This document discusses classes and objects in Java. It explains that classes are composite data types that can contain variables of different primitive data types. A class acts as a blueprint for creating objects. The new keyword is used to instantiate objects from classes. Wrapper classes are also discussed, which allow primitive data types like int and double to be used as objects. Specific methods of the Integer wrapper class are provided as examples.
Mumbai Academics is Mumbai’s first dedicated Professional Training Center for Training with Spoke and hub model with Multiple verticles . The strong foundation of Mumbai Academics is laid by highly skilled and trained Professionals, carrying mission to provide industry level input to the freshers and highly skilled and trained Software Professionals/other professional to IT companies.
Mumbai Academics is Mumbai’s first dedicated Professional Training Center for Training with Spoke and hub model with Multiple verticles . The strong foundation of Mumbai Academics is laid by highly skilled and trained Professionals, carrying mission to provide industry level input to the freshers and highly skilled and trained Software Professionals/other professional to IT companies.
Classes, Objects and Method - Object Oriented Programming with JavaRadhika Talaviya
Class is template for an object and object is instance of a class.
When we create a class, we are creating a new data type. we can use this type to declare objects of that type.
I prepared these for the student of FSC BSC BS Computer Science student. these slides are easy to read and understand the logic of OOP in C++. All topic is discussed and Example are given
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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Classes, Objects and Method - Object Oriented Programming with JavaRadhika Talaviya
Class is template for an object and object is instance of a class.
When we create a class, we are creating a new data type. we can use this type to declare objects of that type.
I prepared these for the student of FSC BSC BS Computer Science student. these slides are easy to read and understand the logic of OOP in C++. All topic is discussed and Example are given
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
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Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
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Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
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Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
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Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
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1. Blue Ridge Public School
Class X – Computer Applications
Ch 2- Library Classes
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2. Topics
• Class as a Composite Type
Since class can consist of variables of different datatypes it is called a
composite datatype
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3. Class as a Composite Type
• There are 8 primitive data types defined in Java, they
are byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
• Java allows us to create new data type using combination of
the primitive data types. Such data types are
called composite or user-defined data types
• Just as variables can be declared of any primitive data type,
similarly we can declare variables of the composite data
types
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4. Class as a Composite Type – cont.
• Class is an example of composite data type and
we can declare objects as variables of the class
• A class is known as a composite data type
because it binds both member variable and
functions as a single identity
• Composite datatypes are the datatypes which
can be constructed within a program by using
primitive datatypes and other composite types
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5. Class as a Composite Type – cont.
• Consider the following class definition:
class TypeDemo
{
byte a;
int b;
float c;
char d;
public void getData(){
.
.
}
public void display(){
.
.
}
}
You can see that primitive data types have been used for defining this class:
byte a;
int b;
float c;
char d;
Once a class is declared, variables of this class type can be declared and created e.g.,
TypeDemo obj1 = new TypeDemo();
Variables of a class type are known as objects
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6. Defining a Class
• A class is nothing but a blueprint or a template for
creating different objects which defines its
properties and behaviours
• Java class objects exhibit the properties and
behaviours defined by its class
• A class can contain fields and methods to describe
the behaviour of an object
• Methods are nothing but members of a class that
provide a service for an object or perform some
business logic
• Methods define the operations that can be
performed in java programming
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7. Defining a Class – cont.
• Below is an example showing the Objects and Classes of the
Cube class that defines 3 fields namely length, breadth and
height. Also the class contains a member function
getVolume()
public class Cube
{
int length;
int breadth;
int height;
public int getVolume()
{
return (length * breadth * height);
}
}
• Since class can consist of variables of different datatypes it is
called composite datatype
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8. Object as Instance of Class
• In object-oriented programming (OOP), an instance is a
concrete occurrence of any object, existing usually during the
runtime of a computer program
• "instance" is synonymous with "object" as they are each a
particular value (realization), and these may be called
an instance object; "instance" emphasizes the distinct identity
of the object
• An object is an instance of a class, and may be called a class
instance or class object
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9. Role of New Keyword
• As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for
objects. So basically, an object is created from a class
• In Java, the new keyword is used to create new objects
• The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for
a new object and returning a reference to that memory
• The new operator also invokes the object constructor
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10. Role of New Keyword – cont.
• The phrase "instantiating a class" means the same thing as
"creating an object.“
• When you create an object, you are creating an "instance" of
a class, therefore "instantiating" a class
• The new operator requires a single, postfix argument: a call
to a constructor
• The name of the constructor provides the name of the class
to instantiate
• The new operator returns a reference to the object it
created. This reference is usually assigned to a variable of the
appropriate type, like:
• Point P = new Point(23, 94);
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11. Role of New Keyword – cont.
• Here's the code for the Point class:
public class Point {
public int x = 0;
public int y = 0;
//constructor
public Point(int a, int b) {
x = a;
y = b;
}
}
• This class contains a single constructor. You can recognize a
constructor because its declaration uses the same name as the
class and it has no return type
• The constructor in the Point class takes two integer arguments, as
declared by the code (int a, int b)
• The following statement provides 23 and 94 as values for those
arguments:
• Point P = new Point(23, 94);
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12. Wrapper Classes
• In Java everything is in the form of a class, except primitive
datatypes
• This is for performance reasons
• Normally, when we work with Numbers, we use primitive data
types such as byte, int, long, double, etc. For example:
• int i = 500;
• float gpa = 3.65f;
• byte mask = 0xff;
• There are, however, reasons to use objects in place of
primitives, and the Java platform provides wrapper classes for
each of the primitive data types
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13. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• A Wrapper class is a class whose object wraps
or contains a primitive data type
• When we create an object to a wrapper class, it
contains a field and in this field, we can store a
primitive data types
• In other words, we can wrap a primitive value
into a wrapper class object
• The need for wrapper class is that they convert
primitive data types into objects
• The wrapper classes encapsulate, or wrap the
primitive datatypes within a class
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14. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• The wrapper classes in java serve two primary purposes:
• Objects are needed if we wish to modify the arguments passed
into a method (because primitive types are passed by value)
• To provide an assortment of utility functions for primitives like
converting primitive types to and from string objects, converting
to various bases like binary, octal or hexadecimal, or comparing
various objects
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15. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• The following two statements illustrate the difference
between a primitive data type and an object of a wrapper
class:
int x = 25;
Integer y = new Integer(33);
• The first statement declares an int variable named x and
initializes it with the value 25
• The second statement instantiates an Integer object. The
object is initialized with the value 33 and a reference to the
object is assigned to the object variable y.
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16. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Wrapper classes form a part of standard library of java.lang
package
• This package provides many methods that help us manipulate
the primitive datatypes
• Role of wrapper class
• Determines the nature of data of primitive datatype
• Converts them to object type
• Converts object data into data of primitive type
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17. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Primitive Data types and their Corresponding Wrapper class
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Primitive Datatype Wrapper Class
char Character
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
boolean Boolean
18. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Integer Wrapper Class
• Integer class is a wrapper class for the primitive type int which
contains several methods to effectively deal with an int value like
converting it to a string representation, and vice-versa
• The Integer class wraps the int primitive data type into an object.
• This class includes helpful methods in converting value from
String to Integer
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19. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Integer Wrapper Class
• There are two ways to instantiate the Integer object
• One is to use the new keyword.
• Integer secondInteger = new Integer(100);
• And the second method to create an Integer object is to use the
autoboxing feature of java which directly converts a primitive
data type to its corresponding wrapper class
• Below is an example on how to make use of autoboxing in order
to create a new Integer object
• Integer sampleInteger = 100;
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20. Some of the Methods of Integer
Wrapper class
Method Return
Type
Argument Description
parseInt() int String Returns int value when the function has
numbers in String format as argument
valueOf() int String Same as parseInt() but it returns Integer
object
toBinaryString() String int Returns String which is the binary
equivalent of the integer
toOctalString() String int Returns String which is the octal equivalent
of the integer in number system
toHexString() String int Returns String which is the hexadecimal
equivalent of the integer in number system
toString() String int Returns String after converting the data in
integer type passed as argument
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21. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Integer Wrapper Class
• Convert Integer to Java String object
/*
Convert Integer object to String object
This example shows how a Integer object can be converted into String
object.
*/
public class IntegerToStringExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer intObj = new Integer(10);
//use toString method of Integer class to convert Integer into String.
String str = intObj.toString();
System.out.println("Integer converted to String as " + str);
}
}
/*
Output of the program would be
Integer converted to String as 10
*/
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22. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Integer Wrapper Class
• Convert String to int Example
/*
Convert String to int Example
This Convert String to int Java example shows how a String object can be converted
into int primitive type
using parseInt method of Integer class.
*/
public class StringToIntExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//declare String object
String str = "10";
/*
use parseInt method of Integer class to convert String into int primitive data type. This
is a static method.
Please note that this method can throw a NumberFormatException if the string is not
parsable to int.
*/
int i = Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.println(i);
}
}
/*
Output the program would be
10
*/
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23. Some of the Methods of Double
Wrapper class
Method Return
Type
Argument Description
parseDouble() double String Returns double value when the function has
numbers in String format as argument
valueOf() double String Same as parseDouble() but it returns
Double object
toString() String double Returns String after converting the data in
integer type passed as argument
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24. Some of the Methods of Float
Wrapper class
Method Return
Type
Argument Description
parseFloat() float String Returns float value when the function has
numbers in String format as argument
valueOf() float String Same as parseFloat() but it returns Float
object
toString() String float Returns String after converting the data in
integer type passed as argument
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25. Wrapper Classes – cont.
• Character Wrapper Class
• Most of the time, if you are using a single character value, you
will use the primitive char type. For example:
• char ch = 'a';
• There are times, however, when you need to use a char as an
object—for example, as a method argument where an object is
expected
• The Java programming language provides a wrapper class that
"wraps" the char in a Character object for this purpose
• You can create a Character object with
the Character constructor:
• Character ch = new Character('a');
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26. Some of the Methods of Character
Wrapper class
Method Return
Type
Argument Description
isLowerCase() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is of
lower case. Else returns false
isUpperCase() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is of
uppercase. Else returns false
isDigit() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is
digit. Else returns false
isLetter() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is
letter. Else returns false
isWhitespace() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is
whitespace. Else returns false
isLetterOrDigit() boolean char Returns true if character passed as argument is
letter or digit. Else returns false
toUpperCase() char char Returns character after converting it to uppercase
toLowerCase() char char Returns character after converting it to lowercase
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27. Autoboxing - Unboxing
• The automatic conversion of primitive data type into an object
of its equivalent wrapper class is known as autoboxing.
Integer wobj = new Integer(77);
• The system of converting an object of wrapper class into
primitive data type is known as unboxing.
Integer wobj = new Integer(77);
int x = wobj;
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