Central African Republic
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The Central African Republic has experienced significant political instability and violence. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country endured several dictatorships and military governments. It currently has weak government institutions and four main groups - the government, rebel groups, bandits, and outside armies - target civilians. The country's isolation, poverty, and lack of infrastructure have been exacerbated by ongoing civil conflicts. International intervention has had limited success in reducing violence in CAR and the broader region. Long term solutions require political reforms, economic development, education, and greater international engagement.
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Soldier-politicians: military stepped in and out of politics, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Ghana, etc, etc
1961-67, military take-overs in Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, etc.
Muammar Gadhafi seized power in 1969, explain activities—intervened in several nations including Sudan, Egypt, Morocco, Chad, etc. overthrown in 2011
1970s: some of the worst abuses came to an end; Idi Amin in Uganda, Francisco Macias Nguema in Equatorial Guinea was overthrown in 1979; Jean-Bedel Bokassa (self-proclaimed emperor) was deposed
Horn of Africa, many problems. From 1962– Eritreans called for independence from Ethiopia, and was obtained in 1994
1974- Haile Selassie was overthrown and leadership eventually fell into the hands of Mengistu Haile Marian, who was himself ousted in 1991
Somalia– Siad Barre maintained power until country began to disintegrate—he fled from power in 1991, contextualize within events of end of Cold War, etc.
Collapse of Berlin Wall, and rising expectations, call for National Conference, collapse of many regimes, Kaunda, Hastings, Mobutu, etc.
Economic decline and increasing dependence: countries are heavily dependent on imported goods, limited industrialization translates into heavy importation of manufactured goods
By the mid-1980s, economic decline had near crisis proportion—Decade of lost development
IMF & WB imposed severe conditions on loans: devalue currency, increase in price of staple foods, freeze wages, etc; focus on programs such as Structural Adjustment Program, etc.
Political crises: near anarchy in the 1980s & 1990s, Li.
Bruno Kasonga Congo
The document discusses the ongoing conflict situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It outlines that over 28 militias from within the DRC as well as neighboring countries are fighting. The militias can be divided into those fighting against the government, those created by the government, and non-Congolese militias. It also discusses the involvement of ethnic groups, historical background of conflicts dating back to colonial times, and challenges faced by MONUC peacekeepers in controlling the violence given the large territory and guerilla nature of the fighting. The representative calls for international support to help rebuild the DRC.
Africa - Blood Diamonds
The document discusses the issues of conflict and violence related to the diamond and natural resource trade in several African countries such as Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Angola. It describes how rebel groups have taken control of diamond mines and trade diamonds for weapons, fueling prolonged civil wars and human rights abuses. Foreign intervention and occupation of resource-rich areas by countries like Uganda and Rwanda have further complicated and sustained the conflicts for economic and political gain. Peace agreements have had little success in establishing lasting peace due to ongoing corruption and criminal networks perpetuating the conflicts for access to valuable natural resources.
Democratic Challenges in African Nation
The document summarizes some of the challenges faced by African nations after independence from colonial rule. It discusses how colonial policies in Nigeria, South Africa, and other African countries negatively impacted national identity, economic development, education levels, and ethnic relations. In Nigeria, these factors contributed to an ethnic civil war in the 1960s and periods of military rule. In South Africa, colonial and apartheid policies enforced racial segregation and denied rights to the black majority until the end of apartheid in the 1990s under president de Klerk. Both countries still face issues with corruption, poverty, and conflict despite some economic growth.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria: Some Reflections on Options for Po...
I had the honour of delivering the Keynote Address at the 34th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA) in Lokoja. The conference theme, "Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria: Some Reflections on Options for Policy," is relevant and timely.
The challenges of nation-building are manifesting worldwide, including our continent and country. Violent conflicts and subterranean discord and discontent are prevalent, and the revival of irredentist ethno-regional and religious identities further complicates the situation. I believe that the conference was a great opportunity to discuss these challenges and reflect on practical policy options.
I salute the President of the NPSA, Professor Hassan Saliu, for his leadership and the Executive Committee's effort to mobilize the membership despite a paucity of resources and the prevailing tough economic times. I am optimistic that the NPSA will continue to thrive, and I urge all of us to work towards the continued stability and unity of our country.
The Causes And Effects Of Corruption In South Africa
Corruption has plagued South Africa since British imperial rule established a minority white government that implemented apartheid. After decades of resistance led by Nelson Mandela and the ANC, apartheid was abolished in 1994. However, corruption remained entrenched in government and business, undermining economic development and equal opportunities. Peaceful reconciliation has been incomplete, as seen in recent xenophobic violence. Further conflict resolution efforts are needed to fully address the country's divided past and promote good governance.
IDP Campaign Presentation English
14-slide presentation introducing the Campaign for Internally Displaced Persons in the Central African Republic
Africa
Climate and geography have significantly impacted African society. The continent has extensive deserts like the Sahara which cover most of the land area. Environmental challenges like desertification and lack of arable land have caused groups like the Bantu to migrate within Africa over thousands of years in search of resources. The geography, which includes the Great Rift Valley and grassy savannas, has also influenced where human settlements could be sustained through farming and herding. More recently, European colonialism disrupted many African societies and drew boundaries without regard for ethnic groups, contributing to ongoing conflicts over land and resources.
Africa
Climate and geography have significantly impacted African society. The continent has extensive deserts like the Sahara which cover most of the land area. Environmental challenges like desertification and lack of arable land have caused groups like the Bantu to migrate within Africa over thousands of years in search of resources. The geography has also influenced patterns of human settlement, with many people living in the savanna grasslands and around lakes and rivers. European colonialism in the late 19th century was driven by needs for raw materials and new markets from Africa. This led to divisions of ethnic groups and conflicts over borders that remain challenges today.
Darfur: What Is Happening, What Can We Do
Powerpoint presentation by Karen Hirschfeld, Sudan Coordinator, Physicians for Human Rights. Includes background on the conflict, PHR's findings concerning genocide, information on sexual violence, life in IDP camps, and policy recommendations.
Darfur Holocaust
The document discusses two cases of genocide: the Holocaust and the ongoing genocide in Darfur, Sudan. It notes that both involved the systematic killing and displacement of large groups of civilians by their own governments and armed militias. While the methods and death tolls differed, in both cases extremist groups targeted populations for destruction and needed help from others to carry out mass murder. The document questions what more can be done to seek justice for victims and prevent future genocides when the world fails to intervene to stop such atrocities.
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Explore Architectural Wonders and Vibrant Culture With Naples Tours
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How To Change Your Name On American Airlines Aadvantage.pptx
American Airlines permits passengers to change/correct names on their AAdvantage account. Also, you can request a name change both online via a web portal and offline over the phone. For further information on how to change your name on American Airlines Advantage, get in touch with the airline’s customer service. Also, you can reach out to a consolidation desk at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
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一比一原版(UST毕业证)圣托马斯大学毕业证如何办理
UST毕业证offer【微信95270640】☀《圣托马斯大学毕业证购买》GoogleQ微信95270640《UST毕业证模板办理》加拿大文凭、本科、硕士、研究生学历都可以做,二、业务范围：
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文凭办理流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：微信95270640我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
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一：圣托马斯大学圣托马斯大学硕士学位证成绩单全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信95270640）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。乌龟和王八贼头贼脑的倒也逗人喜爱日上三竿时山娃总爱窜进自家瓜棚里跟小伙伴们坐着聊天聊着聊着便忍不住往瓜田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡水
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bangalore metro routes, stations, timings
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定制(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Excursions in Tahiti Island Adventure
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Central African Republic
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