This document provides an overview of a computer programming course in C++. The key points are: 1. The course aims to teach computational thinking concepts, algorithm development skills, and the ability to write C++ programs. 2. The first chapter introduces basic computer science concepts like hardware components, software types, and the software development cycle. It also defines key terms like algorithms, source code, and integrated development environments. 3. The document contrasts structured and object-oriented programming approaches, with object-oriented design being a core focus of C++.

1. BTE2313 – Computer Programming
C++ Programing
Lecturer: Samson Mekbib

2. Learning Outcomes (BTE2313)
Ability to analyze basic algorithms and elements of C++.
Ability to write computer programs using C++.
Work in teams to develop, design and implement simple
computer programs.

3. What this course is all about?
Introduction on the concepts of computational thinking.
 To help you learn how to think like a computer scientist
 Make the computer do what you want it to do
 To help you develop a computational mind set
 Whenever you face technical problem thinking how to solve
it computationally.
 To help you acquire the skills of developing algorithms (set
of instructions for solving technical problems).
To develop the skill of using the basic computational tools to
write C++ programs.
Ability to use the vocabulary of computational tools in order to
understand programs written by others (Reading is as
important as writing a code, it help you modify existing
codes to solve related problems. Save you time and energy).

4. CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
References:
1. C++ How to program, Deital, H.M. and Deital, P.J. Prentice
Hall, Eaglewood (NJ), 2008.
2. Code complete: A practical Handbook of Software
Construction. McConnell, S. Microsoft Press, Redmond
(WA), 1993.
3. C++ Program Design An Introduction to Programming and
Object-Oriented Design.

5. Lesson Outcomes (Chap. 1)
1. To understand basic computer science concepts
2. To become familiar with different types of programming languages
3. Learn about the evolution of programming languages
4. To understand the difference of structured and object oriented
design of programming approaches.
5. To understand the C++ program development environment
6. Learn what an algorithm is and explore problem-solving techniques

6. Computers and Computation
Computer
 A computer is a machine that can perform computation.
 It could be a fixed program computer like ATM, Calculator, Control
system component of machineries and vehicles or a general purpose
personal computer we are more often familiar with.
What is Computation?
 computations are carried out to solve meaningful and useful problems
 computation involves the following three components
 Input data
 The input data is processed by a well-defined and finite sequence
of steps (algorithm - set of instructions like a RECIPE)
 Output / results

7. Computation
Computation : How to deduce the unknown based on existing
knowledge using a planned sequence of steps (algorithm or recipe).
EXAMPLE : How to solve the square root of a number:
2
(X/G))(G
Gwithtrialrepeatelse
G)x(i.e.Gstop
X,Gif
GnumberguessedawithStart
Solution
0yforx,yyx
:
2
2





knowweWhat

8. Basic components of computers
CPU - central processing unit
 Where decisions are made, computations are performed, and input/output
requests are delegated
Memory
 Stores information being processed by the CPU
 Two major types
 Main memory / Random Access Memory (RAM) (High speed and
limited space memory, contents maybe lost during power down)
 Secondary memory (relatively inexpensive, bigger and low speed
memory e.g. hard disk (HDD, CD-ROM etc.)
Input devices
 Used to supply information to computers
Output devices
 Used to receive information from computers
BUS – A bus is a set of data transfer wires that connect the above components.

9. Simplified computer architecture
CPU consists of:
1. Control unit – responsible
for flow of data and
instructions.
2. An Arithmetic and Logical
unit (ALU) – has a
processor that perform
arithmetic functions (like
Addition, Subtraction etc.),
and another processor for
logical manipulation (AND,
OR etc.)
3. Registers - A finite number
of small memory cells for
storing intermediate
results.

10. CPU
The brain of the computing device
 Arithmetic calculations and logic operations are performed
using the Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALU
 Control unit decodes and executes instructions
All arithmetic operations inside the computer are performed
using binary number system (0’s & 1’s)

11. Fetch/Execute Cycle
The fetch/execute cycle is the steps
the CPU takes to execute an
instruction
Performing the action specified by
an instruction is known as executing
the instruction
The program counter (PC) holds the
memory address of the next
instruction Fetch the instruction to
which the PC points
Increment the PC
Execute the fetched
instruction

12. Input and Output Devices
Accessories that allow computer to perform specific tasks
 Receive information for processing
 Return the results of processing
 Store information
Accessories that allow computer to perform specific tasks
 Receive information for processing
 Return the results of processing
 Store information
Common input and output devices
 Speakers Mouse Scanner
 Printer Joystick CD-ROM
 Keyboard Microphone DVD
Accessories that allow computer to perform specific tasks
 Receive information for processing
 Return the results of processing
 Store information
Common input and output devices
 Speakers Mouse Scanner
 Printer Joystick CD-ROM
 Keyboard Microphone DVD
Some devices are capable of both input and output
 Floppy drive Hard drive Magnetic tape
units

13. Monitor
Display device that operates like a television
 Also known as CRT (cathode ray tube)
Controlled by an output device called a graphics card
Displayable area
 Measured in dots per inch, dots
are often referred to as
pixels (short for picture
element)
 Standard resolution
is 640 by 480
 Many cards support
resolution of 1280 by
1024 or better
 Number of colors supported varies from 16 to billions
1280
pixels
across
screen
1024
pixels
down
screen

14. Application software
 Programs designed to perform specific tasks that are
transparent to the user
System software
 Programs that support the execution and development of
other programs
 Two major types
 Operating systems
 Translation systems
Software

15. Application software is the software that has made using
computers very important and popular
Application software involves solving a problem or providing a
service in a particular problem domain.
Common application software
 Word processors
 Desktop publishing programs
 Spreadsheets
 Presentation managers
 Drawing programs (like AutoCAD)
Learning how to develop small application software is our focus
Application Software

16. The operating system is the most important program that runs
on a computer (Examples Windows®, UNIX®, Mac OS X®)
Every general purpose computer should have an operating
system to run other programs.
Tasks performed by an operating system include:
 Recognizing input from input devices (like keyboard &
mouse)
 Sending output to the display screen
 Control peripheral devices (printers, disk drive etc.)
 Keep track of files and directories on the disk
 Commands that allow for manipulation of the file system
 Sort, delete, copy
Operating System/Software

17. Translation System
Set of programs used to develop software
A key component of a translation system is a translator
Some types of translators
 Compiler
 Converts from one language to another
 Linker
 Combines resources
Examples
 Microsoft Visual C++®, CBuilder®, g++, Code Warrior®
Performs compilation, linking, and other activities.

18. Software Development Cycle
Compile
Link
Library routines
Other object files
Think
Edit
Load
Execute
Source Program
As a programmer you need to be
concerned only with writing the
source code, run the program
and see how it behaves and edit
your code again if necessary.

19. Definitions
Source code – an original computer program written by a
programmer using high level programming language like C++.
Object code – is a binary code machine language translated
from the source code into machine language by compiler or
assembler.
Compiler – a type of translator that verify if the program obeys
the programming language rule (i.e. check if the program is
syntactically correct).
Linker - is a type of program that combines the object code
received from the compiler with files and objects from the library.
Loader – is a type of program that loads the executable program
into the main memory for execution.

20. IDEs
Integrated Development Environments or IDEs
 Supports the entire software development cycle
 E.g., MS Visual C++, Borland, Code Warrior
C++ IDE Provides all the capabilities for developing software
 Editor
 Compiler
 Linker
 Loader
 Debugger
 Viewer

21. Programming Languages
There are a number of programming languages
 C++
 Visual Basics
 Python
 MATLAB
 Java etc.
If you can write computer programs using one language it is
easier to learn the other languages. The concept of computation
and the programming structure is common for all languages.
Basically anything you can do with one programming language
you can also do with another language
There is no best language but some languages are good in
some specific job than others

22. History of C++ Programming
C++ as the name implies, is essentially based on the C –
programing language.
The C programming language was developed in 1970’s at Bell
Laboratories by Dennis Ritchie
C++ began in 1979 with first commercialization in 1985
C++ is essentially C taken to the next level, i.e. C++ supports
all C commands and also has many additions. Hence C++ is a
super set of the C programming language.
Though there are different improvement the most obvious
difference between C and C++ is, C++ supports object
orientation (Object Oriented Design, ODD)

23. Structured and Object Oriented
Programming
Structured programming approach (step wise refinement):
 Dividing a problem into smaller sub problems
 Each sub problem will be analyzed and a solution obtained
 Solutions of sub problems are then combined to solve the
overall problem
Object-oriented design or programming approach:
 Identify the components called objects which form the basis
of the solution
 Examine how this objects interact
 Develop algorithm for operations on objects

24. Object Oriented Design (OOD)
Consider writing a program to automate a video rental process for
a video sore
 What are the two main objects in this problem?
 The Video
 The customer
After identifying the objects the next step is to specify relevant data
for each object and possible operation to be performed on that data
 Video object data (movie name, producer, number of copies in
stock …)
 Operations on a video object (checking the name of the movie,
reduce the number of copies by one when a copy is rented,
increment the number of copies by one when a customer returns
a particular video.

25. The decimal (base ten) numeral system has ten possible values
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, or 9) for each place-value.
In contrast, the binary (base two) numeral system has two possible
values represented as 0 or 1 for each place-value.
Since the binary system is the internal language of electronic
computers, serious computer programmers should understand how
to convert from decimal to binary and vice versa.
Simpler method for conversion of decimal to binary – division by 2
and account for the reminders.
To avoid confusion before and after conversion, write the number
of the base system that you are working with as a subscript of each
number. In this case, the decimal number will have a subscript of
10 and the binary equivalent will have a subscript of 2.
Decimal & Binary Arithmetic

26. Conversion decimal to binary

27. Both the decimal and binary number systems are positional number
systems, i.e. position of digit indicates its relative value.
The individual digits of a binary number are referred to as bits
(where, 1 byte = 8 bits)
 Each bit represents a power of two
01011 = 0 • 24 + 1 • 23 + 0 • 22 + 1 • 21 + 1 • 20 = 11
00010 = 0 • 24 + 0 • 23 + 0 • 22 + 1 • 21 + 0 • 20 = 2
Binary Arithmetic
Binary
addition
13
+ 23
36
Equivalent
decimal
addition
1 1 1 1 1 (carried digits)
0 1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 = 36

28. Binary Arithmetic
5
× 3
15
Equivalent decimal
multiplication
0101
× 0011
0101
0101
0000
0000
0001111
Binary
multiplication

29. Two’s Complement
Representation for signed binary numbers (i.e. –ve and +ve )
Leading bit is a sign bit
 Binary number with leading 0 is positive
 Binary number with leading 1 is negative
Magnitude of positive numbers is just the binary representation
Magnitude of negative numbers is found by
 Complement the bits
 Replace all the 1's with 0's, and all the 0's with 1's
 Add one to the complemented number
The carry in the most significant bit position is thrown away
when performing arithmetic

30. Two’s Complement
Performing two's complement on the decimal 7 to get -7
 Using a five-bit representation
7 = 00111 Convert to binary
11000 Complement the bits
11000 Add 1 to the complement
+ 00001
11001 Result is -7 in two's complement

31. Two's Complement Arithmetic
Computing 8 - 7 using a two's complement representation with
five-bit numbers
8 - 7 = 8 + (-7) = 1
01000 Two's complement of 8
11001 Two's complement of -7
01000 Add 8 and -7
+ 11001
100001
00001 Is the five-bit result
Throw away the
high-order
carry as we are
using a five bit
representation

32. Simple C++ program exercise

33. Contd.

34. Contd.

35. Problem analysis and Algorithms
Example: Design an algorithm to find the perimeter
and area of a rectangle:
1. Get the length of the rectangle
2. Get the width of the rectangle
3. Find the perimeter using the equation
Perimeter = 2 * (Length + Width)
4. Calculate the area using the relation
Area = Length * Width

36. Problem analysis and Algorithms
Example: Design an algorithm that calculates the total sales
tax and the price of the item after tax. The state’s share of the
sales tax is 4%, and the city’s portion of the sales tax is 1.5%.
If the item is a luxury item, such as a car costing over
RM50,000.00, there will be a 10% luxury tax.
1. Get the selling price of the item
2. Determine whether the item is a luxury item
3. Find the states portion of the sales tax using the formula
StatesSalesTax = SalesPrice * 0.04
4. Find the city’s portion of the sales ta using the relation
CitySalesTax = SalePrice * 0.015

37. Cntd.
5. Find the luxury tax using the formula
If (item is a luxury item)
LuxuryTax = SalePrice * 0.1
Otherwise
LuxuryTax = 0
6. Find SalesTax using the formula
SalesTax = StateSalesTax + CitySalesTax + LuxuryTax
7. Find amount due using the formula
amountDue = SalesPrice + SalesTax

38. Problem analysis and Algorithms
Example: Design an algorithm to play a number game so that
you generate a random number from 0 to 100 and prompt the
player (user) to guess the number. If the player guessed a
number less than the random number you generate, tell him his
guess is lower and ask him to guess again, if the number is
higher then tell him his guess is higher and ask him to try again.
When the player guess the correct number end of game.
1. Generate a random number and call it num
2. If (guess is equal to num) print “you guessed the correct
number.”
3. Otherwise if guess is < num print “your guess is lower
than the number, Guess again!”
4. Otherwise if guess is > num print “your guess is lower
than the number, guess again!”

39. Next Chapter
Writing, compiling, editing and running C++
programs
Become familiar with functions special symbols, and
identifiers in C++.
Explore simple data types
Discover how a program evaluates arithmetic
expressions and more …