Ch 16 Arrest, Interrogation & ID
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The document discusses various topics related to arrest, interrogation, and identification procedures by law enforcement. It covers the definition of arrest and when an arrest is required to have a warrant. It also discusses warrantless arrests, the use of force during arrests, and several high-profile cases involving alleged police brutality. The document also summarizes Supreme Court rulings on the use of force, interrogations, Miranda warnings, and police identification procedures such as lineups, showups, and photo arrays.
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C H A P T E R 4Arrest and Stopunder the FourthAmendment.docx
C H A P T E R 4
Arrest and Stop
under the Fourth
Amendment
Because the strongest advocates of Fourth Amendment rights are frequently criminals, it is
easy to forget that our interpretations of such rights apply to the innocent and the guilty alike.
—JUSTICE THURGOOD MARSHALL, United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 11 (1989)
171
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OVERVIEW OF THE LAW OF PERSONAL
DETENTION
Arrests and Investigative Stops
Detention to Investigate
Detention and Search during the Execution
of a Search Warrant
ARREST
Arrest and Police Discretion
Consequences of Arrest
Defining a Fourth Amendment Seizure and Arrest
Probable Cause to Arrest
The Use of Force
THE ARREST WARRANT REQUIREMENT
Arrest in Public
Arrest in the Home
Arrests and Searches in Third-Party Homes
SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST
The Scope of a Search Incident to Arrest
The Protective Sweep Exception
Searching at the Station House
STOP AND FRISK
Establishing the Constitutional Authority to Stop
The Sources of Reasonable Suspicion
Terry on the Streets
Terry on the Road
Terry in Tight Places
Terry at the Airport: Drug Stops and Drug Courier
Profiles
Terry and Canine Detection Cases
LAW IN SOCIETY: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
AND ARREST
Changing Norms and Domestic Violence Laws
Impediments to Change: Police Discretion
and Domestic Violence
The Minneapolis Experiment and the Replication
Experiments
Mandatory Arrest: Policies, Polemics, and Findings
Mandatory Arrest: Empirical Studies
Conclusion
SUMMARY
LEGAL PUZZLES
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT: STALWART
CONSERVATIVES, 1938–1962: REED, VINSON,
BURTON, MINTON, AND WHITTAKER
Stanley F. Reed
Fred M. Vinson
Harold Burton
Sherman Minton
Charles E. Whittaker
KEY TERMS
arrest
arrest warrant
body cavity search
booking
brevity requirement
bright-line rule
class action
citizen’s arrest
companion case
custodial arrest
custody
drug courier profile
false arrest
field interrogation
“fleeing felon” rule
frisk
fusion centers
illegal arrest
in personam jurisdiction
in-presence rule
M04_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH04.QXD 1/11/10 5:21 PM Page 171
G
A
R
R
E
T
T
,
M
E
G
A
N
1
3
2
4
T
S
OVERVIEW OF THE LAW OF PERSONAL DETENTION
Even a routine arrest—physically detaining a person—is a drastic event. For some people being
arrested, even when justifiably, is psychologically traumatic. For the police officer, a routine de-
tention may quickly escalate into a life-threatening episode, although firearms are not used in
99.8 percent of all arrests. Only 5.1 percent of arrests involve the use or display of weapons of
any type. Indeed, in 84 percent of all arrests, police use no tactics at all—the arrestees simply
submit.1 Nevertheless, all seizures of people are, by law, forcible detentions in that they are not
consensual.
Arrests and Investigative Stops
A police detention of a person can be lawful or illegal. Because liberty has priority in American
political theory and constitutional law, all detentions by government officers ...
147Chapter 6 POLICE INVESTIG.docx
147
Chapter 6
POLICE INVESTIGATIONS,
INTERROGATIONS, AND CONFESSIONS
In this chapter, you will become familiar with:
The rights of individuals when arrested and subjected to interrogation
Strategies police use to elicit confessions
The reasons people confess to crimes
The frequency of false confessions
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
POLICE INTERROGATIONS AND CONFESSIONS
A confession is perhaps the most compelling evidence that can be pre-
sented in a criminal trial. A confession, even when subsequently retracted,
can infl uence jury verdicts (Kassin & Sukel, 1997). Most jurors view con-
fessions as accurate accounts of a defendant ’ s culpability. Indeed, it is
likely that the majority of confessions are valid, in that the suspect actually
committed a criminal act. However, it is sometimes the case that confes-
sions are false. In these cases, a suspect confesses to a crime he or she did
not actually commit. In this chapter, we consider the factors that can lead
to a false confession.
In order to understand the factors that can contribute to a false confession,
one must distinguish between personal and situational risk factors (Kassin
& Gudjonsson, 2004). Some individuals are more susceptible to respond
to interrogative coercion by being more compliant or more suggestible.
Younger suspects, particularly adolescents, or individuals with mental health
problems may be more vulnerable to interrogation tactics. Intelligence, drug
or alcohol use, and stress are other personal risk factors that may increase
the likelihood of a false confession. In contrast, situational risk factors
involve the particular techniques used to extract the confession, the time of
c06.indd 147c06.indd 147 11/3/09 5:42:03 PM11/3/09 5:42:03 PM
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/9/2020 9:02 AM via STRAYER UNIVERSITY
AN: 309009 ; Roesch, Ronald, Hart, Stephen D., Zapf, Patricia A..; Forensic Psychology and Law
Account: strayer.main.eds-live
148 Police Investigations, Interrogations, and Confessions
day the interrogation was conducted, or the length of the interrogation. We
review both personal and situational risk factors later in this chapter.
Most people believe that they would never falsely confess to a crime, so
they cannot imagine that others would do so. People also tend to believe
that confessions stem from individual rather than situational factors. This
is known as a fundamental attribution error , which is the tendency to
overemphasize dispositional or personality - based explanations for a.
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Similar to Ch 16 Arrest, Interrogation & ID
C H A P T E R 4Arrest and Stopunder the FourthAmendment.docx
C H A P T E R 4
Arrest and Stop
under the Fourth
Amendment
Because the strongest advocates of Fourth Amendment rights are frequently criminals, it is
easy to forget that our interpretations of such rights apply to the innocent and the guilty alike.
—JUSTICE THURGOOD MARSHALL, United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 11 (1989)
171
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OVERVIEW OF THE LAW OF PERSONAL
DETENTION
Arrests and Investigative Stops
Detention to Investigate
Detention and Search during the Execution
of a Search Warrant
ARREST
Arrest and Police Discretion
Consequences of Arrest
Defining a Fourth Amendment Seizure and Arrest
Probable Cause to Arrest
The Use of Force
THE ARREST WARRANT REQUIREMENT
Arrest in Public
Arrest in the Home
Arrests and Searches in Third-Party Homes
SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST
The Scope of a Search Incident to Arrest
The Protective Sweep Exception
Searching at the Station House
STOP AND FRISK
Establishing the Constitutional Authority to Stop
The Sources of Reasonable Suspicion
Terry on the Streets
Terry on the Road
Terry in Tight Places
Terry at the Airport: Drug Stops and Drug Courier
Profiles
Terry and Canine Detection Cases
LAW IN SOCIETY: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
AND ARREST
Changing Norms and Domestic Violence Laws
Impediments to Change: Police Discretion
and Domestic Violence
The Minneapolis Experiment and the Replication
Experiments
Mandatory Arrest: Policies, Polemics, and Findings
Mandatory Arrest: Empirical Studies
Conclusion
SUMMARY
LEGAL PUZZLES
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT: STALWART
CONSERVATIVES, 1938–1962: REED, VINSON,
BURTON, MINTON, AND WHITTAKER
Stanley F. Reed
Fred M. Vinson
Harold Burton
Sherman Minton
Charles E. Whittaker
KEY TERMS
arrest
arrest warrant
body cavity search
booking
brevity requirement
bright-line rule
class action
citizen’s arrest
companion case
custodial arrest
custody
drug courier profile
false arrest
field interrogation
“fleeing felon” rule
frisk
fusion centers
illegal arrest
in personam jurisdiction
in-presence rule
M04_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH04.QXD 1/11/10 5:21 PM Page 171
G
A
R
R
E
T
T
,
M
E
G
A
N
1
3
2
4
T
S
OVERVIEW OF THE LAW OF PERSONAL DETENTION
Even a routine arrest—physically detaining a person—is a drastic event. For some people being
arrested, even when justifiably, is psychologically traumatic. For the police officer, a routine de-
tention may quickly escalate into a life-threatening episode, although firearms are not used in
99.8 percent of all arrests. Only 5.1 percent of arrests involve the use or display of weapons of
any type. Indeed, in 84 percent of all arrests, police use no tactics at all—the arrestees simply
submit.1 Nevertheless, all seizures of people are, by law, forcible detentions in that they are not
consensual.
Arrests and Investigative Stops
A police detention of a person can be lawful or illegal. Because liberty has priority in American
political theory and constitutional law, all detentions by government officers ...
147Chapter 6 POLICE INVESTIG.docx
147
Chapter 6
POLICE INVESTIGATIONS,
INTERROGATIONS, AND CONFESSIONS
In this chapter, you will become familiar with:
The rights of individuals when arrested and subjected to interrogation
Strategies police use to elicit confessions
The reasons people confess to crimes
The frequency of false confessions
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
POLICE INTERROGATIONS AND CONFESSIONS
A confession is perhaps the most compelling evidence that can be pre-
sented in a criminal trial. A confession, even when subsequently retracted,
can infl uence jury verdicts (Kassin & Sukel, 1997). Most jurors view con-
fessions as accurate accounts of a defendant ’ s culpability. Indeed, it is
likely that the majority of confessions are valid, in that the suspect actually
committed a criminal act. However, it is sometimes the case that confes-
sions are false. In these cases, a suspect confesses to a crime he or she did
not actually commit. In this chapter, we consider the factors that can lead
to a false confession.
In order to understand the factors that can contribute to a false confession,
one must distinguish between personal and situational risk factors (Kassin
& Gudjonsson, 2004). Some individuals are more susceptible to respond
to interrogative coercion by being more compliant or more suggestible.
Younger suspects, particularly adolescents, or individuals with mental health
problems may be more vulnerable to interrogation tactics. Intelligence, drug
or alcohol use, and stress are other personal risk factors that may increase
the likelihood of a false confession. In contrast, situational risk factors
involve the particular techniques used to extract the confession, the time of
c06.indd 147c06.indd 147 11/3/09 5:42:03 PM11/3/09 5:42:03 PM
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/9/2020 9:02 AM via STRAYER UNIVERSITY
AN: 309009 ; Roesch, Ronald, Hart, Stephen D., Zapf, Patricia A..; Forensic Psychology and Law
Account: strayer.main.eds-live
148 Police Investigations, Interrogations, and Confessions
day the interrogation was conducted, or the length of the interrogation. We
review both personal and situational risk factors later in this chapter.
Most people believe that they would never falsely confess to a crime, so
they cannot imagine that others would do so. People also tend to believe
that confessions stem from individual rather than situational factors. This
is known as a fundamental attribution error , which is the tendency to
overemphasize dispositional or personality - based explanations for a.
147Chapter 6 POLICE INVESTIG.docx
147
Chapter 6
POLICE INVESTIGATIONS,
INTERROGATIONS, AND CONFESSIONS
In this chapter, you will become familiar with:
The rights of individuals when arrested and subjected to interrogation
Strategies police use to elicit confessions
The reasons people confess to crimes
The frequency of false confessions
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
POLICE INTERROGATIONS AND CONFESSIONS
A confession is perhaps the most compelling evidence that can be pre-
sented in a criminal trial. A confession, even when subsequently retracted,
can infl uence jury verdicts (Kassin & Sukel, 1997). Most jurors view con-
fessions as accurate accounts of a defendant ’ s culpability. Indeed, it is
likely that the majority of confessions are valid, in that the suspect actually
committed a criminal act. However, it is sometimes the case that confes-
sions are false. In these cases, a suspect confesses to a crime he or she did
not actually commit. In this chapter, we consider the factors that can lead
to a false confession.
In order to understand the factors that can contribute to a false confession,
one must distinguish between personal and situational risk factors (Kassin
& Gudjonsson, 2004). Some individuals are more susceptible to respond
to interrogative coercion by being more compliant or more suggestible.
Younger suspects, particularly adolescents, or individuals with mental health
problems may be more vulnerable to interrogation tactics. Intelligence, drug
or alcohol use, and stress are other personal risk factors that may increase
the likelihood of a false confession. In contrast, situational risk factors
involve the particular techniques used to extract the confession, the time of
c06.indd 147c06.indd 147 11/3/09 5:42:03 PM11/3/09 5:42:03 PM
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/9/2020 9:02 AM via STRAYER UNIVERSITY
AN: 309009 ; Roesch, Ronald, Hart, Stephen D., Zapf, Patricia A..; Forensic Psychology and Law
Account: strayer.main.eds-live
148 Police Investigations, Interrogations, and Confessions
day the interrogation was conducted, or the length of the interrogation. We
review both personal and situational risk factors later in this chapter.
Most people believe that they would never falsely confess to a crime, so
they cannot imagine that others would do so. People also tend to believe
that confessions stem from individual rather than situational factors. This
is known as a fundamental attribution error , which is the tendency to
overemphasize dispositional or personality - based explanations for a.
C H A P T E R 3Essential FourthAmendmentDoctrines10.docx
C H A P T E R 3
Essential Fourth
Amendment
Doctrines
105
CHAPTER OUTLINE
THE SEARCH WARRANT
Search Warrant Values: A Neutral and Detached
Magistrate
Obtaining a Search Warrant
Particularity
The Intersection of the First, Fourth, and Fifth
Amendments
Anticipatory Warrants and Controlled Deliveries
Challenging a Search Warrant Affidavit
Executing a Search Warrant: Knock and Announce
Inventory and Delayed Notice; “Sneak and Peek”
Warrants
Deadly Errors
REVOLUTIONIZING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT
Modernizing Search and Seizure Law
Creating the “Expectation of Privacy” Doctrine
Applying the “Expectation of Privacy” Doctrine
Undercover Agents and the Fourth Amendment
PROBABLE CAUSE AND THE FOURTH
AMENDMENT
The Concept of Evidence Sufficiency
Defining Probable Cause
Probable Cause Based on Informers’ Tips
Conservative Revisions
PLAIN VIEW AND RELATED DOCTRINES
Plain View
Curtilage and Open Fields
Airspace
Enhancement Devices
CONSENT SEARCHES
Voluntariness Requirement
Knowledge of One’s Rights
Third-Party Consent
Scope of Consent
“Knock and Talk”
LAW IN SOCIETY: POLICE PERJURY
AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT
SUMMARY
LAW PUZZLES
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT:
ROOSEVELT’S LIBERALS: DOUGLAS, MURPHY,
JACKSON, AND RUTLEDGE
William O. Douglas
Frank Murphy
Robert H. Jackson
Wiley B. Rutledge
Power is a heady thing; and history shows that the police acting on their own cannot be
trusted. And so the Constitution requires a magistrate to pass on the desires of the police
before they violate the privacy of the home.
—JUSTICE WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS, McDonald v. United States, 335 U.S. 451, 456 (1948)
M03_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH03.QXD 1/11/10 3:03 PM Page 105
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106 Chapter 3
KEY TERMS
anticipatory warrant
beeper
consent search
constitutionally protected
area
controlled delivery
curtilage
enhancement device
exigency
ex parte
expectation of privacy
industrial curtilage
inventory and return
“knock and announce” rule
magistrate
media ride-along
neutral and detached
magistrate
no-knock warrant
open fields
plain feel rule
plain view
plurality opinion
probable cause
reasonable suspicion
secret informant
“sneak and peek” warrant
telephonic warrant
thermal imaging
two-pronged test
undercover agent
This chapter presents five basic areas of Fourth Amendment law: (1) the search warrant, (2) the
‘expectation of privacy’ doctrine, (3) probable cause, (4) the plain view doctrine, and (5) consent
searches. Although in practice most searches are conducted without a warrant (i.e., are “warrant-
less”), the Fourth Amendment presumes that judicial search warrants are essential for preserving
the privacy protections of the people. The expectation of privacy doctrine, established in 1967, is
now the theoretical backbone of Fourth Amendment analysis. Probable cause, the level of evi-
dence required by the Constitution before government agents can invade individual privacy, is the
required basis for arrests and searches and seiz ...
Chapter 13 Interrogation, Electronic Surveillance, and Other .docx
Chapter 13: Interrogation, Electronic Surveillance, and Other Police Practices 471
# 151053 Cust: Cengage Au: Hall Pg. No. 471
Title: Criminal Law and Procedure Server: __________________
K
Short / Normal
DESIGN SERVICES OF
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Publishing Services
confessions, and admissions to prove guilt is controversial. The United States Supreme
Court has recognized that admissions are highly suspect when relied upon alone to
obtain a confession. The Court stated, in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964),4 that a “system
of criminal law enforcement which comes to depend on the ‘confession’ will, in the
long run, be less reliable and more subject to abuses than a system which depends on
extrinsic evidence independently” obtained through other law enforcement practices.
At common law, confessions and admissions could be used freely, as long as they
were made voluntarily. The early basis for excluding involuntary confessions was the
Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.5 Eventually, federal
defendants could seek to have confessions suppressed if they were not taken before a mag-
istrate promptly after arrest. This was known as the McNabb-Mallory rule, named for
two Supreme Court cases.6 The rule was not constitutionally based. Instead, the Court
announced the rule in its supervisory role over the nation’s federal courts. While the rule
of quick presentment of arrestees to judges had existed at common law and had been
codified by Congress, there was no remedy for violations. Accordingly, the Court held
that confessions that occurred after unreasonable delays should be excluded. Congress re-
acted to McNabb-Mallory and Miranda by enacting a statute that permits the admission
of a confession so long as it was voluntarily given. Another section provides that regardless
of any delay in presenting a suspect to a judge, a confession shall be admitted if obtained
within 6 hours of arrest. In Corley v. United States, 556 U.S.—(2009) it was held that if
there is a delay in presenting a suspect to a judge longer than 6 hours, the old McNabb-
Mallory exclusionary rule applies if a delay is found to be unreasonable.
Today, interrogations, confessions, and admissions are governed by these rules, as
well as two broader rights: the Fifth Amendment right to be free from self-incrimina-
tion and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
Miranda
By virtue of popular television and films, the Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona,
or at least the “Miranda” warnings that are a product of that case, is one of the best
known judicial decisions of our time.
[The Supreme Court consolidated appeals from
several individuals who had been convicted at trials
where their confessions were entered into evidence.
Ernesto Miranda, for whom the case is named,
was arrested for rape and kidnapping. He was
interrogated at a police station. He was not advised
of his constitutional rights, he never requested to
see .
ISSUE 1 Should U.S. Citizens Who Are Declared to Be Enemy Combat.docx
ISSUE 1: Should U.S. Citizens Who Are Declared to Be "Enemy Combatants" Be Able to Contest Their Detention before a Judge?
YES: Sandra Day O'Connor, from "Majority Opinion, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld" (U.S. Supreme Court, June 28, 2004)
NO: Clarence Thomas, from "Minority Opinion, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld" (U.S. Supreme Court, June 28, 2004)
Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor finds that the Authorization for Use of Military Force passed by Congress does not authorize the indefinite detainment of a person found to be an "enemy combatant." Justice Clarence Thomas believes that the detention of an "enemy combatant" is permitted under the federal government's war powers.
Issue 2: Does the President Possess Constitutional Authority to Order Wiretaps on U.S. Citizens?
YES: U.S. Department of Justice, from "Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" (United States Department of Justice, January 19, 2006)
NO: Letter to Congress, from "14 Law Professors and Former Government Attorneys to Congressional Leaders" (January 2, 2006)
The Department of Justice argues that the Constitution gives the President the right to engage in electronic surveillance, with or without congressional approval or judicial oversight. It further claims that the National Security Agency (NSA) wiretapping program ordered by President Bush does not violate federal law, specifically the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), because such surveillance falls under the auspices of the military response to the 9/11 attacks, which was authorized by Congress. Several lawyers with expertise in constitutional law or experience in the federal government argue that the NSA wiretapping program violates FISA and the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. They further argue that the President does not have any inherent authority either to engage in warrantless wiretapping or to violate federal law that limits such surveillance.
Issue 3: Is a Dog Sniffing for Drugs Outside a Home a Search Prohibited by the Fourth Amendment?
YES: Antonin Scalia, from "Majority Opinion, Florida v. Jardines" (U.S. Supreme Court, March 26, 2013)
NO: Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr., from "Dissenting Opinion, Florida v. Jardines" (U.S. Supreme Court, March 26, 2013)
Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia finds that it is a search and a violation of the Fourth Amendment when police obtain evidence by allowing a trained dog to physically enter and occupy an area outside a home in which permission has not been obtained from the home owner. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito disagrees that there was a trespass here or that the dog sniff could be considered an invasion of any reasonable expectation of privacy given that one can expect that odors will float outside of a house.
Issue 4: Is There a Constitutional Right to Possess a Firearm for Private Use?
YES: Antonin Scalia, from "Majority Opinion, District of Columbia, et al., v. Heller" (U.S. Supreme Court, ...
4Th Amendment Essay
Fourth Amendment Conclusion
The Fourth Amendment Essay
Fourth Amendment Essay
Essay On 4th Amendment
Fourth Amendment Essay
4Th Amendment Essay
Fourth Amendment Conclusion
The Fourth Amendment Essay
Fourth Amendment Essay
Essay On 4th Amendment
Fourth Amendment Essay
1PHASE 4 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT DISCRETIONPhase 4 I.docx
1
PHASE 4 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT: DISCRETION
Phase 4 Individual Project
Criminal Justice Capstone
CJUS484-1601B-01
Instructor Randall Peterson
Colorado Technical University Online
March 14, 2016
ABSTRACT
According to the facts of the scenario‚ the two crime suspects named Steve Chapman (Suspect #1) and Keith Hopkins (Suspect #2) committed their crimes and fled the crime scene before police officers made their arrival. Luke Roberts, victim #1, was shot in the head and pronounced deceased at the scene. Mr. Liam O’Neil, victim #2, was one of the crime victims that survived the crime incident. He was able to describe the two suspects, Keith Hopkins and Steve Chapman, to the police officers. The two suspects were later arrested and taken into police custody after being positively identified based on the surviving victim’s description. The following will discuss how would discretion affect this particular case and if it would have changed the outcome from several perspectives.
It is also important to point out that according to the facts of the case scenario‚ it was only after the police interviewed Suspect 2‚ Keith Hopkins‚ that they were able to get the information regarding the property that they both stole during the robbery as well as the gun that was used in executing the robbery. The police interview revealed that the stolen property from both victims was hidden in a laundry basket in Hopkin’s bedroom within his home. He also stated that Suspect 1, Steve Chapman, hid the gun used in the robbery in the attic of his house under the insulation (CTUO, 2016). It is also suspected that there may also be additional evidence in the house, but Keith Hopkins refused to give any further information and denied consent to retrieve the items within the home(s).
Under the circumstances illustrated in this scenario‚ the two criminal suspects are protected by the Fourth Amendment. With that said, the police would not go ahead to search and seize the stolen property plus the gun used in committing the crime‚ without obtaining a search warrant from a magistrate. This is because according to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution‚ every U.S. Citizen has a right to be secure in their houses‚ persons‚ effects‚ and paper against any unreasonable seizures and searches. This right cannot or should not be violated or no warrants issued unless there is a probable cause that is generally supported by oath of affirmation. The warrant must say or clearly describe the particular place(s) that will be searched as well as what property or person that needs to be seized (Galiano, 2011). It is important to point out that the police officers did not apprehend the two suspects during the robbery act that went wrong. But that the police officers arrested the two suspects after they had committed the crime upon matching the victim’s description, the admission and stated location(s) of the hidden stolen property and the gun used in t ...
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