The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Farsi)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Farsi women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Khmer)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Khmer women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Dari)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Dari women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Nepalese women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Turkish)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Turkish women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Thai women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Korean)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Korean women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Arabic)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Arabic background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Farsi)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Farsi women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Khmer)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Khmer women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Dari)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Dari women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Nepalese women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Nepali)
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Turkish)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Turkish women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Thai women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Korean)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to Korean women, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Arabic)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Arabic background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Thai background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Bengali))Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Tibetan)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
This document provides information for users of a flipchart about cervical cancer screening. It discusses topics like what cervical cancer is, its causes, prevention methods, who should get screened and how often, the screening procedure, possible results, and where to find more information. The flipchart is intended to help bilingual health workers educate community members from different cultural backgrounds about cervical cancer screening.
This document provides information about cervical cancer screening in Australia. It discusses the topics of cancer and the cervix, causes of cervical cancer, preventing cervical cancer through vaccination and screening, the cervical screening test process including who should get it and potential results, and where to find more information. The intended audience is bilingual health workers who can use this flipchart to educate community members from culturally diverse backgrounds about cervical cancer screening.
The document provides information about cervical cancer screening and prevention. It discusses:
1) The causes of cervical cancer, which is almost always caused by HPV infection. HPV is common and passed through sexual contact.
2) How cervical cancer can be prevented through HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening tests every 5 years for women aged 25-74 who are or have been sexually active.
3) What the cervical screening test involves, including that it looks for HPV and cell changes, replaces the Pap test, and involves a similar examination to the Pap test.
The document provides information about cervical cancer screening. It discusses:
- Cervical cancer screening is important to detect cell changes early that could lead to cancer.
- The Cervical Screening Test checks the health of the cervix and looks for HPV and cell changes. It is recommended every 5 years for women aged 25-74 who are or have been sexually active.
- The test involves collecting a few cells from the cervix using a soft brush. It is a simple procedure that takes a few minutes and aims to detect cell changes early before they develop into cancer.
The document provides information for users of a flipchart on cervical cancer and cervical screening for different cultural communities. It includes topics such as what cancer and the cervix are, the causes of cervical cancer, how cervical cancer can be prevented through vaccination and screening, details on the cervical screening test procedure and results, and where to find more information. The flipchart is intended to be used by bilingual health workers to educate community members from different cultures about cervical screening.
The Cervical Screening Test involves a doctor or nurse inserting a lubricated plastic speculum to gently open the vagina, then using a soft brush to collect a few cells from the cervix which are placed in liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing to check for HPV and cell changes.
Staying well and preventing cancer: Community education flipchartCancer Institute NSW
One in three cancers can be prevented through healthy living behaviours.
The Cancer Institute NSW developed the Staying well and preventing cancer flipchart to support health or community workers/educators working with multicultural communities.
The flipchart uses simple text and illustrations to provide information about cancer prevention and healthy living behaviours.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese traditional)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese simplified)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (English)Cancer Institute NSW
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Macedonian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Assyrian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Korean-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
This flipchart is for people of an Italian background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Thai)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Thai background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Bengali))Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Tibetan)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women from different cultural backgrounds, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
This document provides information for users of a flipchart about cervical cancer screening. It discusses topics like what cervical cancer is, its causes, prevention methods, who should get screened and how often, the screening procedure, possible results, and where to find more information. The flipchart is intended to help bilingual health workers educate community members from different cultural backgrounds about cervical cancer screening.
This document provides information about cervical cancer screening in Australia. It discusses the topics of cancer and the cervix, causes of cervical cancer, preventing cervical cancer through vaccination and screening, the cervical screening test process including who should get it and potential results, and where to find more information. The intended audience is bilingual health workers who can use this flipchart to educate community members from culturally diverse backgrounds about cervical cancer screening.
The document provides information about cervical cancer screening and prevention. It discusses:
1) The causes of cervical cancer, which is almost always caused by HPV infection. HPV is common and passed through sexual contact.
2) How cervical cancer can be prevented through HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening tests every 5 years for women aged 25-74 who are or have been sexually active.
3) What the cervical screening test involves, including that it looks for HPV and cell changes, replaces the Pap test, and involves a similar examination to the Pap test.
The document provides information about cervical cancer screening. It discusses:
- Cervical cancer screening is important to detect cell changes early that could lead to cancer.
- The Cervical Screening Test checks the health of the cervix and looks for HPV and cell changes. It is recommended every 5 years for women aged 25-74 who are or have been sexually active.
- The test involves collecting a few cells from the cervix using a soft brush. It is a simple procedure that takes a few minutes and aims to detect cell changes early before they develop into cancer.
The document provides information for users of a flipchart on cervical cancer and cervical screening for different cultural communities. It includes topics such as what cancer and the cervix are, the causes of cervical cancer, how cervical cancer can be prevented through vaccination and screening, details on the cervical screening test procedure and results, and where to find more information. The flipchart is intended to be used by bilingual health workers to educate community members from different cultures about cervical screening.
The Cervical Screening Test involves a doctor or nurse inserting a lubricated plastic speculum to gently open the vagina, then using a soft brush to collect a few cells from the cervix which are placed in liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing to check for HPV and cell changes.
Staying well and preventing cancer: Community education flipchartCancer Institute NSW
One in three cancers can be prevented through healthy living behaviours.
The Cancer Institute NSW developed the Staying well and preventing cancer flipchart to support health or community workers/educators working with multicultural communities.
The flipchart uses simple text and illustrations to provide information about cancer prevention and healthy living behaviours.
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Vietnamese)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Vietnamese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese traditional)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (Chinese simplified)Cancer Institute NSW
The flipchart has been developed by the Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on cervical cancer and cervical screening to women of a Chinese background, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).
Cervical screening – taking care of your health flipchart (English)Cancer Institute NSW
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Macedonian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Assyrian-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
This flipchart has been produced by Cancer Institute NSW as a tool to assist in providing information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening to Korean-speaking women and men, particularly those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
This flipchart is for people of an Italian background. It provides information on bowel cancer and bowel cancer screening, particularly for those eligible to participate in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP).
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Facilitator notes – What is cancer?
Our bodies are made up of million of cells. Our bodies grow new cells and replace worn-out cells every day.
During this process, some cells may grow abnormally and become unhealthy.
A person would not know if their cells were becoming abnormal.
The body usually fixes abnormal cells. However, if abnormal cells grow and divide without being repaired, they can eventually turn into cancer.
Cancer is a disease of the body’s cells.
There are tests that can be done to detect cancer early. For example, mammograms for breast cancer.
Today we are talking about the Cervical Screening Test, which checks the health of the cervix.
Facilitator notes – Where is the cervix?
In order to describe what cervical cancer is, we will have a look at the female reproductive system, which is the part of the body where the cervix is located.
Women have two ovaries which are about the size of large olives/grapes. The ovaries hold a woman’s ova (or eggs). The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes,
Each month, an egg is released from a women’s ovary. The egg travels down the fallopian tubes towards the uterus.
The uterus is a strong muscular organ. It is about the size of a fist. When a women is pregnant, the baby grows in the women’s uterus.
The vagina is made up of stretchy muscle tissue. The vagina opens to the vulva, which is outside of a woman’s body between the legs.
The cervix is located at the top of the vagina. The cervix has a small passage that connects the vagina to the uterus. During pregnancy, the cervix tightens to keep the baby in the uterus.
Cervical cancer occurs in the cervix.
Facilitator notes – What causes cervical cancer?
Almost all cancers of the cervix are caused by a virus called the human papillomavirus, also known as HPV.
There are more than 100 different types of HPV. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer.
HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin contact of the genitals during sexual activity.
HPV is common in both women and men. Anyone who has every been sexually active could have HPV.
HPV can be passed on from one-off partners, husbands and wives, partners in a long-term relationship, and women in same-sex relationships.
Sexual activity includes sexual intercourse (penis in vagina sex), oral sex, anal sex, genital skin-to-skin contact (penis, vagina, labia or anus), sexual touching (including mutual masturbation), finger penetration and the use of sex toys.
The body often clears up HPV by itself with no problems within 1−2 years.
In rare cases where the body does not clear up HPV by itself, HPV can sometimes lead to cervical cancer.
Facilitator notes – Cervical cancer can be prevented
Cervical cancer can be prevented through receiving the HPV vaccination and participating in regular cervical screening.
In Australia, all girls and boys get a free HPV vaccine at high school.
The vaccine protects against seven HPV types, which cause around 90% of cervical cancers in women.
The vaccine works best if boys and girls get the vaccine before they become sexually active. Young people up to 25 years of age who didn’t get the HPV vaccine at school can get the vaccine for free from their doctor or local immunisation provider.
Vaccinating boys can prevent them from getting HPV and passing it on to a partner.
If a woman has received the HPV vaccine, she should still have regular Cervical Screening Tests. This is because the vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV.
For reference – Information about the National HPV Vaccination Program can be accessed at the Cancer Council website: hpvvaccine.org.au
Facilitator notes – Who should have the Cervical Screening Test?
All women aged 25 to 74 who have ever been sexually active, even if they have only had sex once or are no longer having sex, should have regular Cervical Screening Tests.
A woman can have her last Cervical Screening Test between the age of 70 and 74, depending on when her previous test was.
Women should have a Cervical Screening Test every five years unless told differently by a doctor or specialist.
Women who are pregnant can still have a Cervical Screening Test. Women can safely be screened at any time during the antenatal and postnatal periods (during and after pregnancy).
A woman can get a Cervical Screening Test at a doctor’s clinic, specialist (gynaecologist), Family Planning NSW clinic or a women’s health centre. Women can ask for a female doctor or nurse to perform the test.
The Cervical Screening Test is only for women who are not experiencing any symptoms of cervical cancer, such as unusual bleeding, unusual discharge or pelvic pain. Anyone who is experiencing these symptoms should see their doctor straight away.
Facilitator notes – The Cervical Screening Test
The Cervical Screening Test has replaced the Pap test which some of you may have heard of. The Cervical Screening Test is more accurate as it looks for HPV in the cervix and any cell changes that could eventually lead to cervical cancer.
The Cervical Screening Test is not a test for cancer.
For women who have had the Pap test before, the experience of having a Cervical Screening Test looks and feels similar to having a Pap test.
The doctor or nurse will ask the woman to get undressed from the waist down (usually taking off her skirt or pants) and lie on the examination bed with their knees bent. The woman will be given a sheet to cover her private parts.
If the doctor does not leave the room she/he can be asked to leave.
Some women may choose to wear a long skirt or dress so that they can lift it up instead of removing their clothing.
Facilitator notes – Cervical Screening Test equipment
A doctor or nurse will gently insert a plastic instrument called a speculum (which will be lubricated) into the woman’s vagina. This will open the vagina to make it easier for the doctor or nurse to perform the test.
While the speculum is in the woman’s vagina, a soft brush is used to collect a few cells from the cervix.
The cells are then put in a liquid, which is sent to a laboratory for testing.
Women may feel some discomfort during the test. The test should not be painful.
A woman should let the doctor or nurse know if she is feeling any pain during the test.
It helps if a woman tries to relax when the speculum is inserted into her vagina.
The test usually only takes a few minutes.
Facilitator notes – Self-collection
Some women have the option to do a self-collected test in a medical or health care clinic. This involves a woman inserting a swab into her vagina and collecting a few cells from the vagina.
Women must be aged 30 years or over, have refused a clinician-collected sample and have either:
never had a Pap test or a Cervical Screening Test; or
be overdue for screening by two years or longer
Women can discuss with their doctor to check if they are eligible to do the self-collected test. The self-collected test cannot be done at home.
This test is not as good as the Cervical Screening Test done by a trained doctor or nurse. This is because the self-collected test will only get a sample of cells from a woman’s vagina and not from her cervix.
If HPV is found in the self-collected sample, the woman will need to return to the doctor or nurse so they can collect cells from the cervix and send this away for testing.
Facilitator notes – Cervical Screening Test results
The doctor or nurse will receive the results two weeks after the test. They may call the woman when their results come back or they may get their results by letter.
If a woman has a negative result she will be invited to have the test in five years. A negative result means that the test found no HPV in the cells of the woman’s cervix.
Sometimes a test will come back with a HPV positive result. This means that HPV was found in the cells of the cervix.
A positive result does not mean that a woman has cancer. In this case, a woman may: be asked to repeat the Cervical Screening Test in 12 months to check that the HPV infection has cleared; or be referred to a specialist (usually a gynaecologist) for a colposcopy; a procedure which involves looking at the cervix more closely to check for cell changes.
Facilitator notes – For more information
For more information about the Cervical Screening Test, visit the program website at cancerscreening.gov.au/cervical
The website has various resources on cervical screening, including brochures and posters in different languages.
There is also a National Cancer Screening Register which sends invitations and reminder letters to women to let them know when they need to have their next Cervical Screening Test.
Women can call the Register on 1800 627 701 to check when they are due for their next Cervical Screening Test and also update their contact details.
Women can ask to be taken off the Register by completing a form on the National Cancer Screening Register website.
Women who need help in their language can call the Translating and Interpreting Service on 13 14 50.
In addition to cervical screening, there are two other national cancer screening programs which we will briefly talk about now.
For reference – The National Cancer Screening Register website can be accessed at ncsr.gov.au
Facilitator notes – National cancer screening programs
Cancer screening is the use of simple tests to look for early signs of cancer, or the conditions that cause cancer.
Screening tests can find cancer or cell changes that can lead to cancer before you can see or feel any changes to your body. When you find cancer early, it is easier to treat successfully.
In Australia, there are three national screening programs. These are for bowel, breast and cervical cancers.
If you are unsure about doing a screening test, talk to your doctor to help you decide.
Facilitator notes – Bowel screening
If you’re aged 50–74 years and have a Medicare card, the Commonwealth Government will send you a free bowel screening test kit in the mail every two years.
Bowel cancer can develop slowly, without any signs or symptoms.
The bowel screening test kit is free, simple and can be done in your own home.
The test can find changes in the bowel early.
If found early, 9 out of 10 bowel cancers can be successfully treated.
Do the test when it comes in the post. It could save your life.
The test kit instructions and other resources are available online in more than 20 languages: cancerscreening.gov.au/translations
To find out more, call the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program infoline on 1800 118 868 or call the Translating and Interpreting Service on 13 14 50 (for help in your language).
Facilitator notes – Breast screening
Women aged 50–74 should have a mammogram every two years.
Mammograms with BreastScreen NSW are free and a doctor’s referral is not needed.
A mammogram (also called a breast x-ray) is the best way to find breast cancer early before it can be seen or felt.
Almost all women who find their breast cancer in the early stages will get better and will return to living their normal lives.
Most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease.
All radiographers at your appointment will be female.
Call 13 20 50 to make an appointment or book online at book.breastscreen.nsw.gov.au There are many sites available so you can choose a date, time and location that suits you.
Call 13 14 50 if you need someone who speaks your language to help you book the appointment.