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Chapter 2: Relational Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.2 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Example of a Relation 2.3 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Attribute Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.4 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Relation Schema ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.5 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Relation Instance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.6 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 Jones Smith Curry Lindsay customer_name Main North North Park customer_street Harrison Rye Rye Pittsfield customer_city customer attributes (or columns) tuples (or rows)

Database ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.7 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

The customer Relation 2.8 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

The depositor Relation 2.9 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Why Split Information Across Relations? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.10 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Keys ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.11 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Keys (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.12 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Foreign Keys ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.13 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Schema Diagram 2.14 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Query Languages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.15 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Relational Algebra ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.16 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Select Operation – Example 2.17 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],A B C D         1 5 12 23 7 7 3 10 ,[object Object],A B C D     1 23 7 10

Project Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.18 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B C     10 20 30 40 1 1 1 2 A C     1 1 1 2 = A C    1 1 2  A,C ( r )

Union Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.19 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],A B    1 2 1 A B   2 3 r s A B     1 2 1 3

Set Difference Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.20 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],A B    1 2 1 A B   2 3 r s A B   1 1

Cartesian-Product Operation – Example 2.21 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],A B   1 2 A B         1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 C D         10 10 20 10 10 10 20 10 E a a b b a a b b C D     10 10 20 10 E a a b b r s

Rename Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.22 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Composition of Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.23 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B         1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 C D         10 10 20 10 10 10 20 10 E a a b b a a b b A B C D E    1 2 2    10 10 20 a a b

Banking Example branch (branch_name, branch_city, assets) customer (customer_name, customer_street, customer_city) account (account_number, branch_name, balance) loan (loan_number, branch_name, amount) depositor (customer_name, account_number) borrower (customer_name, loan_number) 2.24 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Example Queries ,[object Object],2.25 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object], amount > 1200 ( loan )  loan_number ( amount > 1200 ( loan )) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Example Queries ,[object Object],2.26 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object], customer_name (  branch_name = “Perryridge” (  borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number (borrower x loan))) –  customer_name (depositor)  customer_name (  branch_name=“Perryridge ” (  borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number ( borrower x loan )))

Example Queries ,[object Object],2.27 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object]

Additional Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.28 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Set-Intersection Operation – Example ,[object Object],[object Object],2.29 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B    1 2 1 A B   2 3 r s A B  2

Natural Join Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.30 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B      1 2 4 1 2 C D      a a b a b B 1 3 1 2 3 D a a a b b E      r A B      1 1 1 1 2 C D      a a a a b E      s ,[object Object]

Natural-Join Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.31 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object]

Bank Example Queries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.32 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005  balance (account) -  account.balance ( account.balance < d.balance ( account x  d (account )))

Aggregate Functions and Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.33 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Aggregate Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.34 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B         C 7 7 3 10 ,[object Object],sum ( c ) 27 ,[object Object]

Aggregate Operation – Example ,[object Object],2.35 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 branch_name g sum ( balance ) ( account ) branch_name account_number balance Perryridge Perryridge Brighton Brighton Redwood A-102 A-201 A-217 A-215 A-222 400 900 750 750 700 branch_name sum ( balance ) Perryridge Brighton Redwood 1300 1500 700

Aggregate Functions (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.36 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 branch_name g sum (balance) as sum_balance ( account )

Outer Join ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.37 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Outer Join – Example ,[object Object],2.38 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],customer_name loan_number Jones Smith Hayes L-170 L-230 L-155 3000 4000 1700 loan_number amount L-170 L-230 L-260 branch_name Downtown Redwood Perryridge

Outer Join – Example ,[object Object],2.39 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 loan_number amount L-170 L-230 3000 4000 customer_name Jones Smith branch_name Downtown Redwood Jones Smith null loan_number amount L-170 L-230 L-260 3000 4000 1700 customer_name branch_name Downtown Redwood Perryridge ,[object Object],[object Object]

Outer Join – Example 2.40 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 loan_number amount L-170 L-230 L-155 3000 4000 null customer_name Jones Smith Hayes branch_name Downtown Redwood null loan_number amount L-170 L-230 L-260 L-155 3000 4000 1700 null customer_name Jones Smith null Hayes branch_name Downtown Redwood Perryridge null ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Null Values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.41 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Null Values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.42 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Division Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.43 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 r  s

Division Operation – Example 2.44 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],A B   1 2 A B            1 2 3 1 1 1 3 4 6 1 2 r s

Another Division Example 2.45 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 A B         a a a a a a a a C D         a a b a b a b b E 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],D a b E 1 1 A B   a a C   r s

Division Operation (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.46 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Bank Example Queries ,[object Object],2.47 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bank Example Queries ,[object Object],2.48 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Bank Example Queries 2.49 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005  customer_name, branch_name ( depositor account )   branch_name ( branch_city = “Brooklyn” ( branch ))

Formal Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.51 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Select Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.52 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Project Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.53 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Union Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.54 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Set Difference Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.55 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Cartesian-Product Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.56 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Set-Intersection Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.57 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Assignment Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.58 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Extended Relational-Algebra-Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.59 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Generalized Projection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.60 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Modification of the Database ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.61 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.62 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Deletion Examples ,[object Object],2.63 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],r 1    branch_city = “Needham” ( account branch ) r 2   account_number , branch_name, balance ( r 1 ) r 3   customer_name, account_number ( r 2 depositor) account  account – r 2 depositor  depositor – r 3 ,[object Object],loan  loan –   amount 0and amount  50 ( loan ) account  account –  branch_name = “Perryridge” ( account )

Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.64 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Insertion Examples ,[object Object],2.65 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],account  account  {(“A-973”, “Perryridge”, 1200)} depositor  depositor  {(“Smith”, “A-973”)} r 1  ( branch_name = “Perryridge” ( borrower loan)) account  account   loan_number, branch_name, 200 ( r 1 ) depositor  depositor   customer_name, loan_number ( r 1 )

Updating ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2.66 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Update Examples ,[object Object],2.67 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005 ,[object Object],account   account_number , branch_name , balance * 1.06 ( BAL  10000 ( account ))   account_number , branch_name , balance * 1.05 ( BAL  10000 ( account )) account   account_number , branch_name , balance * 1.05 ( account )

Figure 2.3. The branch relation 2.68 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.6: The loan relation 2.69 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.7: The borrower relation 2.70 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.9 Result of  branch_name = “Perryridge” ( loan ) 2.71 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.10: Loan number and the amount of the loan 2.72 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.11: Names of all customers who have either an account or an loan 2.73 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.12: Customers with an account but no loan 2.74 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.13: Result of borrower |X| loan 2.75 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.14 2.76 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.17 Largest account balance in the bank 2.79 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.18: Customers who live on the same street and in the same city as Smith 2.80 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.19: Customers with both an account and a loan at the bank 2.81 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.24: The credit_info relation 2.86 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.26: The pt_works relation 2.88 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.27 The pt_works relation after regrouping 2.89 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

Figure 2.30 The employee and ft_works relations 2.92 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition, June 15, 2005

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