This document provides information for users of a flipchart about cervical cancer screening. It discusses topics like what cervical cancer is, its causes, prevention methods, who should get screened and how often, the screening procedure, possible results, and where to find more information. The flipchart is intended to help bilingual health workers educate community members from different cultural backgrounds about cervical cancer screening.
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases women face. We urge women and female survivors to encourage one another to adopt a balanced lifestyle and to go for regular screenings in order to decrease their cancer risk or the recurrance of cancer.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Routine Pap smears (also known as Pap tests) are an important part of protecting your health because they can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early. But learning your results are abnormal can cause some anxiety, and you may find yourself wondering what comes next. Join Dr. Sarah Feldman, a gynecologic oncologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, as she breaks down what abnormal results mean, what happens after, and why it’s important to follow up on an abnormal Pap smear.
Global Medical Cures™ | COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING SAVES LIVES
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month.
CANSA places the focus on Cervical Cancer during the month of September. Cervical Cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women.
Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Early pregnancy loss by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur ms indiaalka mukherjee
Early pregnancy loss, or loss of an intrauterine pregnancy within the first trimester, is encountered commonly in clinical practice. Obstetricians and gynecologists should understand the use of various diagnostic tools to differentiate between viable and nonviable pregnancies and offer the full range of therapeutic options to patients, including expectant, medical, and surgical management.
Early pregnancy loss is defined as a nonviable, intrauterine pregnancy with either an empty gestational sac or a gestational sac containing an embryo or fetus without fetal heart activity within the first 12 6/7 weeks of gestation 1. In the first trimester, the terms miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, and early pregnancy loss are used interchangeably, and there is no consensus on terminology in the literature.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Farsi)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Farsi women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Khmer)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Khmer women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
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Cancer is one of the most serious diseases women face. We urge women and female survivors to encourage one another to adopt a balanced lifestyle and to go for regular screenings in order to decrease their cancer risk or the recurrance of cancer.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Routine Pap smears (also known as Pap tests) are an important part of protecting your health because they can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early. But learning your results are abnormal can cause some anxiety, and you may find yourself wondering what comes next. Join Dr. Sarah Feldman, a gynecologic oncologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, as she breaks down what abnormal results mean, what happens after, and why it’s important to follow up on an abnormal Pap smear.
Global Medical Cures™ | COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING SAVES LIVES
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month.
CANSA places the focus on Cervical Cancer during the month of September. Cervical Cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women.
Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Early pregnancy loss by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur ms indiaalka mukherjee
Early pregnancy loss, or loss of an intrauterine pregnancy within the first trimester, is encountered commonly in clinical practice. Obstetricians and gynecologists should understand the use of various diagnostic tools to differentiate between viable and nonviable pregnancies and offer the full range of therapeutic options to patients, including expectant, medical, and surgical management.
Early pregnancy loss is defined as a nonviable, intrauterine pregnancy with either an empty gestational sac or a gestational sac containing an embryo or fetus without fetal heart activity within the first 12 6/7 weeks of gestation 1. In the first trimester, the terms miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, and early pregnancy loss are used interchangeably, and there is no consensus on terminology in the literature.
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Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
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Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
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Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
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Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
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WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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3. • Our bodies are made up of millions of cells.
Our bodies grow new cells and replace worn-out
cells every day.
• During this process, some cells may grow
abnormally and become unhealthy.
• A person would not know if their cells were
becoming abnormal.
• The body usually fixes abnormal cells. However,
if abnormal cells grow and divide without being
repaired, they can eventually turn into cancer.
• Cancer is a disease of the body’s cells.
• There are tests that can be done to detect
cancer early. For example, mammograms for
breast cancer.
• Today we are talking about the Cervical Screening
Test, which checks the health of the cervix.
Facilitator notes
What is cancer?
Slide 1 (Notes)
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health
5. • In order to describe what cervical cancer is,
we will have a look at the female reproductive
system, which is the part of the body where the
cervix is located.
• Women have two ovaries which are about the
size of large olives/grapes. The ovaries hold a
woman’s ova (or eggs). The ovaries are connected
to the fallopian tubes.
• Each month, an egg is released from a woman’s
ovary. The egg travels down the fallopian tubes
towards the uterus.
• The uterus is a strong muscular organ. It is about
the size of a fist. When a woman is pregnant,
the baby grows in the woman’s uterus.
• The vagina is made up of stretchy muscle tissue.
The vagina opens to the vulva, which is outside
of a woman’s body between the legs.
• The cervix is located at the top of the vagina.
The cervix has a small passage that connects
the vagina to the uterus. During pregnancy, the
cervix tightens to keep the baby in the uterus.
• Cervical cancer occurs in the cervix.
Facilitator notes
Where is the cervix?
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 2 (Notes)
7. • Almost all cancers of the cervix are caused by a
virus called the human papillomavirus, also known
as HPV.
• There are more than 100 different types of HPV.
Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer.
• HPV is passed from one person to another
through skin-to-skin contact of the genitals
during sexual activity.
• HPV is common in both women and men. Anyone
who has ever been sexually active could have HPV.
• HPV can be passed on from one-off partners,
husbands and wives, partners in a long-term
relationship, and people in same-sex relationships.
• Sexual activity includes sexual intercourse
(penis in vagina sex), oral sex, anal sex, genital
skin-to-skin contact (penis, vagina, labia or anus),
sexual touching (including mutual masturbation),
finger penetration and the use of sex toys.
• The body often clears up HPV by itself with
no problems within 1−2 years.
• In rare cases where the body does not clear
up HPV by itself, HPV can sometimes lead to
cervical cancer.
Facilitator notes
What causes cervical cancer?
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 3 (Notes)
9. • Cervical cancer can be prevented through
receiving the HPV vaccination and participating
in regular cervical screening.
• In Australia, all girls and boys get a free HPV
vaccine at high school.
• The vaccine protects against seven HPV types,
which cause around 90% of cervical cancers in
women and people with a cervix.
• The vaccine works best if boys and girls get the
vaccine before they become sexually active. Young
people up to 19 years of age who didn’t get the
HPV vaccine at school can get the vaccine for free
from their doctor or local immunisation provider.
• Vaccinating boys can prevent them from getting
HPV and passing it on to a partner.
• If a woman or person with a cervix has received
the HPV vaccine, they should still have regular
Cervical Screening Tests. This is because the
vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV.
Facilitator notes
Cervical cancer can be prevented
For reference
Information about the National HPV
Vaccination Program can be accessed at the
Cancer Council website: hpvvaccine.org.au
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 4 (Notes)
11. • All women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74
who have ever been sexually active, even if they
have only had sex once or are no longer having
sex, should have regular Cervical Screening Tests.
• A person can have their last Cervical Screening
Test between the age of 70 and 74, depending on
when the previous test was.
• Women and people with a cervix should have a
Cervical Screening Test every five years unless
told differently by a doctor or specialist.
• Women and people with a cervix who are
pregnant can still have a Cervical Screening Test
(sample collected by the doctor/nurse or self-
collected). They can safely be screened at any
time during the antenatal and postnatal periods
(during and after pregnancy).
• A person can get a Cervical Screening Test
at a doctor’s clinic, specialist (gynaecologist),
Family Planning NSW clinic, women’s health
centre or an Aboriginal Medical Service and
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service.
Women can ask for a female doctor or nurse
to perform the test.
• The Cervical Screening Test is only for people
who are not experiencing any symptoms of
cervical cancer, such as unusual bleeding,
unusual discharge or pelvic pain. Anyone who is
experiencing these symptoms should see their
doctor straight away.
Facilitator notes
Who should have the Cervical Screening Test?
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 5 (Notes)
13. • The Cervical Screening Test has replaced the
Pap test, which some of you may have heard of.
The Cervical Screening Test is more accurate.
It looks for HPV in the cervix and any cell changes
that could eventually lead to cervical cancer.
• The Cervical Screening Test is not a test for
cancer.
• For people who have had the Pap test before,
the experience of having a Cervical Screening
Test looks and feels similar to having a Pap test.
• The doctor or nurse will ask the woman or person
with a cervix to get undressed from the waist
down (usually taking off her skirt or pants) and
lie on the examination bed with their knees bent.
The person will be given a sheet to cover her
private parts. The person may ask the doctor to
leave the room as they get undressed.
• Some people may choose to wear a long skirt
or dress so that they can lift it up instead of
removing their clothing.
Facilitator notes
The Cervical Screening Test
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 6 (Notes)
15. • A doctor or nurse will gently insert a plastic
instrument called a speculum (which will be
lubricated) into the vagina. This will open the
vagina to make it easier for the doctor or nurse
to perform the test.
• While the speculum is in the vagina, a soft brush
is used to collect a few cells from the cervix.
• The cells are then put in a liquid, which is sent to
a laboratory for testing.
• The person may feel some discomfort during
the test. The test should not be painful.
• The person should let the doctor or nurse know
if they are feeling any pain during the test.
• It helps if a person tries to relax when the
speculum is inserted into the vagina.
• The test usually only takes a few minutes.
Facilitator notes
Cervical Screening Test equipment
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 7 (Notes)
17. • Some women and people with a cervix have the
option to do a self-collected test in a medical or
health care clinic. This involves a person inserting
a swab into their vagina and collecting a few cells
from the vagina.
• Women and people with a cervix can discuss with
their doctor about undertaking a self-collected
test. From mid-2022 women and people with a
cervix aged 25-74 years will have the choice to
self-collect their sample or have their doctor or
nurse collect their sample for cervical screening.
• Self-collected samples are as safe, effective and
as accurate as clinician-collected tests.
Facilitator notes
Self-collection
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 8 (Notes)
19. • The doctor or nurse will receive the results two
weeks after the test. They may call the person
when their results come back or they may send
the results by letter.
• If a person has a negative result they will be
invited to have the test in five years. A negative
result means that the test found no HPV in the
cells of the cervix.
• Sometimes a test will come back with a HPV
positive result. This means that HPV was found
in the cells of the cervix.
• A positive result does not mean that a person has
cancer. In this case, a person may:
– be asked to repeat the Cervical Screening Test
in 12 months to check that the HPV infection
has cleared; or
– be referred to a specialist (usually a
gynaecologist) for a colposcopy; a procedure
which involves looking at the cervix more
closely to check for cell changes.
Facilitator notes
Cervical Screening Test results
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 9 (Notes)
21. • For more information about the Cervical
Screening Test, visit the program website
at cancerscreening.gov.au/cervical
• The website has various resources on cervical
screening, including brochures and posters in
different languages.
• There is also a National Cancer Screening
Register which sends invitations and reminder
letters to people to let them know when they
need to have their next Cervical Screening Test.
• People can call the Register on 1800 627 701
to check when they are due for their next
Cervical Screening Test and also update their
contact details.
• People can ask to be taken off the Register
by completing a form on the National Cancer
Screening Register website or through the
National Cancer Screening Register Participant
Portal which is accessed through MyGov.
• People who need help in their language can
call the Translating and Interpreting Service
on 13 14 50.
• In addition to cervical screening, there are two
other national cancer screening programs which
we will briefly talk about now.
Facilitator notes
For more information
For reference
The National Cancer Screening Register
website can be accessed at ncsr.gov.au
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 10 (Notes)
22. 進一步了解
訪問 National Cervical Screening Program
(全國宮頸癌篩查計劃) 網站獲取各類宮頸篩查
資源,如翻譯文件等:
cancerscreening.gov.au/cervical
撥打 1800 627 701 致電 National Cancer
Screening Register (全國癌症篩查登記),
詢問何時可接受宮頸篩查。
需要翻譯服務可撥打 13 14 50 致電翻譯局。
25-74歲的女性和有
子宮頸的人應每5年
接受一次宮頸篩查
宮頸篩查 ‒ 關注健康 Slide 10
23. • One in three cancers can be prevented through
healthy living behaviours.
• The Cancer Institute NSW developed a Staying
well and preventing cancer flipchart to support
community education with multicultural
communities.
• The flipchart outlines six healthy living
behaviours, including:
– healthy eating
– being active
– being a healthy body weight
– not smoking
– protect your skin
– participate in cancer screening.
Facilitator notes
Healthy lifestyles
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 11 (Notes)
25. • Cancer screening is the use of simple tests to look
for early signs of cancer, or the conditions that
cause cancer.
• Screening tests can find cancer or cell changes
that can lead to cancer before a person can see
or feel any changes to the body. When cancer is
found early, it is easier to treat successfully.
• In Australia, there are three national screening
programs. These are for bowel, breast and
cervical cancers.
• If a person is unsure about doing a screening
test, they should speak to their doctor about
the decision.
Facilitator notes
National cancer screening programs
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 12 (Notes)
27. People aged 50–74 years and have a Medicare
card, the Commonwealth Government will send
you a free bowel screening test kit in the mail
every two years.
• Bowel cancer can develop slowly, without any
signs or symptoms.
• The bowel screening test kit is free, simple and
can be done in your own home.
• The test can find changes in the bowel early.
• If found early, 9 out of 10 bowel cancers can be
successfully treated.
• Do the test when it comes in the post. It could
save your life.
• The test kit instructions and other resources
are available online in more than 20 languages:
cancerscreening.gov.au/translations
• To find out more, call the National Bowel Cancer
Screening Program infoline on 1800 627 701 or
call the Translating and Interpreting Service on
13 14 50 (for help in your language).
Facilitator notes
Bowel screening
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 13 (Notes)
29. Women aged 50–74 should have a mammogram
every two years.
• Mammograms with BreastScreen NSW are free
and a doctor’s referral is not needed.
• A mammogram (also called a breast x-ray) is the
best way to find breast cancer early before it can
be seen or felt.
• Almost all people who find breast cancer in the
early stages will get better and will return to living
their normal lives.
• Most women diagnosed with breast cancer do
not have a family history of the disease.
• All radiographers at your appointment will be
female.
• Call 13 20 50 to make an appointment or book
online at book.breastscreen.nsw.gov.au. There are
many sites available so you can choose a date,
time and location that suits you.
• Call 13 14 50 if you need someone who speaks
your language to help you book the appointment.
Facilitator notes
Breast screening
Cervical screening – Taking care of your health Slide 14 (Notes)