CH. 8: Black Families
Ingrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed
1
How would you describe the makeup of your family??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
2
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Estimated 30% of U.S. families conform to traditional structure of father, mother, & child
3
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Proportion of AAs who live in heterosexual, married coupled families has declined sharply over the last few decades such that marriage has become a minority lifestyle
34% of African Americans are married
22% are widowed, divorced, or separated
4 out of 10 African American men and women have never been married (highest of any racial group)
4
Do you plan on getting married??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
5
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Nearly half (48%) of all African American families are maintained by women with no spouse present.
75 percent of all Black children born in the last 2 decades are likely to live for some portion of their childhood with only their mothers.
Poverty is highest in families maintained by women with no spouse present.
35% of African American families
17% of White families
6
Which category best fits your parents??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
7
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
AA women have the highest rates of martial separation & are more likely to remain separated without getting a legal divorce.
Why?
Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is more common among Blacks
Why?
Possibly because male income & employment are lowest among minorities; male economic status may be an important determinant as to whether a man feels ready to marry and a woman wants to marry him
8
Characteristics of the Black Family
The Black family is an institution that contains “historical traditions” that set them apart from the European American, Middle class family ideal.
Billingsley (1968) proposes 5 general statements that characterize families of African descent:
They are extended in form
Have fictive kin
Have supportive family patterns
Have flexible family boundaries
Have flexible gender roles in child rearing
Nobles (1985) emphasizes the communalistic socialization of children & the role of the elderly
9
Characteristics of the Black Family
Perspective on the Black Family
A deficit perspective has historically been used to characterize African American families as deprived, disadvantaged, and poorly educated.
Many of the empirical investigations on Black families have used European American, middle –class families as the standard of comparison.
Using Whites as the standard is methodologically limited and often results in the biased interpretation of study findings.
10
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Black Fathers
Much of the early research on Black children has been matricentric, or mother-centered
AA fathers represent a significant position in the Black fam ...
6 Family, Culture, and Self-Concept DevelopmentA common characte.docxalinainglis
6 Family, Culture, and Self-Concept Development
A common characteristic among different societies and cultural groups is that children are born into families. Barring tragic circumstances, a newborn’s family usually consists of at least a birth mother. Often, families include other relatives such as fathers, possibly siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and others. Cultural variation influences family structure across the globe, but a child’s entry into this world assuredly includes membership and involvement with some identified group. As Baldwin (1993) noted, “Even the most incorrigible maverick has to be born somewhere. He may leave the group that produced him—he may be forced to—but nothing will efface his origins, the marks of which he carries with him everywhere” (p. 10).
Each society and culture places particular importance and significance on unique family beliefs and traditions. Variation in family structure and traditional roles of mothers and fathers, as well as roles of extended family members, are as numerous as world cultures themselves. For example, the United States prides itself on “family values.” Yet, when compared with global cultures these values are often juxtaposed to other commonly held worldviews. As one example, Walsh (2003) explained, “In many cultures, it is still expected that a brother will marry the widow of a deceased husband” to carry on the family name and heritage (p. 11). Differences in aspects of childrearing also exist. Helms and Cook (1999) observed that psychodynamic theories of development used by professional counselors and other therapists rely on mostly individualistic views and “an invariant age-appropriate sequence of development” (p. 142). Furthermore, they noted that research across global cultures indicates many cultures “do not traverse the lifespan in the same manner” suggested by psychodynamic views and stage theories (p. 142). Two examples cited by Helms and Cook (1999) are reports from Chinese and West Indian graduate students that toilet training of children is not a major developmental issue as it sometimes appears in American culture, as well as information that some African newborns are weaned from breast feeding three months earlier than observed in typical Anglo-American families (Triandis, 1994). Consequently, what many Americans often perceive as “normal” in their view of family structure and function is different from what other cultures and societies might accept. Likewise, what other cultures accept as normal in family descriptions and processes vary as much as the number of cultures observed across the globe.
Exercise 6.1
Searching for Families
Instructions: Review the list of group structures and mark those you believe constitute a family. Be prepared to give your rationale for including or excluding particular structures.
Group
Family (Yes or No)
Unrelated teenage boys living in a group home with a house parent
_______________
A gay couple and the son of one partner
____.
Dynamics & Diversity of Families The History of the FamilAlyciaGold776
Dynamics & Diversity of Families: The History of the Family
in the U.S.
For Each Historical Period Describe…Families of production or families of consumption?Arranged or romantic love marriages?Family types and marriage forms?Group or individual focus?Change or decline?
Native American Families
1100s-1500s
Native American Families240 cultural/family typesBerdacheTolerance, diversity
Colonial Families
1600s-1700s
Colonial FamiliesLargely European based familiesInfluence of Puritanism/CalvinismProtestant work ethicNon-hedonismSexually strictBundling boardExtended/reconstituted
familiesFathers emotional base
Upper Class Bundling Board
Victorian Families
1800s
Victorian FamiliesIndustrializationUrbanizationImmigrationBreadwinner/HousewifeNuclear familiesMothers starting to be the
emotional baseArranged marriages
to romantic love
Companionate Families
early 1900s
Companionate FamiliesRelationships should be emotionally and sexually satisfying for womenMen should assist with household dutiesNotion of children and childhood changingBirth control, Margaret SangerAnthony Amendment (19th), 1920
Women’s Suffrage Movement (1848-1920)Agenda:Abolition of slaveryRight to voteProhibition
New JerseyNew Jersey granted women the vote (since married women did not own property in their own right, only unmarried women and widows qualified) under the state constitution of 1776.New Jersey women, along with "aliens...persons of color, or negroes," lost the vote in 1807, when the vote was restricted to white males.
The Golden Age
1950sWhy called “Golden Age?”WWII over, more affluentMuch govt. financial supportWomen left their jobs so
men could have jobs
“The Golden Age”Dramatic influence of televisionFamilies watched t.v. together in one roomAnd the shows they watched the most were shows about – FAMILIES!
Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963)
Father Knows Best (1954-1960)
Ozzie & Harriet (1952-1966)
2nd Generation Nelsons
The Way We Never WereStephanie Coontz, Ph.D.
Myths & Realities According to
Dr. CoontzMyths –
- traditional roles
- mother/child relationship intense
- families independent
- families can meet all the needs of the individual
- family related to values and morality
- women shouldn’t work
RealitiesRoles have been variesMother/child relationship not always intenseWomen in the workforceFamilies need govt. support, can’t go it aloneFamilies can’t meet all the needs of indiv.Family and values and morality not necessarily together
Momism and the Motherhood MystiqueMomism – over-attachment to Mother; blame Mom for everythingMotherhood Mystique - Women should want to be mothers and instinctively know how to be mothers; women are fulfilled by being mothers
Consequences of Motherhood MystiquePost-partum depression
InfanticideAndrea Yates
Why Would Moms Do This?Mother love not universalMoneyNo supportPsychological problemsEmotional immaturity
ht ...
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into th.docxketurahhazelhurst
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Each society and culture places particular importance and significance on unique family beliefs and traditions. Variation in family structure and traditional roles of mothers and fathers, as well as roles of extended family members, are as numerous as world cultures themselves. For example, the United States prides itself on “family values.” Yet, when compared with global cultures these values are often juxtaposed to other commonly held worldviews. As one example, Walsh (2003) explained, “In many cultures, it is still expected that a brother will marry the widow of a deceased husband” to carry on the family name and heritage (p. 11). Differences in aspects of childrearing also exist. Helms and Cook (1999) observed that psychodynamic theories of development used by professional counselors and other therapists rely on mostly individualistic views and “an invariant age-appropriate sequence of development” (p. 142). Furthermore, they noted that research across global cultures indicates many cultures “do not traverse the lifespan in the same manner” suggested by psychodynamic views and stage theories (p. 142). Two examples cited by Helms and Cook (1999) are reports from Chinese and West Indian graduate students that toilet training of children is not a major developmental issue as it sometimes appears in American culture, as well as information that some African newborns are weaned from breast feeding three months earlier than observed in typical Anglo-American families (Triandis, 1994). Consequently, what many Americans often perceive as “normal” in their view of family structure and function is different from what other cultures and societies might accept. Likewise, what other cultures accept as normal in family descriptions and processes vary as much as the number of cultures observed across the globe.
Exercise 6.1
Searching for Families
Instructions: Review the list of group structures and mark those you believe constitute a family. Be prepared to give your rationale for including or excluding particular structures.
Group
Family (Yes or No)
Unrelated teenage boys living in a group home with a house parent
_______________
A gay couple and the son of one partner
____.
Dynamics & Diversity of Families The History of the FamilAlyciaGold776
Dynamics & Diversity of Families: The History of the Family
in the U.S.
For Each Historical Period Describe…Families of production or families of consumption?Arranged or romantic love marriages?Family types and marriage forms?Group or individual focus?Change or decline?
Native American Families
1100s-1500s
Native American Families240 cultural/family typesBerdacheTolerance, diversity
Colonial Families
1600s-1700s
Colonial FamiliesLargely European based familiesInfluence of Puritanism/CalvinismProtestant work ethicNon-hedonismSexually strictBundling boardExtended/reconstituted
familiesFathers emotional base
Upper Class Bundling Board
Victorian Families
1800s
Victorian FamiliesIndustrializationUrbanizationImmigrationBreadwinner/HousewifeNuclear familiesMothers starting to be the
emotional baseArranged marriages
to romantic love
Companionate Families
early 1900s
Companionate FamiliesRelationships should be emotionally and sexually satisfying for womenMen should assist with household dutiesNotion of children and childhood changingBirth control, Margaret SangerAnthony Amendment (19th), 1920
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The Golden Age
1950sWhy called “Golden Age?”WWII over, more affluentMuch govt. financial supportWomen left their jobs so
men could have jobs
“The Golden Age”Dramatic influence of televisionFamilies watched t.v. together in one roomAnd the shows they watched the most were shows about – FAMILIES!
Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963)
Father Knows Best (1954-1960)
Ozzie & Harriet (1952-1966)
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- mother/child relationship intense
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- family related to values and morality
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[1] Institute on Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, March, 2001
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Scholarly article, APA format, and no grammar error
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The current system is old and doesn’t do most of what we need it to.
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b. Important
c. Useful
d. Out of Scope
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1. Research Topic: Super Computer Data Mining
The aim of this project is to produce a super-computing data mining resource for use by the UK academic community which utilizes a number of advanced machine learning and statistical algorithms for large datasets. In particular, a number of evolutionary computing-based algorithms and the ensemble machine approach will be used to exploit the large-scale parallelism possible in super-computing. This purpose is embodied in the following objectives:
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1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for feature creation and selection
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for data modelling
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of ensemble machines for data modelling consisting of many well-known machine learning algorithms;
1. to develop an appropriate super-computing infra-structure to support the use of such advanced machine learning techniques with large datasets.
Research Needs:
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
· Submission
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1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary bu.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary business activities. Include: Minimum 7 Pages. Excluding reference page
2.
A. A brief historical summary,
B. A list of competitors,
C. The company's position within the industry,
D. Recent developments within the company/industry,
E. Future direction, and
F. Other items of significance to your corporation.
3. Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
A. Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
B. Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
C. Explore the corporate website.
D. Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals
The report should be well written with cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
.
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1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job after graduation.
and
2. Develop a reward system for motivating IPT members to do their jobs more conscientiously and to take on more responsibility.
[The assignment should be at least 400 words minimum and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced), and attached as a WORD file.]
Plagiarism free
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2. What is the CARES Act? Has it been enough? What has happened to people's ability to pay their bills since it expired?
3. As things stand now, data is showing higher COVID-19 related mortality rates for African Americans. Given what you know from the textbook and from the attached articles, what are some explanations for the disparity?
4. What is environmental racism (injustice)? How does environmental racism put some populations at higher risk for severe medical complications than others? (Vice article)
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-us-deep-south-poverty-race-perfect-storm
.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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CH. 8 Black FamiliesIngrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed1.docx
1. CH. 8: Black Families
Ingrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed
1
How would you describe the makeup of your family??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
2
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Estimated 30% of U.S. families conform to traditional structure
of father, mother, & child
3
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Proportion of AAs who live in heterosexual, married coupled
families has declined sharply over the last few decades such
that marriage has become a minority lifestyle
2. 34% of African Americans are married
22% are widowed, divorced, or separated
4 out of 10 African American men and women have never been
married (highest of any racial group)
4
Do you plan on getting married??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
5
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
Nearly half (48%) of all African American families are
maintained by women with no spouse present.
75 percent of all Black children born in the last 2 decades are
likely to live for some portion of their childhood with only their
mothers.
Poverty is highest in families maintained by women with no
spouse present.
35% of African American families
17% of White families
6
3. Which category best fits your parents??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
7
Demographic Characteristics of The Black Family
AA women have the highest rates of martial separation & are
more likely to remain separated without getting a legal divorce.
Why?
Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is more common
among Blacks
Why?
Possibly because male income & employment are lowest among
minorities; male economic status may be an important
determinant as to whether a man feels ready to marry and a
woman wants to marry him
8
Characteristics of the Black Family
The Black family is an institution that contains “historical
traditions” that set them apart from the European American,
Middle class family ideal.
Billingsley (1968) proposes 5 general statements that
characterize families of African descent:
They are extended in form
Have fictive kin
Have supportive family patterns
Have flexible family boundaries
Have flexible gender roles in child rearing
Nobles (1985) emphasizes the communalistic socialization of
children & the role of the elderly
4. 9
Characteristics of the Black Family
Perspective on the Black Family
A deficit perspective has historically been used to characterize
African American families as deprived, disadvantaged, and
poorly educated.
Many of the empirical investigations on Black families have
used European American, middle –class families as the standard
of comparison.
Using Whites as the standard is methodologically limited and
often results in the biased interpretation of study findings.
10
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Black Fathers
Much of the early research on Black children has been
matricentric, or mother-centered
AA fathers represent a significant position in the Black family
despite the fact that in every decade post slavery, Black men
have experienced high rates of unemployment, and lower levels
of education which has influenced their role as providers.
Traditional research on Black fathers has focused on
absenteeism in the home and the resulting problems, including
delinquency, economic hardship, and lack of male role models,
violence, and abuse.
5. 11
Black Fathers
Data from the National Survey of Families suggest Black males
are more likely to be single full-time fathers than males from
other ethnic groups.
Although a significant number of AA children do come from
single-parent homes, a father (or father figure) often is present,
even if he does not reside in the home w/the child on a full-time
basis
The majority of African American men felt that their role in
their children’s lives was important and could not be fulfilled or
replaced by their children’s mother.
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Role of the Extended Family
It is not uncommon for Black families to live within an
intergenerational family network.
Grandparents
Adult children
Grandchildren
Nieces / nephews
Aunts / uncles
Fictive Kin
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Role of the Extended Family
Key adaptive strategy
This type of support is an adaptive strategy that allows for the
6. sharing of resources.
This extended network serves as a support structure in the child
rearing process for African American parents.
Growing body of research also examined benefits to other
family members, particularly the elders
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Elders in the Black Family
A large number of African American grandparents are living in
the same household as their grandchildren (8%) compared to
Whites (2%).
Black are more likely than any other ethnic group to take care
of their elderly family members.
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Elders in the Black Family
Black elders have been found to use familial support &
assistance more than formal support services
Results in a strong, positive relationship between family
involvement & life satisfaction among elders
AA elders have more active support networks than Whites & are
more likely to have live-in support & assistance from distant
relatives & friends
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Grandparent-Headed Households (GPHH)
More than half of grandparents report that they are responsible
for the basic needs of their grandchildren.
7. Cut across SES levels, but they are more likely to exist among
families living in poverty
Majority are African American
Grandparents have a positive impact on their grandchildren’s
psychological well being & social adaptability
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Grandparent-Headed Households (GPHH)
Research on the caregivers has been mixed
Single grandmothers are twice as likely to experience
depressive symptomology
Grandmothers report additional negative health affects,
including increased anxiety, stress, & worry
Caregiving burden & negative affects have been demonstrated
to be greater for European American rather than African
American grandmothers
Some grandmothers report satisfaction, positive affect, & pride
in helping to keep these children out of the foster care system
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Grandparent-Headed Households (GPHH)
Extended family members may not always provide positive
support & benefits
Examples?
Some may be disruptive & act as a burden on the family and,
because of the cultural practice of taking in family members in
need, some Black families may feel conflicted about
withdrawing their support
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Same-Sex Unions and Parenting
Little is known about AA same-sex unions and parenting
practices
8. Why?
Prior to 1973, they were regularly denied the right to adopt,
which limited the number of same sex parents (unless they had a
biological child)
Black same-sex households constituted 14% of all same-sex
households in the U.S.
According to recent U.S. census, Black and Latino same-sex
households are nearly twice as likely as White and non-Hispanic
same-sex households to be parenting
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Same-Sex Unions and Parenting
Black same-sex couples are twice as likely to be living with a
biological child as White male same-sex couples.
Black same-sex couples earn less and are less likely to own a
home than their White and heterosexual Black counterparts.
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Baumrind (1972) found that Black women were more
independent & self-assertive.
When classifying families on the basis of their patterns of
family functioning three types of African Americans Families
were listed (Mandara & Murray, 2002):Cohesive-authoritative
Conflictive-authoritarian
Defensive-neglectful
high level of family cohesion
authoritative disciplinary styles
encouraged to be assertive & practice pro-racial socialization
high internal conflict,
lack of communalism to commitment to other family members
strict authoritarian disciplinary parting style (creates an
environment in which children may not feel comfortable
9. expressing emotion)
high emphasis on achievementneglectful and authoritarian
parental disciplinary practices
defensive racial socialization whereby children are socialized to
dislike other racial groups and are not taught to be proud of
their own racial group
Which has the greatest risk of dysfunction?
Which leads to higher self-esteem for children?Cohesive-
authoritative
Conflictive-authoritarian
Defensive-neglectful
high level of family cohesion
authoritative disciplinary styles
encouraged to be assertive & practice pro-racial socialization
high internal conflict,
lack of communalism to commitment to other family members
strict authoritarian disciplinary parting style (creates an
environment in which children may not feel comfortable
expressing emotion)
high emphasis on achievementneglectful and authoritarian
parental disciplinary practices
defensive racial socialization whereby children are socialized to
dislike other racial groups and are not taught to be proud of
their own racial group
Alternative Structures in the Black Family
Higher self-esteem is likely because parents in cohesive family
types are more likely to express to their children that they are
appreciated & valued the way they are & other family types are
more likely to express unhappiness w/their children’s abilities
& performance
Cohesive type seems to have found a balance between control &
10. nurturance
Racial and Gender Role Socialization
Socialization in Black families has been defined as parents’
“attempt to prepare their children for the realities of being
Black in America.”
African American parents reported giving more frequent
“preparation for bias” message to their children when compared
to Puerto Rican and Dominican parents.
Why?
Racial and Gender Role Socialization
William Cross (1971) developed Nigrescence (process of
becoming Black) model:
Pre-encounter
Encounter
Immersion/emersion
Internalization
In the final stage, Blacks feel more positive & secure about
their Black identity, but also exhibit increased comfort w/and
acceptance of other cultures
This model supports the view that affirmation toward one’s
ethnic group leads to a positive ethnic identity & higher levels
of acceptance toward other out-groups
11. Which stage do you feel you are currently in??
We will cover all of that in the next 25 minutes!
29
Racial and Gender Role Socialization
Socialization of Gender Roles in the Black Family
Gender roles are socially constructed & vary depending on
cultural norms
The disparate proportion of economic deprivation in the African
American community, along with racism, has made it difficult
and impractical for many African Americans to create sharply
defined divisions between male and female gender roles.
There is evidence that African American women have escaped
the narrow confines of the restrictive gender roles assumed by a
Eurocentric worldview.
Racial and Gender Role Socialization
Socialization of Gender Roles in the Black Family
As a result of AA women’s unique experiences in the U.S., a
womanist identity model was developed which closely
resembled Cross’s model
The final stage is characterized by a woman defining her
womanhood in her own terms & not being bound by external
definitions about what it means to be a woman
12. Racial and Gender Role Socialization
Socialization of Gender Roles in the Black Family
African American daughters, from an early age, are taught to
assume strong family roles and to be strong, self-reliant, and
independent individuals who are part of and play an integral
role in a larger group, the family.
Racial and Gender Role Socialization
Socialization of Gender Roles in the Black Family
Other scholars have argued differences in gender specific
parenting:
Some discuss the protective stance that many AA women take
toward their fathers/brothers/husbands/sons
Institutionalized racism has made many AA women reluctant to
hold AA men to a feminist standard of accountability
Thoughts on this?
Black parents support competence & self-reliance more in
daughters than in sons
However, this stance ignores the double burden of sexism &
racism
Disability in the Black Family
According to research Black children were found to have higher
rates of disability from chronic conditions than did White
children.
Services designed to help families that have members with
disabilities, are often underutilized by African Americans
13. (especially economically challenged families).
Caretakers of persons w/disabilities often take full
responsibility of them, relying on professional services only
when deemed absolutely necessary
Disability in the Black Family
One disease that is becoming more prevalent in families is
breast cancer.
Black women are more likely to develop breast cancer before 35
and to die of it before age 35.
84 of 100 non-Blacks survive 5 years after diagnosis, but only
69 of 100 Blacks women do.
Medical researchers do not know whether breast cancer is more
aggressive in young Black women or whether it is caused by
something to which they are more likely to be exposed.
Disability in the Black Family
Too many women wait too long to look for breast cancer; it is
highly recommended that Black women begin mammograms at
the age of 30 (rather than 40) and purchase health insurance
Disability in the Black Family
Disability in the Black Family
The provision of mental health services for African American
individuals and families can be complex because of the great
diversity among families and the lack of clear theoretical
14. approaches for working with this population.
AAs are less likely to attend a family support group
The underlying premise of family therapy is that familial
functioning impacts optimal functioning of an individuals,
whereas individual functioning significantly impacts family
dynamics (systems orientation)
Disability in the Black Family
Among AAs, a person's comfort w/seeking help can serve as
either a barrier to or an asset in his/her ability to access social
supports
Many churches have adopted what they call "outreach services
& activities"
The church can normalize the process of receiving assistance &
possibly act as a bridge to more formal support services
A System Approach to Studying and Working with Black
Families
In Bronfenbrenner’s sociocultural view of development, five
environmental systems act as socialization agents:
Microsystem (family, peers, school, neighborhood)
Mesosystem (family functioning can influence academic
performance)
Exosystem (parental job stress)
Macrosystem (religion)
Chronosystem (environmental events and transitions over time)
A System Approach to Studying and Working with Black
Families
15. The Black family should utilize and promote the preexisting
strengths within the African American community while being
careful not to dismiss, in the name of cultural relativism, the
harmful effects of unhealthy family functioning.
Lavf57.37.101
Lavf57.37.101
Ch. 9: Intimate Relationships of African Americans
Ingrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed
Intimate Relationships of African Americans
Beginning with a mother a child and continuing through same-
sex and early opposite sex friendship, intimate relationships
provide critical training ground for future sexual behavior,
decision making, and romantic relationships.
Intimate Relationships of African Americans
Research suggest that African American intimate relationships
differ greatly from their White counterparts because of:
the influence of oppression on socialization,
identity,
gender roles expectations
high value placed on communalism and strong kinship bonds in
African American culture.
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
16. Gender Role Socialization
Friendship and Intimacy
Friendship and Sexuality
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
From birth, gender typing begins, and by age 4 or 5, many
gender attitudes and beliefs have been internalized.
Boys are socialized to be independent, hardworking, self-
reliant, and ambitious while girls are socialized to be loving,
interdependent, well mannered, and kind.
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
Although men and women are socialized by the dominant
society in the United states according to patriarchal values that
stress the supremacy of men, African Americans often receive
more equitable messages.
One researcher interviewed 35 African American mothers and
fathers, regardless of sex of parents, sex of child or social class,
parents verbally supported gender equality.
Participants reported communicating messages to their sons
about equitable marital roles & domestic work & stresssing the
importance of independence to both boys & girls
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
African American men are diminished in this society and
17. experience challenges to the traditional patriarchal role.
African American women experience negative stereotypes
suggesting that they are unfeminine and emasculating.
AA men have faced negative stereotypes & images since the
time of slavery, when they were used for hard labor & mating
purposes
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
The effects of the images and stereotypes of African American
men have led to what has been termed the invisibility syndrome:
African American men are both feared and ignored by Whites,
leading men to feel as if others are treating them as if they have
no worth.
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
The invisibility syndrome is the inner struggle that ones
abilities & personality are not valued
While men are socialized to be providers, they may feel
frustrated by sociopolitical constraints.
Because of experiences of racism and oppression, men are
socialized to develop the “cool pose.”
18. What are some messages that Black women receive about
relationships?
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Gender Role Socialization
African American Women are socialized to be independent,
self-sufficient, and strong yet are seen as to overbearing,
controlling, and unfeminine in relationships
Girls are taught that they need to take care of themselves & that
they will be responsible for their families
Example?
They are also taught that men are unreliable or unavailable
This internalized message often makes it difficult for women to
be vulnerable in relationships or to feel comfortable relying on
their partners.
Example?
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Friendship and Intimacy
The study looked at 160 ninth grade African American, Latino,
and Asian Americans.
73% of the participants had predominantly same-race friendship
networks.
More specifically, 63.9% of African Americans’ peer network
was of the same race.
Girls were more likely to have same-race/ethnic peers than
19. boys.
Participants maintained their relationships for an average of 6
years.
Girls report higher levels of friendship support than boys
African Americans reported higher levels of friendship support
than Asian Americans.
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Friendship and Sexuality
According to Christopher (2001), dating and sexual
relationships are formed partly on the basis of socialization
experiences provided by peers, dating partners, and parents.
Researchers found that friends are instrumental in providing
feedback and support regarding dating and sexual experiences
for African Americans in low income situations.
Harper and colleagues (2004) found that girls used relational
terms when describing their sexual activity, whereas boys
discussed it in a more egocentric fashion
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Friendship and Sexuality
O’Sullivan & Meyer-Bahlburg’s interviewed African American
10 to 13 year-old inner-city girls about their romantic and
20. sexual development and found that friendships provide scripts
for appropriate sexual and romantic conduct.
Factors That Influence Intimate Relationships
Friendship and Sexuality
Researchers found that romantic development followed a
sequence of events
7 to 9 – girls first express romantic interest in boys
9 to 11 – they begin having boyfriends
12 to 14 – girls reported more private sexual participation in
dating relationships and that sexual intercourse began
thereafter.
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Mate availability
One area of concern for African Americans is mate availability.
Shortage of available AA men seems to be due to:
High rates of incarceration
Unemployment
Substance use
High mortality rates
Mate availability does not influence women's mental health or
well-being, possibly because they view the issue of mate
availablity as systemic & outside of their control
Men who have stable employment are more likely to marry
21. Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Dating
Today, in the United States, more African American women are
likely to be single than they have at any other time, leaving
more women available in the dating pool.
What are some themes of Black relationships?
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Dating
Issues that have been topics of conversation but not heavily
researched :
Shortage of available African American men
Thoughts?
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Dating
The perception that men find more educated and successful
women to be intimidating
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Dating
Level of distrust for men who have a tendency toward infidelity
in relationships
22. Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Dating
The rise in educational levels and professional/managerial
positions of women
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Sexuality
Researchers found girls based their sexuality and sense of
physical attractiveness on their fathers’ perceptions and
approval and their relationships with women.
Boys relate to sexuality in a depersonalized fashion, seeing
women, body parts, and sexual acts separately as commodities.
Research suggest that African American women develop sexual
scrips based on exposure to music videos that feature images
based on the historical sexualized image of Jezebel.
These images, with their highly sexual connotations, influence
the way others may appreciate & interact w/AA girls
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Sexuality
AA men have also been characterized as sexualized
Enslaved Africans were often described as well-endowed,
23. w/sexual prowess and as potential predators
The stereotype of African American men as violent and highly
sexualized has been transformed into an image of strength,
beginning with gangsta rap and moving to hip hop culture.
Three types of men portrayed:
The tough guy/gangsta
The player
The hustler / baller
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Sexuality
There are two issues within sexuality that African Americans
face:
The prevalence of HIV / AIDS
Down low phenomenon
African American women have the highest prevalence rate of
new HIV cases, particularly girls between ages 15 and 24.
Rise is hypothesized to be a result of sexual victimization,
reluctance of condom use for men, & for men who secretly sleep
w/men
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Marriage and Intimacy
The institution of slavery changed the nature of intimate
relationships because, although slaves were allowed to marry,
they were not allowed the traditional rights afforded a marriage
24. Women were still subject to sexual exploitation by slave
owners, and couples & families were torn apart
Slave owners also had the power to determine who married and
who would be used for breeding purposes
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Marriage and Intimacy
During Reconstruction, AA men often could not find
employment or suitable wages, and AA women were more likely
to work for the necessity of the family
How could this impact a relationship?
Tensions in the relationships often occurred as men felt role
strain (frustration of not being able to provide adequately for
families) and women felt frustrated by the inability to rely on
their spouses for support
A Raisin in the Sun
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Interracial Relationships
Interracial relationships historically have been viewed
negatively in the United States, with prevailing notions that
individuals from mixed racial heritages, particularly White and
Black, would have difficulty being accepted in society.
It was not until 1967 that the Supreme Court ruled that those
laws were unconstitutional
The majority of interracial couples are between:
Black men & White women
25. Many AAs believe that AA men choose to marry White women
because…
a form of status
Some AA women blame White women for decreasing
availability of eligible men in the AA community
Other viewpoints…
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Interracial Relationships
Attitudes toward interracial marriage are beginning to change,
particularly among African American women, who view
interracial marriage as an option because of decreased mate
availability.
Which families are more accepting of interracial couples? White
families or Black families?
Couples in one study indicated that the African American
families were initially more supportive of the relationships
compared to the White American families.
Issues Within Male –Female Relationships
Resilience in African American Couples
Although the marriage rate for African American couples may
be lower than that for other races, many couples do thrive and
succeed.
Women who report higher levels of marital satisfaction also
report emotional health, a sense of trust and equity, physical
health, and feeling of closeness with their in-laws.
Research suggest that African American couples value
collaboration and mutuality in marriage.
26. Extended family & kinship networks are also important for the
functioning of AA couples
Social support provided by families helps couples cope w/stress
& oppression & can be vital for the transition to parenthood
Conclusion and Implications
Clinical implications
Therapists who work w/AA couples need to help couples to
examine & deconstruct the role that oppression & societal
influences have on their functioning
When men do not feel powerful outside of the home, & feel that
their partners are also being disrespectful or invalidating, they
may respond w/inappropriate anger or by withdrawing from the
family
Women who feel abandoned or anxious may respond by exerting
more independence & power & control in the relationship
When AA women feel that they are providing more to the family
& not receiving support from men, and thus not benefiting from
the marriage, they view marriage less favorably & feel less
satisfied
Therapy can be an outlet for couples to construct their roles
together
27. PSYC 3230 Take Home Exam 2 Name:
_______________________________________
1. Why have Black children not improved academically since
school desegregation?
2. How has the Black Church both helped and hurt the African
American community?
3. How does the African American father impact the African
American family and African American community? Be sure to
discuss both the positive and negative impact.
4. How does the African American mother impact the African
American family and African American community? Be sure to
discuss both the positive and negative impact.
5. List and describe the 3 types of African American families.
6. Which of the 3 types of African American families is the
most dysfunctional? Why?
7. Which of the 3 types of African American families leads to
28. higher levels of self-esteem? Why?
8. Why do African American parents promote competence, self-
reliance and independence in girls more than boys?
9. How does the Social Learning theory apply when discussing
racial gender socialization?
10. How has slavery and racism impacted African American
intimate relationships and marriages?