The document discusses several theories of motivation, including: 1. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory which states that as lower level needs are met, higher level needs emerge. 2. Herzberg's two-factor theory that associates intrinsic factors with job satisfaction and extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. 3. McClelland's theory of needs which proposes that achievement, power, and affiliation are important motivating needs. Contemporary theories discussed include self-determination theory concerning intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, goal-setting theory about specific and difficult goals leading to higher performance, and expectancy theory relating expectations of outcomes to motivation.

1. MOTIVATION
CONCEPTS
ISHAQ AMEEN ADEEL MUHAMMAD INZAMAM AKRAM USMAN GHANI

2. MOTIVATION
The processes that account for an individual’s
intensity, direction, and persistence
of effort toward attaining a goal.

3. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
1. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of five needs—
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as
each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

4. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
2. TWO-FACTOR THEORY: A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job
satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also
called motivation-hygiene theory.

5. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
3. MCCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS: A theory that states achievement,
power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain
motivation.

6. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
1. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY: A theory of motivation that is
concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the
harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.

7. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
2. GOAL-SETTING THEORY: A theory that says that specific and difficult
goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Goal-setting and ethics is a
complex relationship that
needs to be foreseen while
setting goals

8. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
3. SELF EFFICACY THEORY:
An individual’s belief that he or
she is capable of performing a
task.

9. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
4. REINFORCEMENT THEORY: A theory that says that behavior is a
function of its consequences.
• Behaviorism & Social Learning are two functions of this theory.
Reinforcement theorists see
behavior as environmentally
caused

10. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
5. EQUITY THEORY: A theory that says that individuals compare their job
inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any
inequities.

11. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
6. EXPECTANCY THEORY: A theory that says that the strength of a tendency
to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an Expectation that the
act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that
outcome to the individual.

12. JOB ENGAGEMENT
The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive,
and emotional energies into job performance.

13. INTEGRATING
CONTEMPORARY
THEORIES
OF
MOTIVATION