This document summarizes key concepts about hybrid securities such as preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles. It discusses their features, how they differ from common stock and debt, and their advantages and disadvantages for both issuers and investors. Convertibles and bonds with warrants allow companies to raise capital at a lower cost than straight debt due to their equity-like components. However, their costs are also higher than straight debt alone due to added risk. The document provides examples and formulas to calculate the costs of different hybrid financing structures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to bonds and their valuation. It discusses features of bonds like par value, coupon rate, and maturity. It also covers bond valuation methods, including calculating yield to maturity and current/capital gains yields. Additional topics include interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and factors that affect bond ratings and default risk. Worked examples are provided to illustrate bond pricing and yield calculations.
This chapter discusses capital structure and the limits to using debt. It defines the costs associated with bankruptcy, including direct legal costs and indirect costs like lost sales. It also describes theories around a firm's debt level, including the tradeoff between tax benefits of debt vs. bankruptcy costs, signaling of firm value to investors, agency costs of debt, and pecking order theory of using internal then debt financing. Real-world factors that affect debt levels include taxes, asset types, operating uncertainty, growth levels, and financial slack.
Interest Rates and Bond Evaluation by Junaid ChohanJunaid Ashraf
This chapter discusses interest rates and bond valuation. It covers key bond concepts such as bond features, types, and valuation. Bond values fluctuate due to changing interest rates, as higher rates lower bond prices. Bond ratings indicate credit risk, with higher-rated bonds having lower yields. Inflation impacts nominal interest rates through the Fisher effect. The term structure of interest rates refers to the relationship between maturity and yields, with the yield curve normally upward sloping. Required bond returns depend on characteristics like risk, tax treatment, liquidity, and call provisions.
The document discusses various topics related to bonds, including:
1) Definitions of different types of bonds such as treasury bonds, corporate bonds, and junk bonds.
2) Bond terminology such as par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and bond ratings.
3) The valuation of bonds using the present value of future cash flows approach, accounting for factors like coupon rate, maturity, and investor's required rate of return.
4) Key bond valuation concepts such as yield to maturity, current yield, and the relationships between bond prices, interest rates, and coupon rates.
This document contains information about a 10-year bond with a face value of $1,000, coupon rate of 10%, and yield to maturity of 10%. It calculates the bond's price of $1,000 using the present value of cash flows. It also shows the bond's duration is 6.76 years and how its price would change with a change in interest rates based on duration.
Bond valuation involves calculating the present value of a bond's future interest payments and principal repayment. There are several types of bonds that differ in issuer and features. Bonds are issued by corporations and governments to raise funds for projects while managing costs and diversifying sources of capital. Investors face various risks when purchasing bonds like interest rate, default, market and call risks. Key metrics for bonds include current yield, yield to maturity, yield to call and realized yield, which are calculated using principles of time value of money. Bond prices generally move inversely to interest rates and bonds with longer maturities are more sensitive to interest rate changes. Price impacts from interest rate changes are also not symmetrical. Lower coupon bonds experience greater price volatility from
This document discusses key topics related to bonds, bond valuation, and interest rates. It begins by outlining topics that will be covered in the chapter, including who issues bonds, bond characteristics, bond valuation, and determinants of market interest rates. The document then defines what a bond is and provides examples of different bond classifications. Several key bond characteristics are defined, such as par value, coupon payment, maturity date, call provisions, and sinking funds. The document also discusses bond valuation methodology and how bond prices are affected by changes in market interest rates. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. The remainder of the document covers additional topics like bonds with semiannual coupons and different methods for calculating bond yields.
The 30-year bond has more interest rate risk.
37
Interest Rate Risk
- Longer-term bonds have greater interest rate risk than
shorter-term bonds because their prices are more
sensitive to changes in interest rates.
- When interest rates rise, the price of an existing bond
falls more for longer-term bonds than for shorter-term
bonds.
- When interest rates fall, the price of an existing bond
rises more for longer-term bonds than for shorter-term
bonds.
- Therefore, longer-term bonds have greater price volatility
and interest rate risk.
38
Default Risk
- Default risk is the risk that the issuer will not repay the
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to bonds and their valuation. It discusses features of bonds like par value, coupon rate, and maturity. It also covers bond valuation methods, including calculating yield to maturity and current/capital gains yields. Additional topics include interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and factors that affect bond ratings and default risk. Worked examples are provided to illustrate bond pricing and yield calculations.
This chapter discusses capital structure and the limits to using debt. It defines the costs associated with bankruptcy, including direct legal costs and indirect costs like lost sales. It also describes theories around a firm's debt level, including the tradeoff between tax benefits of debt vs. bankruptcy costs, signaling of firm value to investors, agency costs of debt, and pecking order theory of using internal then debt financing. Real-world factors that affect debt levels include taxes, asset types, operating uncertainty, growth levels, and financial slack.
Interest Rates and Bond Evaluation by Junaid ChohanJunaid Ashraf
This chapter discusses interest rates and bond valuation. It covers key bond concepts such as bond features, types, and valuation. Bond values fluctuate due to changing interest rates, as higher rates lower bond prices. Bond ratings indicate credit risk, with higher-rated bonds having lower yields. Inflation impacts nominal interest rates through the Fisher effect. The term structure of interest rates refers to the relationship between maturity and yields, with the yield curve normally upward sloping. Required bond returns depend on characteristics like risk, tax treatment, liquidity, and call provisions.
The document discusses various topics related to bonds, including:
1) Definitions of different types of bonds such as treasury bonds, corporate bonds, and junk bonds.
2) Bond terminology such as par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and bond ratings.
3) The valuation of bonds using the present value of future cash flows approach, accounting for factors like coupon rate, maturity, and investor's required rate of return.
4) Key bond valuation concepts such as yield to maturity, current yield, and the relationships between bond prices, interest rates, and coupon rates.
This document contains information about a 10-year bond with a face value of $1,000, coupon rate of 10%, and yield to maturity of 10%. It calculates the bond's price of $1,000 using the present value of cash flows. It also shows the bond's duration is 6.76 years and how its price would change with a change in interest rates based on duration.
Bond valuation involves calculating the present value of a bond's future interest payments and principal repayment. There are several types of bonds that differ in issuer and features. Bonds are issued by corporations and governments to raise funds for projects while managing costs and diversifying sources of capital. Investors face various risks when purchasing bonds like interest rate, default, market and call risks. Key metrics for bonds include current yield, yield to maturity, yield to call and realized yield, which are calculated using principles of time value of money. Bond prices generally move inversely to interest rates and bonds with longer maturities are more sensitive to interest rate changes. Price impacts from interest rate changes are also not symmetrical. Lower coupon bonds experience greater price volatility from
This document discusses key topics related to bonds, bond valuation, and interest rates. It begins by outlining topics that will be covered in the chapter, including who issues bonds, bond characteristics, bond valuation, and determinants of market interest rates. The document then defines what a bond is and provides examples of different bond classifications. Several key bond characteristics are defined, such as par value, coupon payment, maturity date, call provisions, and sinking funds. The document also discusses bond valuation methodology and how bond prices are affected by changes in market interest rates. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. The remainder of the document covers additional topics like bonds with semiannual coupons and different methods for calculating bond yields.
The 30-year bond has more interest rate risk.
37
Interest Rate Risk
- Longer-term bonds have greater interest rate risk than
shorter-term bonds because their prices are more
sensitive to changes in interest rates.
- When interest rates rise, the price of an existing bond
falls more for longer-term bonds than for shorter-term
bonds.
- When interest rates fall, the price of an existing bond
rises more for longer-term bonds than for shorter-term
bonds.
- Therefore, longer-term bonds have greater price volatility
and interest rate risk.
38
Default Risk
- Default risk is the risk that the issuer will not repay the
The document discusses key concepts related to bond valuation including features of bonds like par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and yield to maturity. It also defines different types of bonds such as coupon bonds, discount bonds, callable bonds, and convertible bonds. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate current yield, capital gains yield, and yield to maturity for bonds using a financial calculator. The valuation of bonds is demonstrated using the present value of future cash flows approach.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to bond valuation including:
1) Bond valuation involves calculating the present value of future cash flows from coupons and principal. Bond prices fluctuate as interest rates change.
2) Bond ratings indicate credit quality and impact required returns, with higher-rated bonds having lower yields.
3) Inflation and expected inflation impact nominal interest rates through the Fisher effect.
This document provides an overview of bond valuation and the structure of interest rates. It defines key bond concepts like yield to maturity, effective annual yield, and bond price calculation. It also discusses how bond prices are affected by interest rate changes and risk characteristics like default risk, call provisions, and term to maturity. The shape of the yield curve is determined by the real interest rate, expected inflation, and interest rate risk premium.
- Bonds have features like par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and call provisions.
- Bond valuation considers cash flows and discount rates. Yields include current yield and yield to maturity.
- Interest rate changes affect bond prices. If rates rise, prices fall.
- Default risk and liquidity affect required rates of return and bond spreads over Treasuries.
- Longer-term bonds have greater interest rate risk but lower reinvestment risk.
The document discusses bonds, including types of bonds and how bond prices and yields are calculated. It covers zero-coupon bonds and coupon bonds. For zero-coupon bonds, it shows the formulas to calculate price from yield and yield from price for terms less than and greater than one year. For coupon bonds, it explains how coupon payments are determined based on the coupon rate, payment frequency, and time to maturity. The purpose is to explain how to compute bond prices, yields, and related calculations.
BONDS, FEATURES OF BONDS, BOND VALUATION, MEASURING YIELD, ASSESSING RISK, TYPES OF LONG- TERM DEBT INSTRUMENTS, SERIAL BONDS, TYPES OF RISK, SEMI- ANNUAL BONDS, YIELD TO CALL, YIELD TO MATURITY, DEFAULT RISK & FACTORS AFFECTING DEFAULT RISK & BOND RATINGS, etc.
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of different types of bonds and shares and how to value them using present value concepts. The chapter focuses on the linkage between share values, earnings, and dividends. It also covers bond valuation, including the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices. Credit ratings help assess the default risk of different bonds.
This document summarizes long-term liabilities such as bonds payable and notes payable. It discusses the different types of bonds including term bonds, serial bonds, and convertible bonds. It provides examples of journal entries for issuing bonds at par value, a premium, and a discount. It also discusses accounting for bond interest expense, premium or discount amortization, and bond retirement or refinancing. Notes payable are also discussed including accounting for non-interest bearing and interest bearing notes for both cash and property transactions.
The document contains 5 multiple choice questions about bond valuation. Question 1 asks which statement is correct about the prices of 3 bonds with the same YTM but different coupon rates if interest rates remain constant. Question 2 asks which statement is correct about the price difference between callable and non-callable bonds of the same maturity and coupon rate. Question 3 asks which statement is correct regarding the relationship between current yield, yield to maturity, and premium/discount bonds. Questions 4 and 5 ask which statement is correct about the impact of different capital structures on bond yields and interest expenses.
Verizon wanted to sell its declining wireline business. It used a Reverse Morris Trust transaction to do so tax-free by spinning off the wireline business to shareholders and then merging it with Fairpoint Communications. A Reverse Morris Trust allows the spun off subsidiary to be considered the buyer in a merger, avoiding retroactive taxation on the parent company. While it limits the pool of potential buyers, it allowed Verizon to sell its wireline business without paying tax on the sale.
This document provides an overview of interest rate swaps. It begins with an example of a plain vanilla interest rate swap where one company pays a fixed rate to bondholders while another pays a floating rate. Through a swap agreement, the companies exchange their interest payment obligations. The document then discusses how swap rates are determined by equating the present value of the fixed swap payments to the present value of the floating payments implied by forward rates. It notes the swap rate can be viewed as a weighted average of forward rates, similar to how a par bond coupon is determined. Overall, the document introduces the basic concept of interest rate swaps and how the swap fixed rate is computed.
Why Income Property In Long Beach California ShortBill Stayart
The document discusses the benefits of investing in income property in Long Beach, California. It outlines 10 reasons to invest in Long Beach real estate, including its large port and university. It then provides rental rates and market values for properties in Long Beach over time, showing appreciation. Sample investment properties are described that have increased in value from hundreds of thousands to over a million dollars over several years through appreciation and improvements like adding units. The document advocates that income property is a better long-term investment than a single-family home due to steady rental income and greater potential appreciation.
The document discusses the formation and purpose of RAM, a Malaysian agency formed in 1990 to rate private debt securities and promote development of Malaysia's bond and debt market. It then provides details on RAM's rating scales for private debt securities, defining the ratings from AAA to B. The document explains the difference between yield-to-maturity (YTM) and yield-to-call (YTC). It then works through an example of converting a bond into common shares and calculating the conversion value, premium, and payback period.
1) The chapter discusses the valuation of long-term securities such as bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. It defines key valuation concepts like going-concern value, liquidation value, book value, intrinsic value, and market value.
2) Bond valuation models are presented for perpetual bonds, non-zero coupon bonds, and zero-coupon bonds. Preferred stock is valued as a perpetuity.
3) Common stock valuation is based on the discounted value of expected future dividends. The basic dividend valuation model sums the present value of all future dividends.
FIN 650 GC Week 8 Exam 3 Latest
Question 1. A lease versus purchase analysis should compare the cost of leasing to the cost of owning, assuming that the asset purchased
A. is financed with short-term debt.
B. is financed with long-term debt.
C. is financed with debt whose maturity matches the term of the lease.
D. is financed with a mix of debt and equity based on the firm’s target capital structure, i.e., at the WACC.
E. is financed with retained earnings
Question 2. In the lease versus buy decision, leasing is often preferable
A. because it has no effect on the firm’s ability to borrow to make other investments.
B. because, generally, no down payment is required, and there are no indirect interest costs.
C. because lease obligations do not affect the firm’s risk as seen by investors.
D. because the lessee owns the property at the end of the least term.
E. because the lessee may have greater flexibility in abandoning the project in which the leased property is used than if the lessee bought and owned the asset.
Question 3. 10 years ago, the City of Melrose issued $3,000,000 of 8% coupon, 30-year, semiannual payment, tax-exempt muni bonds. The bonds had 10 years of call protection, but now the bonds can be called if the city chooses to do so. The call premium would be 6% of the face amount. New 20-year, 6%, semiannual payment bonds can be sold at par, but flotation costs on this issue would be 2% of the amount of bonds sold. What is the net present value of the refunding? Note that cities pay no income taxes, hence taxes are not relevant.
A. $453,443
B. $476,115
C. $499,921
D. $524,917
E. $551,163
In its negotiations with its investment bankers, Patton Electronics has reached an agreement whereby the investment bankers receive a smaller fee now (6% of gross proceeds versus their normal 10%) but also receive a 1-year option to purchase an additional 200,000 shares at $5.00 per share. Patton will go public by selling $5,000,000 of new common stock. The investment bankers expect to exercise the option and purchase the 200,000 shares in exactly one year, when the stock price is forecasted to be $6.50 per share. However, there is a chance that the stock price will actually be $12.00 per share one year from now. If the $12 price occurs, what would the present value of the entire underwriting compensation be? Assume that the investment banker’s required return on such arrangements is 15%, and ignore taxes.
English prestige - commercial leasing tenant & landlord representationEnglish Prestige
English Prestige integrated online to offline (O2O) transactional model and positioning as one stop shop for entire home services model brings exhaustive supply, demand and distribution together to tap the highly fragmented brokerage market.
1. This document discusses key concepts related to bonds, including their features, valuation, yields, and risks. It defines what bonds are, describes the main types of bonds, and covers their key features like par value, coupon rate, and maturity date.
2. The document explains how to value bonds using the yield to maturity approach. It shows how changing market rates affect bond prices, causing prices to rise or fall depending on whether rates are below or above the coupon rate.
3. Bond yields like yield to maturity, yield to call, and current yield are defined. The document demonstrates how to calculate these yields using a financial calculator. It also discusses when a call is more or less likely and how this impacts
This document discusses hybrid securities such as preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles. It provides information on their features, risks, advantages, and disadvantages from the perspective of both issuers and investors. Convertibles in particular help minimize agency costs between shareholders and bondholders by allowing bondholders to share in upside returns through conversion.
This document discusses convertible bonds and their valuation. It begins by covering Modigliani & Miller's propositions on capital structure and the irrelevance of capital structure absent taxes. It then discusses how taxes create value from leverage through interest tax shields. Various pricing models for convertible bonds are presented, including the Black-Scholes model. The document also discusses hedging strategies using convertible bonds and their associated Greeks.
This document discusses key aspects of lease financing including:
- The two parties to a lease are the lessee who uses the asset and makes payments, and the lessor who owns the asset and receives payments.
- There are five primary lease types: operating, financial, sale and leaseback, combination, and synthetic.
- Leases are classified for tax and accounting purposes, which affects the financial analysis.
- The analysis compares the net present value of costs for the lessee to lease versus own an asset, considering factors like depreciation, interest, and residual value.
This document discusses key aspects of lease financing including:
- The two parties to a lease are the lessee who uses the asset and makes payments, and the lessor who owns the asset and receives payments.
- There are five primary lease types: operating, financial, sale and leaseback, combination, and synthetic.
- Leases are classified for tax and accounting purposes, which affects the financial analysis.
- The analysis compares the net present value of costs for the lessee to lease versus own an asset, considering factors like depreciation, interest, and residual value.
This document provides an overview of capital structure decisions and theory. It defines key terms related to capital structure and costs of capital. It discusses how debt can impact the weighted average cost of capital and free cash flows. Capital structure theories covered include Modigliani-Miller with no taxes, corporate taxes, and corporate and personal taxes. The trade-off theory and signaling theory are also introduced.
The document discusses key concepts related to bond valuation including features of bonds like par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and yield to maturity. It also defines different types of bonds such as coupon bonds, discount bonds, callable bonds, and convertible bonds. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate current yield, capital gains yield, and yield to maturity for bonds using a financial calculator. The valuation of bonds is demonstrated using the present value of future cash flows approach.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to bond valuation including:
1) Bond valuation involves calculating the present value of future cash flows from coupons and principal. Bond prices fluctuate as interest rates change.
2) Bond ratings indicate credit quality and impact required returns, with higher-rated bonds having lower yields.
3) Inflation and expected inflation impact nominal interest rates through the Fisher effect.
This document provides an overview of bond valuation and the structure of interest rates. It defines key bond concepts like yield to maturity, effective annual yield, and bond price calculation. It also discusses how bond prices are affected by interest rate changes and risk characteristics like default risk, call provisions, and term to maturity. The shape of the yield curve is determined by the real interest rate, expected inflation, and interest rate risk premium.
- Bonds have features like par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and call provisions.
- Bond valuation considers cash flows and discount rates. Yields include current yield and yield to maturity.
- Interest rate changes affect bond prices. If rates rise, prices fall.
- Default risk and liquidity affect required rates of return and bond spreads over Treasuries.
- Longer-term bonds have greater interest rate risk but lower reinvestment risk.
The document discusses bonds, including types of bonds and how bond prices and yields are calculated. It covers zero-coupon bonds and coupon bonds. For zero-coupon bonds, it shows the formulas to calculate price from yield and yield from price for terms less than and greater than one year. For coupon bonds, it explains how coupon payments are determined based on the coupon rate, payment frequency, and time to maturity. The purpose is to explain how to compute bond prices, yields, and related calculations.
BONDS, FEATURES OF BONDS, BOND VALUATION, MEASURING YIELD, ASSESSING RISK, TYPES OF LONG- TERM DEBT INSTRUMENTS, SERIAL BONDS, TYPES OF RISK, SEMI- ANNUAL BONDS, YIELD TO CALL, YIELD TO MATURITY, DEFAULT RISK & FACTORS AFFECTING DEFAULT RISK & BOND RATINGS, etc.
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of different types of bonds and shares and how to value them using present value concepts. The chapter focuses on the linkage between share values, earnings, and dividends. It also covers bond valuation, including the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices. Credit ratings help assess the default risk of different bonds.
This document summarizes long-term liabilities such as bonds payable and notes payable. It discusses the different types of bonds including term bonds, serial bonds, and convertible bonds. It provides examples of journal entries for issuing bonds at par value, a premium, and a discount. It also discusses accounting for bond interest expense, premium or discount amortization, and bond retirement or refinancing. Notes payable are also discussed including accounting for non-interest bearing and interest bearing notes for both cash and property transactions.
The document contains 5 multiple choice questions about bond valuation. Question 1 asks which statement is correct about the prices of 3 bonds with the same YTM but different coupon rates if interest rates remain constant. Question 2 asks which statement is correct about the price difference between callable and non-callable bonds of the same maturity and coupon rate. Question 3 asks which statement is correct regarding the relationship between current yield, yield to maturity, and premium/discount bonds. Questions 4 and 5 ask which statement is correct about the impact of different capital structures on bond yields and interest expenses.
Verizon wanted to sell its declining wireline business. It used a Reverse Morris Trust transaction to do so tax-free by spinning off the wireline business to shareholders and then merging it with Fairpoint Communications. A Reverse Morris Trust allows the spun off subsidiary to be considered the buyer in a merger, avoiding retroactive taxation on the parent company. While it limits the pool of potential buyers, it allowed Verizon to sell its wireline business without paying tax on the sale.
This document provides an overview of interest rate swaps. It begins with an example of a plain vanilla interest rate swap where one company pays a fixed rate to bondholders while another pays a floating rate. Through a swap agreement, the companies exchange their interest payment obligations. The document then discusses how swap rates are determined by equating the present value of the fixed swap payments to the present value of the floating payments implied by forward rates. It notes the swap rate can be viewed as a weighted average of forward rates, similar to how a par bond coupon is determined. Overall, the document introduces the basic concept of interest rate swaps and how the swap fixed rate is computed.
Why Income Property In Long Beach California ShortBill Stayart
The document discusses the benefits of investing in income property in Long Beach, California. It outlines 10 reasons to invest in Long Beach real estate, including its large port and university. It then provides rental rates and market values for properties in Long Beach over time, showing appreciation. Sample investment properties are described that have increased in value from hundreds of thousands to over a million dollars over several years through appreciation and improvements like adding units. The document advocates that income property is a better long-term investment than a single-family home due to steady rental income and greater potential appreciation.
The document discusses the formation and purpose of RAM, a Malaysian agency formed in 1990 to rate private debt securities and promote development of Malaysia's bond and debt market. It then provides details on RAM's rating scales for private debt securities, defining the ratings from AAA to B. The document explains the difference between yield-to-maturity (YTM) and yield-to-call (YTC). It then works through an example of converting a bond into common shares and calculating the conversion value, premium, and payback period.
1) The chapter discusses the valuation of long-term securities such as bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. It defines key valuation concepts like going-concern value, liquidation value, book value, intrinsic value, and market value.
2) Bond valuation models are presented for perpetual bonds, non-zero coupon bonds, and zero-coupon bonds. Preferred stock is valued as a perpetuity.
3) Common stock valuation is based on the discounted value of expected future dividends. The basic dividend valuation model sums the present value of all future dividends.
FIN 650 GC Week 8 Exam 3 Latest
Question 1. A lease versus purchase analysis should compare the cost of leasing to the cost of owning, assuming that the asset purchased
A. is financed with short-term debt.
B. is financed with long-term debt.
C. is financed with debt whose maturity matches the term of the lease.
D. is financed with a mix of debt and equity based on the firm’s target capital structure, i.e., at the WACC.
E. is financed with retained earnings
Question 2. In the lease versus buy decision, leasing is often preferable
A. because it has no effect on the firm’s ability to borrow to make other investments.
B. because, generally, no down payment is required, and there are no indirect interest costs.
C. because lease obligations do not affect the firm’s risk as seen by investors.
D. because the lessee owns the property at the end of the least term.
E. because the lessee may have greater flexibility in abandoning the project in which the leased property is used than if the lessee bought and owned the asset.
Question 3. 10 years ago, the City of Melrose issued $3,000,000 of 8% coupon, 30-year, semiannual payment, tax-exempt muni bonds. The bonds had 10 years of call protection, but now the bonds can be called if the city chooses to do so. The call premium would be 6% of the face amount. New 20-year, 6%, semiannual payment bonds can be sold at par, but flotation costs on this issue would be 2% of the amount of bonds sold. What is the net present value of the refunding? Note that cities pay no income taxes, hence taxes are not relevant.
A. $453,443
B. $476,115
C. $499,921
D. $524,917
E. $551,163
In its negotiations with its investment bankers, Patton Electronics has reached an agreement whereby the investment bankers receive a smaller fee now (6% of gross proceeds versus their normal 10%) but also receive a 1-year option to purchase an additional 200,000 shares at $5.00 per share. Patton will go public by selling $5,000,000 of new common stock. The investment bankers expect to exercise the option and purchase the 200,000 shares in exactly one year, when the stock price is forecasted to be $6.50 per share. However, there is a chance that the stock price will actually be $12.00 per share one year from now. If the $12 price occurs, what would the present value of the entire underwriting compensation be? Assume that the investment banker’s required return on such arrangements is 15%, and ignore taxes.
English prestige - commercial leasing tenant & landlord representationEnglish Prestige
English Prestige integrated online to offline (O2O) transactional model and positioning as one stop shop for entire home services model brings exhaustive supply, demand and distribution together to tap the highly fragmented brokerage market.
1. This document discusses key concepts related to bonds, including their features, valuation, yields, and risks. It defines what bonds are, describes the main types of bonds, and covers their key features like par value, coupon rate, and maturity date.
2. The document explains how to value bonds using the yield to maturity approach. It shows how changing market rates affect bond prices, causing prices to rise or fall depending on whether rates are below or above the coupon rate.
3. Bond yields like yield to maturity, yield to call, and current yield are defined. The document demonstrates how to calculate these yields using a financial calculator. It also discusses when a call is more or less likely and how this impacts
This document discusses hybrid securities such as preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles. It provides information on their features, risks, advantages, and disadvantages from the perspective of both issuers and investors. Convertibles in particular help minimize agency costs between shareholders and bondholders by allowing bondholders to share in upside returns through conversion.
This document discusses convertible bonds and their valuation. It begins by covering Modigliani & Miller's propositions on capital structure and the irrelevance of capital structure absent taxes. It then discusses how taxes create value from leverage through interest tax shields. Various pricing models for convertible bonds are presented, including the Black-Scholes model. The document also discusses hedging strategies using convertible bonds and their associated Greeks.
This document discusses key aspects of lease financing including:
- The two parties to a lease are the lessee who uses the asset and makes payments, and the lessor who owns the asset and receives payments.
- There are five primary lease types: operating, financial, sale and leaseback, combination, and synthetic.
- Leases are classified for tax and accounting purposes, which affects the financial analysis.
- The analysis compares the net present value of costs for the lessee to lease versus own an asset, considering factors like depreciation, interest, and residual value.
This document discusses key aspects of lease financing including:
- The two parties to a lease are the lessee who uses the asset and makes payments, and the lessor who owns the asset and receives payments.
- There are five primary lease types: operating, financial, sale and leaseback, combination, and synthetic.
- Leases are classified for tax and accounting purposes, which affects the financial analysis.
- The analysis compares the net present value of costs for the lessee to lease versus own an asset, considering factors like depreciation, interest, and residual value.
This document provides an overview of capital structure decisions and theory. It defines key terms related to capital structure and costs of capital. It discusses how debt can impact the weighted average cost of capital and free cash flows. Capital structure theories covered include Modigliani-Miller with no taxes, corporate taxes, and corporate and personal taxes. The trade-off theory and signaling theory are also introduced.
Fm11 ch 16 capital structure decisions the basicsNhu Tuyet Tran
This document provides an overview of capital structure decisions and theory. It defines key terms related to capital structure and costs of capital. It discusses how debt can impact the weighted average cost of capital and free cash flows. Capital structure theories covered include Modigliani-Miller with no taxes, corporate taxes, and corporate and personal taxes. The trade-off theory and signaling theory are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of capital structure decisions and theories. It discusses how debt can impact a firm's weighted average cost of capital, free cash flows, and risk. Capital structure theories covered include Modigliani-Miller under different tax assumptions, trade-off theory, and signaling theory. Examples are provided to illustrate how leverage can increase returns but also financial risk for stockholders.
The document discusses capital structure decisions and theories. It begins by outlining the goals of maximizing firm value and minimizing the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) through lowering risk, increasing cash flows, and maximizing profits. It then discusses factors that affect capital structure such as business risk, debt tax deductibility, and managerial decisions.
The document goes on to provide definitions related to capital structure and explores how capital structure can impact value using the WACC and free cash flow models. It previews various capital structure theories including Modigliani-Miller with no taxes, corporate taxes, and corporate and personal taxes. Finally, it discusses the trade-off theory and how an optimal capital structure balances the tax
This document discusses various topics related to mergers and acquisitions including: types of mergers; reasons for mergers such as synergy creation and questionable reasons like diversification; the process of leveraged buyouts and going private; different types of divestitures; and the purpose and advantages of holding companies. Investment bankers play important roles in identifying targets, arranging deals, and providing advisory services related to mergers.
The document discusses bond valuation and interest rates. It defines key bond concepts like yield to maturity and explains how spot and forward rates are used to value pure discount bonds. The document also explores yield curves and theories for why they take different shapes. Additional topics covered include credit risk, bond ratings, junk bonds, and embedded options in bonds like calls, conversions, and their impact on convertible bond valuation.
This document provides an overview of key bond concepts including features of bonds, bond valuation, yield measures, and risk assessment. It defines terms like par value, coupon rate, maturity date, and default risk. It discusses how bond values are affected by the required rate of return and explains yields like current yield, yield to maturity, and yield to call. The document also covers bond risk factors, ratings, bankruptcy procedures, and the largest US corporate bond issuances.
The document discusses the cost of capital and how to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for a firm. It explains the different sources of capital including debt, preferred stock, and common equity. It also discusses how to estimate the costs of each type of capital and calculate WACC, as well as how to adjust the WACC for project-specific risks that differ from the average risk of the firm.
This document defines bonds and bond terminology. It discusses the different types of bonds, including treasury bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and more. Key bond concepts are explained such as par value, coupon rate, maturity date, bond ratings, and bond valuation. Bond valuation is calculated as the present value of expected future cash flows from interest payments and principal repayment. The relationships between bond values and interest rates are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of bonds and bond valuation. It defines bonds as debt instruments issued by corporations or governments to borrow money. An example is provided of a corporate bond issued by Coca-Cola, including details of the coupon rate, face value, and coupon payments. The document discusses how to value bonds using present value techniques and discounting at the yield to maturity. It also covers bond features such as call provisions and bond ratings. Bond markets, inflation, and interest rates are discussed as well, including the relationship between nominal and real interest rates as defined by the Fisher effect.
The valuation of bonds ppt @ bec doms financeBabasab Patil
The document discusses the valuation and characteristics of bonds. It covers the basis of bond valuation using present value of expected cash flows. It also discusses bond terminology like maturity, coupon rate, and yield. Bond valuation considers factors like interest rates, time to maturity, coupon payments, and principal repayment. The price of a bond moves in the opposite direction of interest rates.
This document summarizes capital structure decisions and theories. It discusses how debt can impact a firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and free cash flow (FCF). The key effects are:
- Debt can lower WACC by reducing the tax burden but increase it by raising financial risk.
- Debt can boost or reduce FCF by lowering costs through interest tax deductions but increasing bankruptcy risk.
- Capital structure theories like MM and trade-off theory examine the optimal debt-equity mix that balances these costs and benefits. Signaling theory notes managers' private information impacts financing choices.
This document discusses bond valuation and bond markets. It begins by defining different types of bonds such as coupon bonds, zero-coupon bonds, and inflation-linked bonds. It then covers topics such as bond valuation using discounted cash flows, yield to maturity, bond prices and interest rates, bond ratings, and the term structure of interest rates. The document also briefly discusses government bonds, corporate bonds, and bond markets.
This document discusses the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and its components. It addresses how to calculate WACC using the costs of debt, preferred stock, and common equity weighted by the target capital structure. It also discusses adjusting component costs for taxes and risk and determining the weights. Project risk can be standalone, corporate, or market risk and may require adjusting the composite WACC. Risk adjustments are made subjectively based on a project's estimated beta.
1. Bonds payable are contractual promises made by a company to pay cash to bondholders in the future in exchange for cash received today. The terms are contained in an indenture agreement.
2. Bonds can be issued at par, a discount, or a premium depending on whether the stated interest rate equals, is below, or exceeds the market rate demanded by investors.
3. Accounting entries are made to record the bond issuance and allocate any discount or premium over the life of the bond through amortization.
20110917 principles of corporate finance part8FED事務局
This document summarizes key chapters from a textbook on corporate finance risk management. It covers managing different types of risk including insurance, options, forwards/futures, swaps, currency risk hedging, and political risk. The chapters discuss why firms manage risk, different hedging instruments, and relationships between interest rates, exchange rates, and inflation rates in international markets. Risk management aims to reduce cash flow volatility and costs while hedging provides ways to control risk through various financial contracts and operational practices.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Madhya Pradesh, the "Heart of India," boasts a rich tapestry of culture and heritage, from ancient dynasties to modern developments. Explore its land records, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. From agricultural expanses to urban growth, Madhya Pradesh offers a unique blend of the ancient and modern.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
1. 19 - 1
Types of hybrid securities
Preferred stock
Warrants
Convertibles
Features and risk
Cost of capital to issuers
CHAPTER 19
Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock,
Warrants, and Convertibles
2. 19 - 2
Preferred dividends are specified by
contract, but they may be omitted
without placing the firm in default.
Most preferred stocks prohibit the
firm from paying common dividends
when the preferred is in arrears.
Usually cumulative up to a limit.
How does preferred stock differ from
common stock and debt?
(More...)
3. 19 - 3
Some preferred stock is perpetual, but
most new issues have sinking fund or
call provisions which limit maturities.
Preferred stock has no voting rights,
but may require companies to place
preferred stockholders on the board
(sometimes a majority) if the dividend is
passed.
Is preferred stock closer to debt or
common stock? What is its risk to
investors? To issuers?
4. 19 - 4
Advantages
Dividend obligation not contractual
Avoids dilution of common stock
Avoids large repayment of principal
Disadvantages
Preferred dividends not tax deductible,
so typically costs more than debt
Increases financial leverage, and hence
the firm’s cost of common equity
What are the advantages and disadvan-
tages of preferred stock financing?
5. 19 - 5
Dividends are indexed to the rate on
treasury securities instead of being
fixed.
Excellent S-T corporate investment:
Only 30% of dividends are taxable to
corporations.
The floating rate generally keeps issue
trading near par.
What is floating rate preferred?
6. 19 - 6
However, if the issuer is risky, the
floating rate preferred stock may
have too much price instability for
the liquid asset portfolios of many
corporate investors.
7. 19 - 7
A warrant is a long-term call option.
A convertible consists of a fixed
rate bond (or preferred stock)plus a
long-term call option.
How can a knowledge of call options
help one understand warrants and
convertibles?
8. 19 - 8
P0 = $20.
rd of 20-year annual payment bond
without warrants = 12%.
50 warrants with an exercise price of
$25 each are attached to bond.
Each warrant’s value is estimated to
be $3.
Given the following facts, what
coupon rate must be set on a bond
with warrants if the total package is to
sell for $1,000?
10. 19 - 10
Step 2: Find Coupon Payment and Rate
N I/YR PV PMT FV
20 12 -850 1000
Solve for payment = 100
Therefore, the required coupon rate
is $100/$1,000 = 10%.
11. 19 - 11
At issue, the package was actually
worth
VPackage = $850 + 50($5) = $1,100,
which is $100 more than the selling
price.
If after issue the warrants immediately
sell for $5 each, what would this imply
about the value of the package?
(More...)
12. 19 - 12
The firm could have set lower
interest payments whose PV would
be smaller by $100 per bond, or it
could have offered fewer warrants
and/or set a higher exercise price.
Under the original assumptions,
current stockholders would be
losing value to the bond/warrant
purchasers.
13. 19 - 13
Generally, a warrant will sell in the
open market at a premium above its
value if exercised (it can’t sell for
less).
Therefore, warrants tend not to be
exercised until just before expiration.
Assume that the warrants expire 10
years after issue. When would you
expect them to be exercised?
(More...)
14. 19 - 14
In a stepped-up exercise price, the
exercise price increases in steps over
the warrant’s life. Because the value of
the warrant falls when the exercise price
is increased, step-up provisions
encourage in-the-money warrant holders
to exercise just prior to the step-up.
Since no dividends are earned on the
warrant , holders will tend to exercise
voluntarily if a stock’s payout ratio rises
enough.
15. 19 - 15
When exercised, each warrant will
bring in the exercise price, $25.
This is equity capital and holders will
receive one share of common stock
per warrant.
The exercise price is typically set some
20% to 30% above the current stock
price when the warrants are issued.
Will the warrants bring in additional
capital when exercised?
16. 19 - 16
No. As we shall see, the warrants
have a cost which must be added to
the coupon interest cost.
Because warrants lower the cost of
the accompanying debt issue, should
all debt be issued with warrants?
17. 19 - 17
The company will exchange stock worth
$36.75 for one warrant plus $25. The
opportunity cost to the company is
$36.75 - $25.00 = $11.75 per warrant.
Bond has 50 warrants, so the
opportunity cost per bond = 50($11.75) =
$587.50.
What is the expected return to the bond-
with-warrant holders (and cost to the
issuer) if the warrants are expected to
be exercised in 5 years when P =
$36.75?
(More...)
18. 19 - 18
Here are the cash flows on a time line:
0 1 4 5 6 19 20
+1,000 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100
-587.50 -1,000
-687.50 -1,100
Input the cash flows into a calculator to
find IRR = 14.7%. This is the pre-tax
cost of the bond and warrant package.
(More...)
19. 19 - 19
The cost of the bond with warrants
package is higher than the 12%
cost of straight debt because part
of the expected return is from
capital gains, which are riskier than
interest income.
The cost is lower than the cost of
equity because part of the return is
fixed by contract.
(More...)
20. 19 - 20
When the warrants are exercised,
there is a wealth transfer from
existing stockholders to
exercising warrant holders.
But, bondholders previously
transferred wealth to existing
stockholders, in the form of a low
coupon rate, when the bond was
issued.
21. 19 - 21
At the time of exercise, either more
or less wealth than expected may be
transferred from the existing
shareholders to the warrant holders,
depending upon the stock price.
At the time of issue, on a risk-
adjusted basis, the expected cost of
a bond-with-warrants issue is the
same as the cost of a straight-debt
issue.
22. 19 - 22
20-year, 10.5% annual coupon, callable
convertible bond will sell at its $1,000 par
value; straight debt issue would require a
12% coupon.
Call protection = 5 years and call price =
$1,100. Call the bonds when conversion
value > $1,200, but the call must occur on
the issue date anniversary.
P0 = $20; D0 = $1.48; g = 8%.
Conversion ratio = CR = 40 shares.
Assume the following convertible
bond data:
23. 19 - 23
What conversion price (Pc) is built into
the bond?
Like with warrants, the conversion
price is typically set 20%-30% above
the stock price on the issue date.
$1,000
40
Pc =
= = $25.
Par value
# Shares received
24. 19 - 24
Examples of real convertible bonds
issued by Internet companies
Issuer
Amazon.com
Beyond.com
CNET
DoubleClick
Mindspring
NetBank
PSINet
SportsLine.com
Size of issue
$1,250 mil
55 mil
173 mil
250 mil
180 mil
100 mil
400 mil
150 mil
Cvt Price
$156.05
18.34
74.81
165
62.5
35.67
62.36
65.12
Price at issue
$122
16
84
134
60
32
55
52
25. 19 - 25
What is (1) the convertible’s straight
debt value and (2) the implied value of
the convertibility feature?
PV FV
20 12 105 1000
Solution: -887.96
I/YR PMTN
Straight debt value:
26. 19 - 26
Because the convertibles will sell for
$1,000, the implied value of the
convertibility feature is
$1,000 - $887.96 = $112.04.
The convertibility value corresponds
to the warrant value in the previous
example.
Implied Convertibility Value
27. 19 - 27
Conversion value = CVt = CR(P0)(1 + g)t
.
t = 0
CV0 = 40($20)(1.08)0
= $800.
t = 10
CV10 = 40($20)(1.08)10
= $1,727.14.
What is the formula for the
bond’s expected conversion value
in any year?
28. 19 - 28
The floor value is the higher of the
straight debt value and the
conversion value.
Straight debt value0 = $887.96.
CV0 = $800.
Floor value at Year 0 = $887.96.
What is meant by the floor value of a
convertible? What is the floor value
at t = 0? At t = 10?
29. 19 - 29
Straight debt value10 = $915.25.
CV10 = $1,727.14.
Floor value10 = $1,727.14.
A convertible will generally sell
above its floor value prior to maturity
because convertibility constitutes a
call option that has value.
30. 19 - 30
If the firm intends to force conversion
on the first anniversary date after CV >
$1,200, when is the issue expected to
be called?
PV FV
8 -800 0 1200
Solution: n = 5.27
I/YR PMTN
Bond would be called at t = 6 since
call must occur on anniversary
date.
31. 19 - 31
What is the convertible’s expected
cost of capital to the firm?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1,000 -105 -105 -105 -105 -105 -105
-1,269.50
-1,374.50
CV6 = 40($20)(1.08)6
= $1,269.50.
Input the cash flows in the calculator
and solve for IRR = 13.7%.
32. 19 - 32
For consistency, need rd < rc < rs.
Why?
Does the cost of the convertible
appear to be consistent with the costs
of debt and equity?
(More...)
33. 19 - 33
rd = 12% and rc = 13.7%.
rs = + g = + 0.08
= 16.0%.
Since rc is between rd and rs, the costs
are consistent with the risks.
Check the values:
D0(1 + g)
P0
$1.48(1.08)
$20
34. 19 - 34
Assume the firm’s tax rate is 40% and its
debt ratio is 50%. Now suppose the firm is
considering either:
(1) issuing convertibles, or
(2) issuing bonds with warrants.
Its new target capital structure will have
40% straight debt, 40% common equity and
20% convertibles or bonds with warrants.
What effect will the two financing
alternatives have on the firm’s WACC?
WACC Effects
35. 19 - 35
Convertibles Step 1: Find the after-tax
cost of the convertibles.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1,000 -63 -63 -63 -63 -63 -63
-1,269.50
-1,332.50
INT(1 - T) = $105(0.6) = $63.
With a calculator, find:
rc (AT) = IRR = 9.81%.
36. 19 - 36
rd (AT) = 12%(0.06) = 7.2%.
Convertibles Step 2: Find the after-tax
cost of straight debt.
38. 19 - 38
Some notes:
We have assumed that rs is not affected
by the addition of convertible debt.
In practice, most convertibles are
subordinated to the other debt, which
muddies our assumption of rd = 12%
when convertibles are used.
When the convertible is converted, the
debt ratio would decrease and the firm’s
financial risk would decline.
39. 19 - 39
Warrants Step 1: Find the after-tax
cost of the bond with warrants.
0 1 ... 4 5 6 ... 19 20
+1,000 -60 -60 -60 -60 -60
-60
-587.50 -1,000
-647.50 -1,060
INT(1 - T) = $100(0.60) = $60.
# Warrants(Opportunity loss per warrant)
= 50($11.75) = $587.50.
Solve for: rw (AT) = 10.32%.
41. 19 - 41
The firm’s future needs for equity
capital:
Exercise of warrants brings in new
equity capital.
Convertible conversion brings in no new
funds.
In either case, new lower debt ratio can
support more financial leverage.
Besides cost, what other factors
should be considered?
(More...)
42. 19 - 42
Does the firm want to commit to 20
years of debt?
Convertible conversion removes debt,
while the exercise of warrants does not.
If stock price does not rise over time,
then neither warrants nor convertibles
would be exercised. Debt would remain
outstanding.
43. 19 - 43
Warrants bring in new capital, while
convertibles do not.
Most convertibles are callable, while
warrants are not.
Warrants typically have shorter
maturities than convertibles, and
expire before the accompanying debt.
Recap the differences between
warrants and convertibles.
(More...)
44. 19 - 44
Warrants usually provide for fewer
common shares than do
convertibles.
Bonds with warrants typically have
much higher flotation costs than do
convertible issues.
Bonds with warrants are often used
by small start-up firms. Why?
45. 19 - 45
How do convertibles help minimize
agency costs?
Agency costs due to conflicts between
shareholders and bondholders
Asset substitution (or bait-and-switch).
Firm issues low cost straight debt, then
invests in risky projects
Bondholders suspect this, so they charge
high interest rates
Convertible debt allows bondholders to
share in upside potential, so it has low rate.
46. 19 - 46
Agency Costs Between Current
Shareholders and New Shareholders
Information asymmetry: company
knows its future prospects better
than outside investors
Otside investors think company will
issue new stock only if future prospects
are not as good as market anticipates
Issuing new stock send negative signal
to market, causing stock price to fall
47. 19 - 47
Company with good future prospects
can issue stock “through the back
door” by issuing convertible bonds
Avoids negative signal of issuing stock
directly
Since prospects are good, bonds will
likely be converted into equity, which is
what the company wants to issue