Clean Air Conference Presentations

Clean Air Conference
7th November 2017

Presentations from:
Air quality and public sector action
Deborah Kapaj, Sustainable Estates Programme Manager, Kent County Council
How can we ensure cleaner air for the people of Kent?
Professor Stephen Peckham, Director centre for Health Services Studies, Kent University
How the Digital Economy can help Clean Air
Sebastian Giraud, Director, Girin Strategy
The need for real world emissions testing
Massimo Fedeli, Director and co-Founder AIR Alliance
Championing a cleaner fuel for cleaner air
Brian Worrall, Director of Corporate Affairs, Certas Energy
An introduction to Shell GTL Fuel
Marcel van den Berg, Key Account Manager Commercial Fuels, Shell
How are emissions from road haulage changing?
Duncan Buchanan, Policy Director, Road Haulage Association
The importance of clean air to The Aspinall Foundation
David Sutton, Estates Manager at The Aspinall Foundation

Air Quality
& Public Sector Action
Deborah Kapaj
Sustainable Estates Programme Manager
Kent County Council

Why Council’s monitor air quality
• EU Air Quality Framework Directive 2008/50/EC
• Environment Act 1995 (part IV)
• Air Quality Standards Regulations
2010
• UK plan for tackling roadside
nitrogen dioxide concentrations
July 2017
• Climate Change Act 2008 and the
UK’s Clean Growth Strategy also relevant

Public Sector
statutory duties
• District Council
– Air Quality Monitoring Areas (AQMA’s) and action plans
– Determining air quality impacts of District planning applications
• County Council
– Duty to co-operate with District Councils
– Determining air quality impacts of County planning applications
– Take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
– Take action to reduce congestion on Kent’s roads
– Take action to improve public health (influencing strategy and
local air quality action plans)

Public Health Impacts
• Previously understood that air pollution may exacerbate
existing illness
• Increasing evidence links particulate matter and nitrogen
dioxide to health impacts
• Evidence now shows air pollution contributes significantly to:
– development of atherosclerosis (thickening of arteries),
– increased incidence of coronary/vascular events (strokes),
– lung cancer and respiratory disease.
• Based on particulate matter(PM2.5) data collected in 2010,
1050 early deaths in Kent were attributed to air pollution*
Air pollution is now described as the largest
environmental risk to the public’s health
*Calculated by the Kent & Medway Air Quality Partnership

Transport and
nitrogen oxides pollution
Source data: Defra
Many Kent & Medway towns experience high levels of NO2 concentrations
Kent = 33%

Current Air Quality
Management Areas

Kent & Medway
Air Quality Partnership
http://www.kentair.org.uk/

Public Sector Action
- Transport
• Development planning – assessing impacts of new development
on traffic flows and air quality and providing advice
• Travel plans – schools, businesses, public sector
• Establishing town centre car clubs (ZipCar, Co-Wheels)
• Provision of EV charging points – car parks/estates
• Switch to electric hybrid vehicles (KCC Highways fleet)
• Providing more safer walking and cycling routes
• Young Persons Travel Pass – public transport to school
• District Council cycling strategies
• Transport strategies and promoting active travel
• www.kentconnected.org - Kent’s journey planning website
• Kent Journey Share website & car sharing promotion

Workplace Actions
• Develop a travel plans
• Encourage employee lift sharing
• Preferential parking for car share and EV vehicles
• Support your local car club
• Provide cycling facilities i.e. showers, lockers
• Sign up to Cycle to Work – tax free cycle
equipment
• Provide electric vehicle charging
• Implement flexible working

Greening your Fleet
• Sustainable Urban Freight – Optimising the
combination of vehicle technology/fuels and
logistical arrangements http://www.csrf.ac.uk/
• Routing, scheduling & retiming
• Last-mile deliveries
• Driver training
• Consolidation
https://freightinthecity.com/topics/

ERDF project LoCASE
www.lowcarbonkent.com
KCC supporting business

ERDF grant funding up to £10K (as 40% of project costs)
may be used to cover the following (not an exhaustive
list!) :
• Sustainable travel planning and fleet management software
• Adoption of remote working/data access systems for field staff
including many cloud-based applications
• Engine remapping, Laser wheel alignment, trailer adaptations
(double deck, lightweight or aerodynamics)
• Duel fuel systems (e.g. LNG/LPG conversion)
• Fuel cell retrofit (where no OLEV/ULEV funding exists)
• CAD/CAM/BIM software which can demonstrably be attributed
to reduced waste & mileage by reducing duplicate site visits
LoCASE: What Can We Fund?

Future action
• Develop Kent & Medway Low Emissions Strategy
– Improved evidence base: analysis of air quality data
linked to health data
– More joined up action across Kent
• Wider adoption of Kent & Medway Air Quality
planning guidance 2015
– Adopted by Medway and Thanet in 2016
• Development Planning – shift towards more
mitigating action to address air quality impacts
– e.g. provision of EV charging points

www.kent.ac.uk/chss @CHSS_Kent
How can we ensure cleaner
air for the people in Kent?
Professor Stephen Peckham

Centre for Health Services Studies www.kent.ac.uk/chss @CHSS_Kent
Air pollution – a national and
local problem

Traffic in Kent: DTR daily counts 2016
52,000
130,000
136,000
117,000
61,000
67,000
29,000
36,000
16,000
33,000
57,000
18,000
On main trunk roads HGVs represent
between 12 and 18% of traffic
Diesel cars 40%

Centre for Health Services Studies www.kent.ac.uk/chss @CHSS_Kent 20
Comparing vehicle emission sources

UK national average NOx roadside concentration
apportioned by source of NOx emissions, 2015

Air quality: a
national problem
Tuesday 24th January 2017
Many places across England and
Wales will continue to
experience Moderate to High levels
of air pollution due to the continuing
high pressure and associated light
winds.
High levels of air pollution will persist
throughout the day across parts of
southeast, central and eastern
England.
There will be further localised Very
High levels in southeast and eastern
England.
DEFRA Pollution forecast

Air quality health advisory levels
Air
Pollution
Banding
Value Accompanying health messages for at-
risk individuals*
Accompanying health
messages for the
general population
Low 1-3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. Enjoy your usual outdoor
activities.
Moderate 4-6 Adults and children with lung problems, and
adults with heart problems, who
experience symptoms, should consider
reducing strenuous physical activity,
particularly outdoors.
Enjoy your usual outdoor
activities.
High 7-9 Adults and children with lung problems, and
adults with heart problems,
should reduce strenuous physical exertion,
particularly outdoors, and particularly if they
experience symptoms. People with asthma
may find they need to use their reliever
inhaler more often. Older people should
also reduce physical exertion.
Anyone experiencing
discomfort such as sore
eyes, cough or sore
throat should consider
reducing activity,
particularly outdoors.
Very
High
10 Adults and children with lung problems,
adults with heart problems, and older
people, should avoid strenuous physical
activity. People with asthma may find they
need to use their reliever inhaler more often.
Reduce physical
exertion, particularly
outdoors, especially if you
experience symptoms
such as cough or sore

Health effects of particulate matter and
nitrogen dioxide
• Main source of NO2 is
from diesel vehicle
emissions
• Nitrogen dioxide inflames
the lining of the lungs
• It can also reduce
immunity to lung
infections
• NO2 is a precursor of
ozone
• PM reaches deep into
the body

Global estimated deaths (millions) by pollution
risk factor, 2005–15

Air pollution a leading cause
of ill health
• There is a close relationship between exposure to high concentrations of PM10,
PM2.5, NO2 and ozone and increased mortality and morbidity.
• Long-term exposure to NO2 can lead to bronchitis in asthmatic children and a
reduction in lung function growth.
• Elevated concentrations of ozone can trigger asthma, cause breathing
problems, reduce lung function and potentially cause lung diseases.
• In 2014 Public Health England estimated that particulates in air pollution in
England contributed to 28,500 premature deaths every year and a 2015
Government report estimated that there were 29,500 due to nitrogen dioxide.
• In 2015 The Royal College of Physicians estimated that overall, air pollution
contributed to 40,000 premature deaths in the UK every year.
• UK estimates indicate that short-term exposure to the levels of PM10 that we
experienced in 2002 led to 6,500 deaths and 6,400 hospital admissions being
brought forward that year
• In 2005 UK estimates for the financial burdens of the health impacts of man-
made particulate pollution were £8.5-£20.2 billion a year

Effect of NO2 on children’s lung function
Increased air
pollution leads to
both increased
prevalence and
severity of asthma –
especially in children
- placing substantial
demands on local
health services and
poor quality of life
for sufferers and
their families.

Not just asthma…
• Exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on
cardio-pulmonary health leading to increased morbidity and
mortality.
• A 10 μg/m3 increase in 24 h NO2 has been associated with
increases in all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and
with hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases.
• The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has
classified outdoor air pollution as a class I carcinogen based on an
association between PM2.5 in outdoor air and lung cancer incidence
or mortality.
• There are significant associations between long-term exposure to
PM air pollution and lung cancer incidence in over 300,000
European subjects.
“Air pollution levels should therefore be taken into account when
considering the wider determinants of public health and the impact
that changes in air pollution might have on the health of a population.”

Air quality limits
• National limits are:
• PM2.5 25 µg/m3 average over a year
• PM10 40 µg/m3 average over a year, more than 35 breaches of 40
µg/m3 over 24 hour period.
• NO2 40µg/m3 average per annum and 200µg/m3 an hour on 18
occasions.
• Ozone (O3)120 µg/m3 in 8 hour period (max 25 occasions in three
years)
• For PM WHO guidelines are:
• PM2.5 10 µg/m3 average over a year and 25 µg/m3 over 24 hours.
• PM10 20 µg/m3 average over a year, 50 µg/m3 over 24 hour period.
• NO2 - as UK limits
• Ozone O3 100 µg/m3 in 8 hour period

Locations where NO2 levels exceeded
national limits in 2016
But there is an urgent
need for improved air
quality monitoring

Air quality a local problem
• Continuing breaches of NO2 limits in many Air Quality Management Areas
– particularly bad in Dartford
• Problem of ozone in Canterbury – regularly exceeds national objective and
twice reported for hourly breaches (2015 and 2016)
• Poor data on particulate matter as few measurement points – especially for
PM2.5
• In 2013 an estimate of 1050 early deaths as a result of just PM2.5 air
pollution across Kent & Medway in 2010 - based on modelling by the Kent
and Medway Air Quality partnership (K&MAQP) Health Sub Group.
• In 2014 Public Health England estimated that air pollution in Canterbury
contributes to 7436 life years lost and an excess mortality of 745 people
due to PM.
• No local estimates for impact of NO2.
• Impact of ozone unknown
• Need for more analyses of pollution impact on health within Kent

Fraction of mortality attributable to
particulate air pollution

Percentage of early deaths linked to PM2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Kent Ashford Canterbury Dartford Dover Gravesham Maidstone Sevenoaks Shepway Swale thanet Tonbridge
and Malling
Tunbridge
Wells
Attributable % of deaths per annum

Examples of National Institute of Care
Excellence recommendations
• Include air pollution in 'plan making' by all tiers of local government
• Strategic planning processes should include zero- and low-emission travel
• Site and design new buildings, facilities and estates to reduce the need for
motorised travel
• Minimise the exposure of vulnerable groups to air pollution by not siting schools,
nurseries and care homes etc., in areas where pollution levels will be high
• Avoiding creating street and building configurations (such as deep street canyons)
that encourage pollution to build up where people spend time
• Include landscape features such as trees and vegetation in open spaces or as
'green’ walls or roofs where this does not restrict ventilation
• Incorporate air quality outcomes in travel plans
• Develop local parking plans and support car clubs
• Support active travel – cycling and walking separated from traffic where possible
• Pass bylaws and other action to support 'no vehicle idling' areas
• Include targets to progressively reduce pollutant levels below EU limits and aim to
meet World Health Organization air quality guidelines

DEFRA Air Quality Action Plan
• Air quality is a local problem - local action is needed to achieve improvements in
air quality. As the UK improves air quality nationally, air quality hotspots are going
to become even more localised and the importance of action at a local level will
increase. Local knowledge is vital to finding solutions for air quality problems
• Plans could include changing road layouts at congestion and air pollution hot spots:
encourage public and private uptake of ULEVs; use innovative retrofitting
technologies and new fuels; encourage the use of public transport.
The Government will:
• Set up a £255m Implementation Fund: to support local authorities to prepare their
plans and deliver targeted action to improve air quality - conduct feasibility studies
and develop and deliver local plans. £40 million available immediately to support
local authorities to take action to improve air quality in the shortest time possible.
• Establish a Clean Air Fund: local authorities to bid for additional money to support
the implementation of measures to improve air quality.
• £100 million for retrofitting and new low emission buses - announced in the
2016 Autumn Statement

The inter-connectedness of public
health
Incidence of
respiratory and
cardiovascular
disease
Cases of
obesity and
diabetes
Links to transport
planning and air
quality

Quick local wins that can be
implemented
• Move to low emission buses and coaches
• Establish no-idling zones by schools, in city centres, railway
crossings etc. (councils with AQMAs can adopt existing powers)
• Introduce low emission taxis
• Reform parking policies to deter people travelling into towns and
cities from outside the area – improve park and ride using zero
emission buses and preferential pricing strategies
• With development explore use of small railway stations in new
developments
• Establish an Eco-Stars fleet recognition scheme
• Freight consolidation for city/town centre deliveries
• Establish public electric charging points in car parks etc
• Plan strategically rather than development by development

www.kent.ac.uk/chss @CHSS_Kent
www.kent.ac.uk/chss
@CHSS_Kent
www.kent.ac.uk/chss

– M I L T O N G L A S E R
“To design is to communicate clearly by whatever
means you can control or master”

U N D E R S T A N D , C O M M U N I C A T E , R E F I N E
M O R E P E R S O N A L , E F F I C I E N T A N D E F F E C T I V E

U N D E R S T A N D I N G
• Facebook: 32 million user accounts in the UK (78% over
18) (We Are Flint)
• LinkedIn: 19 million UK users (LinkedIn)
• Android: 2 billion monthly active users

C E R T A S : L A S T Y E A R 1 / 1 0 O F T H E L I T R E S
N E V E R G O T D E L I V E R E D

E X H I B I T U S A
Average cost of a trade-show: £30-50K

– M C C A N N
91% of B2B buyers are now active on social media
and 75% claim it would likely influence a future
purchase.

C S O I N S I GH T S
Only 33% of a sales rep's time is spent actively
selling.

R I N G L E A D
Sales reps spend about 15% of their time leaving
voicemails.

M A R K E T I N G S H E R P A
Email marketing has 2x higher ROI than cold
calling.

B E I N G S E E N T O B E D O I N G S O M E T H I N G
• Not just enough to do good
• Content is king - every person’s story is interesting, from
tanker driver to caretaker.
• Measure the interaction and target those that engage.
• Leverage customers to spread the word.

AIR Alliance:
Vehicle eco-labelling
for new and old vehicles
Massimo Fedeli
07 November 2017

07 November 2017 European vehicle eco-labelling for new and used old vehiclesAIR | 54
The context

The context
07 November 2017 European vehicle eco-labelling for new and old vehiclesAIR | 55
• Air quality is illegally high in many places
• Diesel engines are blamed
• The solution must be delivered fast, whatever the cost
• Confidence in official data is low
• Trust in manufacturers is low especially since #dieselgate
• Electrification, if it happens, cannot solve the problem quickly enough
• Cities are now taking unilateral action
• Consumer confusion is increasing
This is a market and environmental problem

AIR | 56
EMISSIONS ANALYTICS’ PROGRAMME
European vehicle eco-labelling for new and old vehicles07 November 2017

Emissions Analytics’ credentials
• Founded in 2011
• Headquartered in UK, with operations in Oxford, Stuttgart, Los
Angeles and Detroit
• Specialist in Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)
testing and data analysis
• 1500+ vehicles tested
• Largest commercially available database of real-world emissions data
• Using regulatory-compliant PEMS systems

58
European vehicle eco-labelling for new and used old vehicles07 November 2017 AIR | 58

Emissions Analytics concept
• Similar to RDE…
• Real roads
• Realistic routes
• Normal driving styles
• But crucially different…
• Vehicles sourced independently
• Independent drivers
• Standardised test
• Since 2011, covering wide range of Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles

07 November 2017 AIR | 60
THE PROBLEM
European vehicle eco-labelling for new and used old vehicles

Legacy NOx problem… bad news
• False dawn after
introduction of Euro 6
• Average Exceedance
Factor rose latterly to ~ 7
• Despite prospect of
Real Driving Emissions
• Plus Growing variability
• Use of thermal
management and hot
re-start strategies?
• Beating first phase of
RDE in 2017?
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
02/11/2011
02/01/2012
02/03/2012
02/05/2012
02/07/2012
02/09/2012
02/11/2012
02/01/2013
02/03/2013
02/05/2013
02/07/2013
02/09/2013
02/11/2013
02/01/2014
02/03/2014
02/05/2014
02/07/2014
02/09/2014
02/11/2014
02/01/2015
02/03/2015
02/05/2015
02/07/2015
02/09/2015
02/11/2015
02/01/2016
02/03/2016
02/05/2016
02/07/2016
02/09/2016
02/11/2016
02/01/2017
ExceendanceFactor

…worse news…
• Dirtiest Euro 6 diesels
are 6-7 times worst
than cleanest Euro 5
• And are ~3 times worse
than cleanest Euro 3/4
• And are about twice as
dirty as the average
Euro 3/4
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1998 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014
Real-worldNOx(g/km)
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 6
Euro 5

But good news… diesels can be clean
• Average Euro 6 diesel
13 times average
gasoline car
• But cleanest diesels (5%
percentile) are as clean
as the average gasoline
• Has been the case for
almost 2 years
• Not being able to
discriminate within
Euro 6 is significant
market failure
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
14/09/2011 01/04/2012 18/10/2012 06/05/2013 22/11/2013 10/06/2014 27/12/2014 15/07/2015 31/01/2016 18/08/2016 06/03/2017
Real-worldNOx(g/km)
12 per. Mov. Avg. (Diesel Euro 6) 12 per. Mov. Avg. (Gasoline Euro 5/6)
12 per. Mov. Avg. (Diesel Euro 10th Percentile) 12 per. Mov. Avg. (Diesel Euro 6 5th Percentile)

Policy opportunity
07 November 2017 European vehicle eco-labelling for new and old vehicles
AIR | 64
• Main issue is speed
• Policy opportunity:
1. Remove all pre-
Euro 5 diesels
2. Discriminate with
Euro 5 and Euro 6
3. Incentivise going
beyond regulatory
minimum
4. Retrofitting
existing fleet
5. Accelerate fleet
turnover 0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1998 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014
Real-worldNOx(g/km)
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 6
Euro 5
Incentivise off road as soon as possible

AIR | 65
THE SOLUTION
European vehicle eco-labelling for new and used old vehicles07 November 2017

Objectives
• Target high polluting vehicles first in real-world operation
• Technology neutral
• Minimise taxpayer subsidies
• Minimise capital losses to private owners
• Create incentives to go beyond minimum regulatory requirement

Solution
• Simple and actionable ratings
• Based on fair, real-world performance for typical driver and road
• Consistency and comparability between vehicles and over time
• Wide coverage quickly
• Independence from large vested interests
• Relevance to consumer
Harness power of competition between manufacturers
Align public and private incentives

Benefit
• Avoids highly inefficient solutions
• Banning all Euro 5s, 6s and earlier would be draconian
• Banning only Euro 5s and earlier would be ineffective
• Addressing the higher polluting 54% of Euro 6s would generate 87%
reduction in NOx
• Avoids backing specific technologies on limited knowledge
• Rewards well performing car and technologies
• Avoids potential legal challenge from owners of cleaner older diesels

Implementation
• Publish ratings on official government and city websites to guide consumer decisions
• Syndicate to media for wider consumption
• Set government fleet procurement requirements – minimum real-world standards
• Use as example to private sector fleets
• Tie incentives or charges to the ratings
London’s Cleaner Vehicle Checker and Fleet Health Check programme
Defra (UK environment department) tender programme

AIR | 70
INDEPENDENT ECO-LABLE

EQUA Index
• Vehicle rating scheme based on their real-world emissions and fuel economy
• Complement to new Real Driving Emissions regulations
• Discriminates between high and low emitters, even within Euro class – not just pass/fail
• Authoritative Scientific Advisory Committee
• Similar to New Car Assessment Programme
• Ratings are published and into the public domain for free at www.equaindex.com
Robust, independent standard needed to measure and
incentivise actions to bring about air quality improvements

EQUA - Air Quality Index
Euro
6
Euro
5
Euro
3

EQUA CO2 – Carbon Dioxide index
• CO2 values for almost all vehicles on sale in
the last six years
• Over 70,000 model variants
• Remainder extrapolated using new
proprietary model of real-world fuel
efficiency, based on technical
characteristics of vehicles
• Complemented by EQUA 100 and EQUA
Mpg for fuel efficiency
• Near-comprehensive alternative to official
labelling system

AIR | 74
AIR ALLIANCE

AIR Alliance - mission
• Allow Independent Road-testing has been launched in September to promote the voluntary
adoption of an independent on-road vehicle emissions test and rating system
• AIR is open to organisations and individuals seeking to ensure direct and immediate action
to reduce the harmful effects of vehicle emissions on air quality and climate change, in an
accessible, transparent and accountable way
• AIR is also the only global initiative that provide a prompt and cost effective approach to the current
diesel NOx emissions crisis
• AIR has convened an authoritative Scientific Advisory Committee of academics across Europe to
ensure the robustness of the rating system

AIR Alliance – calls on….
• Car makers to adopt voluntarily the same approach to car emissions as they use for car safety
• City policy makers to adopt voluntarily independent testing and rating as the basis for informed policy
• Governments, cities, academics, NGOs, and other organisations committed to improving air quality
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to join the Alliance and help drive the voluntary adoption of
the existing framework by automakers and city policy makers globally

AIR Alliance - action
• AIR’s role will be to guarantee that the data and testing remain completely independent from
automakers and regulators to ensure trusted disclosure and public scrutiny
• AIR will make past and future results from independent testing of vehicle freely available to everyone
so they can make informed choices
• AIR will provide access to the test methodology developed by Emissions Analytics to other parties to
conduct similar tests to same standards around the world through a process of European
standardisation

Massimo Fedeli
Founder and Director
AIR Alliance
mfedeli@allowAIR.org
+44 (0) 20 3633 5047
+44 (0) 7917 081416
LaunchVideo

07 November 2017
AIR | 79
THANK YOU
European vehicle eco-labelling for new and used old vehicles

Championing a cleaner fuel for cleaner air
Brian Worrall, Director of Corporate Affairs
7th November 2017

We are Certas Energy
• Largest independent distributor of
fuels and lubricants in the UK
• 5.7 billion litres of fuel delivered with 18% market share in
the oil market
• 1,000 tankers and over 140 locations
• Over 2,500 employees
• 100 million litres of storage capacity
• Leaders in safety first with numerous ISO accreditations
• Socially responsible business model supporting local economies
• Certas Energy is part of DCC plc

A cleaner fuel for cleaner air…Why now?
• As it stands, the UK will not comply with the legal limits
set out in the Climate Change Act for air quality until
2025 and in London not until 2030
• The health and environmental implications of high
levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and particulate
matter (PM) including the onset of Alzheimer’s and
chronic heart and lung disease are a major national
concern
• The introduction of Ultra Low Emission Zones in London by
2019 means that businesses with vehicles and off-road machinery
operating in these zones will need to dramatically reduce emissions to
comply with these new regulations
• From a CSR perspective, businesses are under increasing
pressure to demonstrate that they are operating in a way that
limits harm to the environment or population – reducing
emissions is a key way to improving the sustainability of
day-to-day operations

NOx levels
Source: DEFRA
Grey shaded area shows too high NO2 levels
The UK is breaking UK & EU laws with its current
air pollution levels. Air quality plans for 16 regions
and cities (including London, Manchester, Birmingham,
and Glasgow) will not comply with legal limits for air
quality until 2025; in the case of London not until after 2030.

Ultra Low Emission Zones
• NRMM used across the ‘central activity zone’ & Canary Wharf are required to meet stage IIIB of
the directive as a minimum
• NRMM used on the site of any major development within Greater London will be required to meet
stage IIIA of the directive as a minimum
Examples of NRMM:
Diesel generators
Plant machinery
Fork lifts
Cranes

Benefits of Shell GTL Fuel
• Drop in fuel
• Lower emissions
• Can reduce noise
• Non-toxic & Readily biodegradable
• Less smell
• Storage stability
• Cold start

GTL Market
Ultra Low Emission
Zones
Local Authorities Climate Change Act
Bio Content rise
Medium
Combustion
Directive &
consultation
DEFRA consultation
Supreme Court
ruling on Client
Earth
DfT proposals
Social responsibility
– early adopters
within
organisations
Media
Social and public
pressure
Advocacy ongoing
campaigns

Department for Transport
• Rallying support from DfT
• Numerous test beds taking place for HVO &
GTL

UK Supply Chain
Shell GTL Fuel
• Eastham – marked and unmarked
• Ashford depot – marked
• Peel Ports bunker site – unmarked
• Horsham depot – NEW!!
Green D+ (HVO)
• Dagenham
The supply chain is continually growing,
particularly as demand increases in areas.
Both are premium products with different
price points.

Shell GTL in the UK
• Over 50 customers in Ashford with a significant number of tests underway
• Customers include:
• Government bodies and local Councils
• Engineering Companies
• Construction and demolition companies
• Timber companies
• Farmers
• Delivery and transport companies
• Utility companies
• Schools
• Golf Clubs
• Production Companies

Where do we go from here?
• Businesses in the South East are in a strong position to make a positive
difference to the UK's air quality problem.
• By considering alternative fuels you can:
• Reduce environmental impact and meet regulatory targets
• Win more business with a more sustainable approach
• Protect your workforce from the harmful effect of emissions
• Shell GTL Fuel is readily available can help make a difference to air
quality today

Company name appears here 95
Copyright by Shell International
Shell GTL Fuel
Marcel van den Berg
Business Development Manager Shell GTL Fuel

Copyright of Shell International
Content of the presentation
Cooperation Shell and Certas Energy
The world in 2050 and our challenges
What is Shell GTL (Gas-to-Liquids) Fuel
Customer references
Questions and answers
Date Month 2016 96

Definitions & cautionary note
The New Lens Scenarios are part of an ongoing process used in shell for 40 years to challenge executives’ perspectives on the future business environment. We base them on plausible assumptions and quantification,
and they are designed to stretch management to consider even events that may be only remotely possible. Scenarios, therefore, are not intended to be predictions of likely future events or outcomes and investors should
not rely on them when making an investment decision with regard to Royal Dutch Shell plc securities.
The companies in which Royal Dutch Shell plc directly and indirectly owns investments are separate legal entities. In this presentation “Shell”, “Shell group” and “Royal Dutch Shell” are sometimes used for convenience where
references are made to Royal Dutch Shell plc and its subsidiaries in general. Likewise, the words “we”, “us” and “our” are also used to refer to subsidiaries in general or to those who work for them. These expressions are also used
where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular company or companies. ‘‘Subsidiaries’’, “Shell subsidiaries” and “Shell companies” as used in this presentation refer to companies over which Royal Dutch Shell plc either
directly or indirectly has control. Entities and unincorporated arrangements over which Shell has joint control are generally referred to as “joint ventures” and “joint operations” respectively. Entities over which Shell has significant
influence but neither control nor joint control are referred to as “associates”. The term “Shell interest” is used for convenience to indicate the direct and/or indirect ownership interest held by Shell in a venture, partnership or company,
after exclusion of all third-party interest.
This presentation contains forward-looking statements concerning the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of Royal Dutch Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be,
forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements of future expectations that are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could
cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning the potential exposure of Royal
Dutch Shell to market risks and statements expressing management’s expectations, beliefs, estimates, forecasts, projections and assumptions. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such
as ‘‘anticipate’’, ‘‘believe’’, ‘‘could’’, ‘‘estimate’’, ‘‘expect’’, ‘‘goals’’, ‘‘intend’’, ‘‘may’’, ‘‘objectives’’, ‘‘outlook’’, ‘‘plan’’, ‘‘probably’’, ‘‘project’’, ‘‘risks’’, “schedule”, ‘‘seek’’, ‘‘should’’, ‘‘target’’, ‘‘will’’ and similar terms and phrases. There are a
number of factors that could affect the future operations of Royal Dutch Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements included in this presentation, including (without
limitation): (a) price fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas; (b) changes in demand for Shell’s products; (c) currency fluctuations; (d) drilling and production results; (e) reserves estimates; (f) loss of market share and industry
competition; (g) environmental and physical risks; (h) risks associated with the identification of suitable potential acquisition properties and targets, and successful negotiation and completion of such transactions; (i) the risk of doing
business in developing countries and countries subject to international sanctions; (j) legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments including regulatory measures addressing climate change; (k) economic and financial market
conditions in various countries and regions; (l) political risks, including the risks of expropriation and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental entities, delays or advancements in the approval of projects and delays in
the reimbursement for shared costs; and (m) changes in trading conditions. No assurance is provided that future dividend payments will match or exceed previous dividend payments. All forward-looking statements contained in this
presentation are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional risk factors that may affect
future results are contained in Royal Dutch Shell’s Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016 (available at www.shell.com/investor and www.sec.gov). These risk factors also expressly qualify all forward-looking statements
contained in this presentation and should be considered by the reader. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this presentation, April 4, 2017. Neither Royal Dutch Shell plc nor any of its subsidiaries undertake
any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. In light of these risks, results could differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from
the forward-looking statements contained in this presentation.
We may have used certain terms, such as resources, in this presentation that United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) strictly prohibits us from including in our filings with the SEC. U.S. investors are urged to
consider closely the disclosure in our Form 20-F, File No 1-32575, available on the SEC website www.sec.gov. You can also obtain this form from the SEC by calling 1-800-SEC-0330.
March 10, 2017 97

• Certas partnership with Shell for distribution of premium
products.
• Two separate Companies and cannot discuss any commercials

99
The world in 2050

The energy system is facing challenges
100
Growing population
Global population will increase from around
7 billion today to nearly 9 billion by 2050,
with 75% living in cities.
Rising demand
Global energy demand will likely be almost
double in between 2000 and 250, with 2 billion
vehicles on the road (800 million today).

Not one alternative for oil based transport
Not one alternative for mobility in the future
101
All options for
fuels will be
needed : LNG,
CNG, HFO, MGO ,
GTL
Combustion
engines and
liquid fuels will
remain to play
an important
role in the future
MOSAIC
OF FUELS AND
VEHICLE OPTIONS
Fuels and
drivelines will be
different in
various
countries
Countries and
regions will
choose different
portfolio’s
Countries develop
mandates for
sustainable fuels

Towards a more sustainable future
102
Performance Fuels
Premium Fuels
Best Performance with
Latest Engine Technology
Unique formulation is
designed to improve
performance through
advanced technology
Energy Diversification through more Gas
GTL Fuels
Gas to Liquid (GTL)
Fuel Technology
Forefront of GTL
technology
& production for 30+ years.
GTL gasoil – an
alternative diesel fuel
which will contribute to
the diversification of the
diesel fuel supply, and help
improve air quality in cities.
CNG/LNG
Natural Gas Now Makes
Up 50%+ of Shell’s
Production
LNG pioneer with 50+
years of expertise.
LNG as transport fuel
for trucks & ships.
CO2 Solutions
E-Mobility
Evaluation of Options
Shell is exploring a role
in the charging of EVs.
Biofuels
Development of
Conventional & Advanced
Biofuels
Involved in distributing
biofuels for 30+ years.
Hydrogen
Aiming to Accelerate
Growth
Shell is active in Hydrogen
electric and is part of
several initiatives to
encourage the adoption of
hydrogen as a transport
fuel.
April 2017

Low NOx Transport Solutions
Cost and timeline
103
Available Today
$
$$
$$$
Paraffinic Fuels
HydrogenElectric
Natural Gas:
LNG, CNG
Only a handful of technologies are
immediately available today to be
widely deployed to reduce NOx
levels
EU VI+ engines
(diesel, LPG)
Implementation timeline
Infrastructurecost
April 2017

The emissions challenge
104
Global Climate Change
Impact: Global economy
Timeline: Small effects in the short term
grow more severe longer term
Cause: Greenhouse gas emissions
Local Air Quality
Impact: Human Health
Timeline: Immediate
Cause: Predominantly NOx and Particulate
emissions from combustion engines
and burners
April 2017

UK Issue
Date Month 2016 105Footer

106
What is Shell GTL (Gas-
to-Liquids) Fuel
1.0

Diesel
An alternative, cleaner burning synthetic diesel
Derived from natural gas
Liquid at room temperature
Works well in unmodified diesel
engines in any blend ratio from
0 to 100%
Colourless
107Footer

Diesel
An alternative, cleaner burning synthetic diesel
 Almost odourless
 Higher cetane number than
conventional diesel
 Virtually sulphur-free
 Virtually aromatic-free
 Meets EN590 norm except density
 Fully meets EN15940 norm for
paraffinic fuels
108Footer

GTL as a Paraffinic fuel – a diesel alternative
109
GTL vs.
EN 590
EN 590 CEN EN 15940 Specs
Class A (incl. Shell GTL Fuel) Class B
Property Unit Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Cetane number Higher 51.0 70.0 51.0
Density at 15 °C kg/m3 Lower 820.0 845.0 765.0 800.0 780.0 810.0
Total aromatics content % (m/m)
Lower
1.0 1.0
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content % (m/m) 11
Sulfur content mg/kg Lower 10 5.0 5.0
Flash point °C Same >55 >55 >55
Carbon residue (on 10 % distillation residue) % (m/m) Same 0.30 0.30 0.30
Ash content % (m/m) Same 0.01 0.01 0.01
Water content mg/kg Same 200 200 200
Total contamination mg/kg Same 24 24 24
Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50 °C) Same Class 1 Class 1 Class 1
Oxidation stability g/m3 Same 25 25 25
Oxidation stability hrs Same 20 20 20
FAME content % (V/V) Same 7.0 7.0 7.0
Lubricity, corrected wear scar diameter (wsd 1,4) at
60 °C
μm Same 460 460 460
Viscosity at 40 °C mm2/s Same 2.00 4.50 2.00 4.50 2.00 4.50
Distillation 95 % (V/V) recovered at °C Same 360 360 360
Distillation % (V/V) recovered at 250 °C
(a)
% (V/V) Same <65 <65 <65
Distillation % (V/V) recovered at 350 °C
(a)
% (V/V) Same 85 85 85
(a) To be included in the next revision
Note: Cold flow properties for CEN TS 15940 follow the identical country specific requirements that appear in EN 590
GTL meets all of EN 590, incl lubricity,
except density

Shell GTL Fuel has many advantages
Date Month 2016110Footer
Drop-in fuel
Easy to integrate with new and older diesel
engines. No infrastructure investment required.
Lower emissions
Lower regulated emissions
(PM, NOx, CO, & HC).

111
Less smell
Odourless, noticeable to customers.
Storage stability
No bio component and good oxidation stability.

112
Can reduce noise
Engine noise reduction of 1-4 dB(A).
Non-toxic & readily biodegradable
Likely to be more benign, biodegradable and pose less
environmental hazards than conventional diesel/
Marine Gasoil.

113
Cold start
Excellent low temperature performance, low
cloud point.
Maintenance
• Positive effect on regeneration particle filters
• Possible reduction AdBlue usage
• Possible longer lifetime engine oil

Example Markets
2.0
Date Month 2016 114Footer

Example GTL markets (Shell GTL Fuel)
115
Public transport Transport

Example GTL markets (Shell GTL Fuel & Off-road)
116
City utility Construction

Example GTL markets (Shell GTL Fuel Off-road)
117
Rail Power generation

Example GTL markets (Shell GTL Fuel Marine)
118
Offshore Leisure & Tourists boats

Example GTL markets (Shell GTL Fuel Marine)
119
Inland shipping

Scylla: River cruise company
23 luxury river cruise vessels
Germany's north-east:
Danube and Main
The Rhine
Holland and Belgium
The Rhône and Saône
The Seine
September 2016 120

Why is Scylla interested in Shell GTL Fuel ?
Because :
They are an innovative company
Thrilled to be the first river cruiser on
Shell GTL Fuel Marine
There are soot, smoke, smell issues
Swimming pool closed some times
GTL is drop-in fuel, easy to
implement
September 2016 121

Copyright of Shell International 122
GTL for seagoing vessels
3.0

Added value of GTL for Sea going vessels
Drop-in fuel for diesel engines
Immediately resulting in reduction of
local emissions (PM, NOx, smell and
sound)
Target market :
Auxiliary engines of sea going vessels
All local shipping
Super yachts
September 2016 123

Supply and price of
Shell GTL Fuel(Marine)
4.0

Supply and price
GTL is available on demand
in NL, BE, GER, UK, FR, DK
Price : very dependent on
demand, location, logistics
etc.

Summary
5.0

Summary
Shell GTL Fuel is a synthetic fuel, suitable for all diesel engines
without any adaptions and immediately resulting in reduction of
local emissions: NOx, PM, smell and sound.
127

'How are emissions from
road haulage changing?'
Duncan Buchanan
Policy Director
7th November, 2017

The RHA: Who do we represent?
• 7,000 members
• Micro, SME and large, inc 85 of MT Top 100
• Diversity by size and sector
• Strong SME mandate
• Advice – anything and everything
• Services – RHA Legal Services; ISO-accredited driver/manager
training and compliance audits
• Policy and representation - interests of industry to government -
clear, robust and helpful
• To members – engaged, transparent, accountable
• To public – National Lorry Week / ‘Love the Lorry’

We deliver the goods you need.
• About 90%
• 98% Food moved
(42% all lorries moving food)
• 98% Agricultural transport
• 98% Consumer goods
Road haulage is an essential activity – there is no
practical alternative
Competitive, Low Margin, Regulated sector
What do we do?

In 2015 lorries accounted for 10% of total NOx emissions
(GB).
In London in 2013 HGVs were the source of 10% of NOx
emissions
Between 2014 and the end of 2016 NOx emissions across
Great Britain from HGVs reduced by about 1/3.
Air Quality has been improving for decades
Road Haulage
Air Quality context

EU Regulation - Vehicles
Why through EU Regulation?
Road Haulage
Air Quality approach

What’s next?
Clean Air Zone Regulation
- Focus on Vehicles
- Focus on Euro VI (for lorries / busses)
- Focus on fines to drive behaviour

RHA view
Clean Air Zone Issues
- Air quality has to be addressed
- It is not just about vehicles.
- Any new restrictions needs to be phased based on vehicle life –
retrospective requirements need to be cautiously handled.
Clean Air Zone Approach
- Focus on “hot spots”
- Reduce congestion
- Encourage out of hours movements (24/7 – why?)
- Phasing of changes – through the Euro standards
- Consider non transport generators

In 2013 TfL said lorries accounted for 10% on NOx
By the end of 2016, that fell by about a third,
By the end of 2019, Lorry NOx will have more than halved
Thank You

The Importance of Clean Air to
The Aspinall Foundation
David Sutton Mhort(RHS), Cert.Ed.
Estates Manager
The Howletts Wild Animal Trust

The Aspinall Foundation (TAF)
• Our commitment is to conservation, through captive breeding, education
and reintroduction. We are working in some of the world’s most fragile
environments to save endangered animals and return them to the wild.

Captive Breeding Programmes
• Howletts & Port Lympne are home
to some of the world’s most
endangered animals.
• Our captive breeding programmes
help to save them from extinction
and provide opportunities for
reintroduction programmes in their
native regions.

Aspinall Foundation Projects
• A reserve in Congo was established in 1987 to
protect the critically endangered lowland gorilla
• Funded park rangers work to protect the area from
poachers
• Provides long term care & rehabilitation for orphaned
gorillas
• Protect the habitat & environment
• Targeted education & awareness campaign

• The reserve in Gabon was established in 1998 to
introduce a viable gorilla population in the area
• 1996-2006 a total of 51 gorillas were released in to
projects in Congo & Gabon
• 8 were hand reared at Howletts and Port Lympne and
remaining are wild born orphans from rehabilitation
programmes
• Since the first birth in 2004 to a reintroduced gorilla
there have been additional 18 births across Congo &
Gabon.
• The survival rate for released gorillas is high at about
84% in Congo & Gabon.

• This project aims to carry out research into behaviour
of gibbons in the wild and return these and other
primates to protected areas of forest in Java
• Javan (Moloch) Gibbon is unique to the Indonesian
island of Java; only 2,000 remain making it the most
endangered gibbon species
• Only 50 individuals in zoos outside Indonesia with
over half of these held at Howletts & Port Lympne
where there has been 24 viable births since 1988
• The foundation has leased land and built the Javan
Primate Rescue Centre consiting of 6 enclosures, vet
facilities and a fruit store

• Madagascar is home to 102 lemur species
• TAF installed in late 2008 and currently operating
three projects:
• Saving the critically endangered greater bamboo lemur
• Conserving the endangered Crowned Sifaka
• Conserving the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed
lemur
• Focus work with community to protect sites &
increase numbers
• Rangers to protect sites from poachers
• Education of local communities as considered
essential for long term conservation.

The Importance of Clean Air to The
Aspinall Foundation
Air pollution is defined by the World Health Organisation as follows;
“Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by
any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere.”
Pollutants can be classed in two broad categories;
Gaseous or Particulate

Howletts & Port Lympne
Howletts
96 Acres near Canterbury, just
outside the Kent AONB
Port Lympne
650 Acres, near Ashford just
inside the Kent AONB

Park Visitors
• A couple of reasons that we feel clean air is important to our guests:-
• Time to breath... many of our guests come to the parks because
they want to get some exercise themselves or bring younger
children to give them the opportunity to be out in the fresh air.
• Animal welfare perception… there has been occasions where
bonfire smoke or the smell of chemicals from neighbouring farms
spraying crops have drifted through the parks.

Effects of Pollution
• Limited research on the effects to animals but we can link to effects
on humans;
• According to The Guardian “Air pollution from traffic and
industry is leading to the premature death of more than three
million people a year. Exposure to air pollutants has been
linked to suppressed lung growth, asthma, heart disease,
foetal brain growth damage and the onset of diabetes.”

• Acidification of soils and rivers occurs causing changes to the
ecosystem and potentially making it unsuitable for some species.

• Rain deposits heavy metals onto the ground which is then absorbed
by the vegetation that the animals eat and into rivers, their source of
water and home to unconscionable numbers of aquatic species that
absorb these pollutants.
• Heavy metals are passed on through the food chain to higher
species, an extreme example of this being Minamata Disease
(mercury poisoning).

• A study carried out in the mid 1990’s found “highly significant
associations between exposure to periods of medium (1994) and
high (1993) air pollution and poor sperm morphology [in humans].
This finding may be important [because], sperm morphology is a
relatively good predictor of fertility status”. Environ Health Perspect 108:887–894 (2000).
• Given how similar some of the species that TAF manages are to
humans (gorilla in particular) it is possible to imagine how they may
exhibit similar results given differing locations i.e. city zoo, rural
animal park, natural forest.

Overseas Projects
• When looking at conserving animal species we have to take a
broader view.
• Managing the entire ecosystem is key to ensuring that any
conserved species has the opportunity to flourish.

Plants need animals, need plants,
need animals…
Did you know that the African Savannah Elephant helps genetic
diversity in tree populations by moving seed up to 65km!

Deforestation on Madagascar
• Tropical rainforest stores
approximately 250 tonnes of
carbon per hectare
• Burning releases large
amounts of this carbon back
into the atmosphere in both
gaseous and particulate
forms
• Prolonged exposure can
effect the respiratory systems
of humans and animals

Overseas Projects
• There is little point in ensuring the conservation of a particular
species if there is no habitat for those animals to be returned to!

Solutions for TAF
• Continue to manage large areas of land for overseas projects to
reduce habitat loss.
• We are looking at investing in a new fleet of vehicles that will reduce
our emissions.
• Regularly looking at alternative fuel / power sources for vehicles and
heating.

Thank you for listening, it’s time to move on!
References
• http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en/
• http://blogs.nelson.wisc.edu/es112-312-
3/mining/
• https://www.treehugger.com/natural-
sciences/how-much-carbon-do-different-forests-
store-what-size-offsets-your-driving-for-a-
year.html
• https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-
business/2016/jul/05/how-air-pollution-affects-
your-health-infographic
• Environ Health Perspect 108:887–894(2000).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
2556931/pdf/ehp0108-000887.pdf

For more information on the benefits of Shell GTL
Fuel or the content of this presentation please
contact marketing@certasenergy.co.uk or visit
www.certasenergy.co.uk

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