The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Farsi)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Farsi women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Khmer)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Khmer women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Dari)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Dari women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Nepalese women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Turkish)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Turkish women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Thai women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Korean)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Korean women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Farsi)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Farsi women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Khmer)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Khmer women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Dari)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Dari women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Nepalese women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Turkish)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Turkish women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Thai women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Korean)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Korean women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Arabic)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Arabic background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Thai background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Bengali))Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Staying well and preventing cancer: Community education flipchartCancer Institute NSW
One in three cancers can be prevented through healthy living behaviours.
The Cancer Institute NSW developed the Staying well and preventing cancer flipchart to support health or community workers/educators working with multicultural communities.
The flipchart uses simple text and illustrations to provide information about cancer prevention and healthy living behaviours.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese traditional)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese simplified)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (English)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Macedonian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Assyrian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Korean-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart is for people of a Vietnamese background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart is for people of an Italian background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Arabic)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Arabic background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Thai background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Bengali))Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Staying well and preventing cancer: Community education flipchartCancer Institute NSW
One in three cancers can be prevented through healthy living behaviours.
The Cancer Institute NSW developed the Staying well and preventing cancer flipchart to support health or community workers/educators working with multicultural communities.
The flipchart uses simple text and illustrations to provide information about cancer prevention and healthy living behaviours.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese traditional)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese simplified)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (English)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Macedonian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Assyrian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Korean-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart is for people of a Vietnamese background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart is for people of an Italian background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Editor's Notes
Facilitator notes – What is cancer?
Our bodies are made up of million of cells. Our bodies grow new cells and replace worn-out cells every day.
During this process, some cells may grow abnormally and become unhealthy.
A person would not know if their cells were becoming abnormal.
The body usually fixes abnormal cells. However, if abnormal cells grow and divide without being repaired, they can eventually turn into cancer.
Cancer is a disease of the body’s cells.
There are tests that can be done to detect cancer early. For example, mammograms for breast cancer.
Today we are talking about the Cervical Screening Test, which checks the health of the cervix.
Facilitator notes – Where is the cervix?
In order to describe what cervical cancer is, we will have a look at the female reproductive system, which is the part of the body where the cervix is located.
Women have two ovaries which are about the size of large olives/grapes. The ovaries hold a woman’s ova (or eggs). The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes,
Each month, an egg is released from a women’s ovary. The egg travels down the fallopian tubes towards the uterus.
The uterus is a strong muscular organ. It is about the size of a fist. When a women is pregnant, the baby grows in the women’s uterus.
The vagina is made up of stretchy muscle tissue. The vagina opens to the vulva, which is outside of a woman’s body between the legs.
The cervix is located at the top of the vagina. The cervix has a small passage that connects the vagina to the uterus. During pregnancy, the cervix tightens to keep the baby in the uterus.
Cervical cancer occurs in the cervix.
Facilitator notes – What causes cervical cancer?
Almost all cancers of the cervix are caused by a virus called the human papillomavirus, also known as HPV.
There are more than 100 different types of HPV. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer.
HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin contact of the genitals during sexual activity.
HPV is common in both women and men. Anyone who has every been sexually active could have HPV.
HPV can be passed on from one-off partners, husbands and wives, partners in a long-term relationship, and women and people with a cervix in same-sex relationships.
Sexual activity includes sexual intercourse (penis in vagina sex), oral sex, anal sex, genital skin-to-skin contact (penis, vagina, labia or anus), sexual touching (including mutual masturbation), finger penetration and the use of sex toys.
The body often clears up HPV by itself with no problems within 1−2 years.
In rare cases where the body does not clear up HPV by itself, HPV can sometimes lead to cervical cancer.
Facilitator notes – Cervical cancer can be prevented
Cervical cancer can be prevented through receiving the HPV vaccination and participating in regular cervical screening.
In Australia, all girls and boys get a free HPV vaccine at high school.
The vaccine protects against seven HPV types, which cause around 90% of cervical cancers in women.
The vaccine works best if boys and girls get the vaccine before they become sexually active. Young people up to 19 years of age who didn’t get the HPV vaccine at school can get the vaccine for free from their doctor or local immunisation provider.
Vaccinating boys can prevent them from getting HPV and passing it on to a partner.
If a woman or person with a cervix has received the HPV vaccine, she should still have regular Cervical Screening Tests. This is because the vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV.
For reference – Information about the National HPV Vaccination Program can be accessed at the Cancer Council website: hpvvaccine.org.au
Facilitator notes – Who should have the Cervical Screening Test?
All women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 who have ever been sexually active, even if they have only had sex once or are no longer having sex, should have regular Cervical Screening Tests.
A last Cervical Screening Test can be between the age of 70 and 74, depending on when a person’s previous test was.
Women and people with a cervix should have a Cervical Screening Test every five years unless told differently by a doctor or specialist.
Women and people with a cervix who are pregnant can still have a Cervical Screening Test. They can safely be screened at any time during the antenatal and postnatal periods (during and after pregnancy).
A woman or person with a cervix can get a Cervical Screening Test at a doctor’s clinic, specialist (gynaecologist), Family Planning NSW clinic or a women’s health centre. Women and people with a cervix can ask for a female doctor or nurse to perform the test.
The Cervical Screening Test is only for people who are not experiencing any symptoms of cervical cancer, such as unusual bleeding, unusual discharge or pelvic pain. Anyone who is experiencing these symptoms should see their doctor straight away.
Facilitator notes – The Cervical Screening Test
The Cervical Screening Test has replaced the Pap test which some of you may have heard of. The Cervical Screening Test is more accurate as it looks for HPV in the cervix and any cell changes that could eventually lead to cervical cancer.
The Cervical Screening Test is not a test for cancer.
For women and people with a cervix who have had the Pap test before, the experience of having a Cervical Screening Test looks and feels similar to having a Pap test.
The doctor or nurse will ask the woman or person with a cervix to get undressed from the waist down (usually taking off their skirt or pants) and lie on the examination bed with their knees bent. The person will be given a sheet to cover her private parts.
If the doctor does not leave the room you can ask them to.
Some people may choose to wear a long skirt or dress so that they can lift it up instead of removing their clothing.
Facilitator notes – Cervical Screening Test equipment
A doctor or nurse will gently insert a plastic instrument called a speculum (which will be lubricated) into the woman’s vagina. This will open the vagina to make it easier for the doctor or nurse to perform the test.
While the speculum is in the woman’s vagina, a soft brush is used to collect a few cells from the cervix.
The cells are then put in a liquid, which is sent to a laboratory for testing.
Women and people with a cervix may feel some discomfort during the test. The test should not be painful.
A woman or person with a cervix should let the doctor or nurse know if they are feeling any pain during the test.
It helps if a person tries to relax when the speculum is inserted into her vagina.
The test usually only takes a few minutes.
Facilitator notes – Self-collection
Some women and people with a cervix have the option to do a self-collected test in a medical or health care clinic. This involves a person inserting a swab into her vagina and collecting a few cells from the vagina.
Women and people with a cervix can discuss with their doctor about undertaking a self-collected test. From mid-2022, self-collection will be available to all women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 years.
Women and people with a cervix can discuss with their doctor to check if they are eligible to do the self-collected test. The self-collected test cannot be done at home.
If HPV is found in the self-collected sample, the person will need to return to the doctor or nurse so they can collect cells from the cervix and send this away for testing.
Facilitator notes – Cervical Screening Test results
• The doctor or nurse will receive the results about two weeks after the test. They may call the person when their results come back or they may receive results by letter. • If a person has a negative result they will be invited to have the test in five years. A negative result means that the test found no HPV in the cells of the cervix. • Sometimes a test will come back with a HPV positive result. This means that HPV was found in the cells of the cervix.
• A positive result does not mean that a person has cancer. In this case, the person may:
– be asked to have the Cervical Screening Test in 12 months to check that the HPV infection has cleared; or
– be referred to a specialist (usually a gynaecologist) for a colposcopy, which involves looking at the cervix more closely to check for cell changes.
Facilitator notes – For more information
For more information about the Cervical Screening Test, visit the program website at cancerscreening.gov.au/cervical
The website has various resources on cervical screening, including brochures and posters in different languages.
There is also a National Cancer Screening Register which sends invitations and reminder letters to women to let them know when they need to have their next Cervical Screening Test.
People can call the Register on 1800 627 701 to check when they are due for their next Cervical Screening Test and also update their contact details.
People can ask to be taken off the Register by completing a form on the National Cancer Screening Register website.
People who need help in their language can call the Translating and Interpreting Service on 13 14 50.
In addition to cervical screening, there are two other national cancer screening programs which we will briefly talk about now.
For reference – The National Cancer Screening Register website can be accessed at ncsr.gov.au
Facilitator notes
• One in three cancers can be prevented through healthy living behaviours.
• The Cancer Institute NSW developed a Staying well and preventing cancer flipchart to support community education with multicultural communities.
• The flipchart outlines six healthy living behaviours, including:
– healthy eating
– being active
– being a healthy body weight
– not smoking
– protect your skin
– participate in cancer screening.
Facilitator notes – National cancer screening programs
Cancer screening is the use of simple tests to look for early signs of cancer, or the conditions that cause cancer.
Screening tests can find cancer or cell changes that can lead to cancer before you can see or feel any changes to your body. When you find cancer early, it is easier to treat successfully.
In Australia, there are three national screening programs. These are for bowel, breast and cervical cancers.
If you are unsure about doing a screening test, talk to your doctor to help you decide.
Facilitator notes – Bowel screening
If you’re aged 50–74 years and have a Medicare card, the Commonwealth Government will send you a free bowel screening test kit in the mail every two years.
Bowel cancer can develop slowly, without any signs or symptoms.
The bowel screening test kit is free, simple and can be done in your own home.
The test can find changes in the bowel early.
If found early, 9 out of 10 bowel cancers can be successfully treated.
Do the test when it comes in the post. It could save your life.
The test kit instructions and other resources are available online in more than 20 languages: cancerscreening.gov.au/translations
To find out more, call the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program infoline on 1800 627 701 or call the Translating and Interpreting Service on 13 14 50 (for help in your language).
Facilitator notes – Breast screening
Women aged 50–74 should have a mammogram every two years.
Mammograms with BreastScreen NSW are free and a doctor’s referral is not needed.
A mammogram (also called a breast x-ray) is the best way to find breast cancer early before it can be seen or felt.
Almost all women who find their breast cancer in the early stages will get better and will return to living their normal lives.
Most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease.
All radiographers at your appointment will be female.
Call 13 20 50 to make an appointment or book online at book.breastscreen.nsw.gov.au There are many sites available so you can choose a date, time and location that suits you.
Call 13 14 50 if you need someone who speaks your language to help you book the appointment.