The central bank is the supreme monetary institution that regulates and oversees the country's banking system. It has sole authority to issue currency notes and manages the money supply and credit policies. As the banker, agent, and advisor to the government, it handles government accounts, provides short-term financing, collects taxes, and advises on economic and fiscal policy. The central bank also acts as the lender of last resort to commercial banks, facilitates interbank clearing, and maintains the country's foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the currency. Its goals are maintaining financial sovereignty, price stability, and promoting economic development.

1. CENTRAL BANK AND ITS
FUNCTIONS
Jashanpreet Kaur
XII commerce

2. INTRODUCTION
 The Central bank plays an
important role in the Monetary
and Banking system of a country.
It is responsible for maintaining
financial severeignty and
economic stability of a country
especially in underdeveloped
countries.

4. What is a central bank ?
 Central Bank is the supreme monetary
institution which is at the apex of the Monetary
and Banking structure of a country.
 It is the leader of the money market and as
such it controls regulates and supervises the
commercial banks .
 It is the central monetary authority which
manages the currency and credit policy and
money supply of the government.

5. Defination of central bank
 De Kock-"a bank which constitutes the apex
of the monetary and banking structure of the
country.“
 Vera Smith-"the primary definition of central
bank is a banking system in which a single
bank has either a complete or residuary
monopoly of note issue.“
 Bank for International settelments-"the bank in
any country which has been entrusted the duty
of regulating the volume of currency and credit
in that country."

6. Functions of Central Bank

7. Functions of central bank
 Bank of note issue: The Central Bank has the
sole monopoly of note issue in every country.
The currency notes printed and issued
become unlimited legal tender throughout the
country

8. INDIAN CURRENCY NOTES
ISSUED BY CENTRAL BANK

9. Functions of central bank
 Banker ,Agent and Adviser to the Government : It
maintains the accounts of central as well as state
governments. It receives deposits from
government and makes short term advances to
the government. As an agent to the government it
collects taxes and other payments on behalf of the
government. It raises loans from public and thus
manages public debt. As a financial adviser to the
government, it gives advises to the government
on economic, financial and fiscal matters, such as
deficit financing, devaluation, trade policy, foreign
exchange policy etc.

10. Functions of central bank
 Bankers' Bank: The central bank acts as a
custodian of the cash reserves of commercial
banks.
 Lender of last resort: In case the commercial
banks are not able to meet their financial
requirements from other sources, they can
always approach central bank for financial
accomodation. The central bank accomodates
finances to the commercial banks by
rediscounting their eligible securities and
exchange bills.

11. Functions of central bank
 Clearing house: Since all banks have their
accounts with central bank ,it can easily settle
the claims of various banks against each other
with least use of cash.
 Custodian of foreign exchange reserves: this
function helps the central bank to overcome
the balance of payments difficulties and to
maintain stability in foreign exchange rates. In
order to minimise the fluctuations in foreign
exchange rates the central bank buys or sells
the foreign currencies in the market as the
value of foreign currencies falls or rises.

12. Functions of central bank
 Controller of credit: By controlling the credit
effectively the central bank establishes stability
not only in the internal price level but also in
foreign exchange rates. Such a stability is
necessary for economic growth and smooth
functioning of the economy.
 Developmental role: In the developing countries
apart from traditional functions, it performs
developmental and promotional functions. On one
hand it helps to develop money and capital
markets and on other hand it takes measures to
promote economic development and maintain
price and exchange stability.

13. Other functions
 (a) It maintains relations with International
institutions such as IMF World Bank.
 (b) It collects various types of statistics
providing current status of the economy.
 (c) It conducts surveys seminars and
publishes reports on other matters.
 (d) It helps in developing banking system and
banking habits in the country.
 (e) It extends training facilities to the staff
working in banking institutions.

14. Conclution
 In short the Central bank functions as
supreme monetary institution in the country by
acting as Banker to the government and to the
commercial banks ,a controller of monetary
system of the country and a promoter of
economic growth of the country. It performs
these functions without any profit motive and in
the interest of the general public.

15. Thank you