The document summarizes the development of city-states in ancient Greece between 700-335 BC. It describes the key features of city-states like the polis, agora, and acropolis. It then focuses on Sparta and Athens as the two most powerful city-states. Sparta was known for its powerful army and strict militaristic society, while Athens developed the world's first democratic system of government under Solon and Cleisthenes and grew into an empire under Pericles, before its decline.

1. Chapter 10 The City-State
Section 1 The Polis
700 B.C. – 335 B.C.

2. The Polis
• Polis – city-state – geographic & political center of religious
Greek life
• Acropolis – a fortified hill surrounded by farming villages, fields
– At the top of the Acropolis stood the temple of the local God

3. The Polis
• Agora – open area used as a marketplace (artisans, traders,
upper class settled near it)
• Each city had own govt & laws
• Between 5,000 to 10,000 citizens
– Citizens were born in Greece & could not be women, children, or slaves
– Citizens could vote, own property, hold public office, speak for self in court
– In return, they took part in government & defended polis in war
• Civic & personal honor were one & the same
• Greeks put good of the polis above all else
• Two Greatest Greek States:
– Sparta – Strongest Army
– Athens – Strongest Navy

4. Chapter 10 The City-State
Section 2 Sparta
700 B.C. – 335 B.C.

5. Sparta
• Sparta located in South-Central Greece (Peloponnesus)
• By 500 B.C. is the greatest military power
• Sparta 1st ruled by King, by 800 B.C. aristocrats (nobles) took
over

6. Sparta
• The Assembly – passed all laws & decided questions of war &
peace
– Every year 5 managers chosen (ephors) to be in charge of public affairs
– Every citizen over 20 were members of Assembly
– Council of the Elders – men over 60 chosen for life, served as a high court

7. Aristocrats, Helots, & Perioeci
• Helots – land workers, enslaved people owned by the city-states
– Helots turned half crops to aristocrats who owned land, but lived in center of
polis
• Perioeci – merchants and artisans who lived in the villages
• Helots & Perioeci worked; Aristocrats trained for army & war

8. Spartan Way of Life
• Spartans desired being strongest ppl in Greece
– Even unhealthy babies were left on hillside to die
• Spartan boys age 7 sent to live in military camps
– Learned to read, write, use weapons
– Spoke only when necessary
– Small amount of food, barefoot
– Married at 20, could not have house, lived on military base
• Spartan women had more freedom than others
– Could mix freely w/ men, enjoyed sports – wrestling, racing
• Spartans believed new ideas could weaken their way of life
– Ex: Greeks began to use coins as money, Spartans kept using iron rods
– Sparta defeated in 371 B.C.
– Main & only goal: Military Strength

9. Chapter 10 The City-State
Section 3 Athens
700 B.C. – 335 B.C.

10. Athens
• Athenians had different life philosophy than Spartans
• By 750 B.C. Oligarchy created by Athenian nobles, merchants
– Oligarchy – form of government in which a few people rule
• Fights broke out btw oligarchy & farmers/artisans over land
ownership
– To prevent uprising, oligarchy agreed to reforms – changes to the govt
• In 594 B.C. rich merchant Solon prepared a Constitution – a set
of principles & rules for governing

11. Solon’s Constitution
• Constitution limited how much land someone could own
• Broke the political power of the rich
– Solon set land ownership limits
– Gave all landowners the right to vote
– Solon erased all debts, freed enslaved by debt
– Established an Assembly
– Result: Trade & Political Participation Increased!!
– In 560 B.C. Peisistratus made ruler
– Supported by lower classes
– He divided large estates among landless farmers
– Person no longer had to own land to be a citizen
– Encouraged sculpture, arts

12. A Democratic Constitution
• In 508 B.C. Cleisthenes created world’s 1st Democratic
Constitution
– Gave Right to Free Speech
– Lasted ‘til fall of Greece 300 years later
– Open to all Males over 20
• Assembly – 10 generals run army/navy
– Serve as Chief Judges
– One general named Commander-in-chief
– Council of Five Hundred – handled daily business of Athens
– 500 members chosen each year by a large pot

13. Delian League and Athenian
Empire
• After the Persian Wars,
many Greek city-states
formed alliances
• The main alliance was
known as the Delian
League headed by Athens
• Sparta became alarmed at
Athens growing power and
declared war
• This was is known as the
Peloponnesian War
• Overtime the Athenians
controlled other city-states:
permission to sail, trade,
criminal cases brought to trial
in Athens, etc.
• Delian League had turned into
the Athenian Empire
• Main leader of Athens: Pericles
• Rebuilt palaces and temples
on the Acropolis like the
Parthenon
• Athens decline led to the
Spartans taking control of
Athens in 404 B.C.