker and lighter colors
• Generally asymmetrical
• Looking for a visual appeal

13. posters/ads
• Color lithography (19th century) brought about
eye-catching posters
– Color wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapers
• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
– Flat simplified forms influenced by Japanese prints
– Immediately collector’s items

14. Toulouse-Lautrec

15. Toulouse-Lautrec

16. Constructivism – a graphic
design art movement after the
Russian Revolution of 1917
They had high hopes to create a
new society, wanted to make
art for the masses, not the elite.
They used bold compositions.
During the 1930s, the Soviet
gov’t abolished independent
artist groups, the gov’t
demanded all art to be clear,
easy to understand & realistic.
Poster for the 1930 film "Earth"
by the Stenberg brothers

17. Milton Glaser, 1996

18. illustration
• An image created to accompany words
– Books - Poems
– Magazines - Newspapers
• Illustration is a different kind of environment
for artists
– Tight deadlines
– The work is usually thrown away
• Illustrators usually find ways to work quickly but still
create striking images

19. Norman Rockwell
did about 6 covers a year for
The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.
He did 322
covers for
TSEP

24. Rockwell’s last cover for the Post
1960, 1963

25. Norman Rockwell, lithograph, 1942
Part of
The Four Freedoms
series.

26. Norman Rockwell
He also worked for
the Boy Scouts, and
he illustrated over
40 books.
He produced over
4000 original
works.

27. Alan Lee

28. John Howe

29. Ted Nasmith

30. End of chapter 10
• Except digital realms…….

31. Chapter 11
Sculpture and Installation

32. Sculpture
Maman, Louise Bourgeois, 1999,
Bronze, steel and marble, St. Petersburg, Russia

33. Sculpture
• Sculpture is 3D, the third dimension is depth
• One of the most ancient art forms
– Still very exciting today
• New materials
– Metal, wood, stone
– fiberglass, fabric, actual light, flowers
• Installation
– incorporates the entire exhibit space

34. 4 basic methods for making sculpture
• Modeling
 Additive process
• Assembling
 Additive process
• Carving
 Subtractive process
• Casting
 Liquid is poured into a mold to harden

35. Modeling
• The most direct sculpture method
• Most common material is clay
• The pliable material is shaped and
formed with hands and tools
– Pinching, smoothing
– Gouging, scratching, making textures
• More material can be added
• While kept wet, clay can be worked
and reworked indefinitely

36. Ife head, terracotta, Africa,
probably 12-14th centuries

37. Olmec baby-face figurine,
hollow, whiteware ceramics
Mesoamerica, 1400-400BCE

38. Venus of Dolní Věstonice, clay,
before 25,000 BCE

39. Casting
• Very indirect method of forming sculpture
– Sometimes an artist never touches the finished work
• Bronze is the most common association with
casting
– the metal can be superheated until it flows easily to
be poured into a mold
– It hardens to extreme durability

40. Somaskanda (Shiva and his wife Uma)
12th century, Chola dynasty, Bronze

41. Ife, bronze casting from Yoruba,
13th century

42. lost-wax casting
• 5000 year history
• Simple and ingenious
• Textbook, pg 254
• http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/casting.php
• Sometimes sculptures are cast in pieces and then
assembled, welded together over an armature
• Usually the mold is reusable & multiples are made
• The sculptures are not solid
• Other materials besides metal can be used for
finished cast artworks: fiberglass, resin,

43. Vaquero, Luis Jimenez,
Modeled 1980, cast 1990. Height 16’7”
Acrylic, urethane, fiberglass, steel armature.

44. The Thinker, Rodin, 1879-89

45. The Burghers of Calais, Rodin, 1884

46. carving
• More aggressive than modeling, more direct
than casting
• Sculptor begins with a block of material
– Wood, stone, plaster
• Jade is too hard to be carved, can only be shaped
through abrasion
• Basalt – a volcanic stone used by the Olmec
– The grain must be considered when carving

47. Dagger with horse head pommel. India, Mughal dynasty, 17th
century. Blade: Damascus steel inlaid with gold; hilt: jade with
carved decoration, inlaid with gold and semi-precious stones.

48. Colossal head of La Venta, Mexico,
Olmec, 700 BCE

49. Olowe of Ise, Bowl with figures,
early 20th century, wood, pigment, height 25”

50. Olowe of Ise

51. “The Dying Gaul” marble, 3rd cen BCE,
a roman copy of Hellenistic bronze

52. Michelangelo’s Pieta

53. assembling
• Assemblage - Individual parts can be placed on
or near each other
• Construction – the pieces are joined together
• Sometimes the parts are called “found objects”

54. Joseph Cornell, 1945

55. Joseph Cornell, 1936

56. Joseph Cornell, 1943

57. Meret Oppenheim, Object, 1936
gazelle fur covered teacup, saucer & spoon

58. Alexander Calder

59. Alice Aycock, "The Uncertainty of Ground State
Fluctuations," installation view in Clayton, Missouri (2007)

60. John Kearney, chromed car bumpers
www.cedarhurst.org

61. John Kearney

62. Sculpture
• Low relief – the subject projects very slightly from
the background
– A coin, carved doors, an Egyptian tomb wall
• High relief – the subject projects much more
boldly from the background
– Projects at least half its depth
• sculpture “in the round” – the viewer can walk
completely around the sculpture, the view from
all sides is interesting
– Sometimes there is still a front and back

63. Pharaoh Akhenaten with his wife Nefertiti and daughters.
Sometimes called sunken relief or intaglio

64. Roman frieze

65. Lapith fighting a centaur, Parthenon,
ca. 447–433 BC

66. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise

67. Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise, detail

68. Ghiberti, 1401

69. earthwork
• Art made for a specific place usually using the
materials found on the site

70. Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson,
Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 - present

71. Spiral Jetty

72. Serpent Mound, Ohio, 1070,
overall length 1300’

73. Serpent Mound

74. Nazca Lines, Peru, 200BCE-700CE

78. Nazca lines
The lines are shallow designs made in the ground by removing the ubiquitous
reddish pebbles and uncovering the whitish ground beneath.

79. Christo and Jeanne-Claude, pg 275
http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/#
The Umbrellas, Japan, 1991

80. The Umbrellas, California

81. Reichstag, Berlin, Germany

82. Wrapped Reichstag, 1995

83. Valley Curtain, Colorado, 1972

84. Running Fence, Sonoma, California,
1976

85. Jeff Koons, Puppy, 1992+, live flowering plants,
earth, geotextile, internal irrigation system

86. End of chapter