Cement and bricks are important construction materials. There are many types of cement including ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, rapid hardening cement, and others that vary in chemical composition and properties. Bricks can be made from burnt clay, sand lime, concrete, fly ash clay, or firebrick raw materials. Each brick type has different advantages depending on factors like strength, weight, color, and fire resistance that suit different applications in construction.

2. Cement, Bricks and their types
Prepared by : Abdur Rauf
Roll number: 125
presented To:
Sir Yasir Sarfraz
And whole class
Institute of geology,
The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad.

3. Cement:
 A cement is a binder, a substance used in
construction that sets, hardens and adheres to
other materials, binding them together.
 Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to
bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together.
 Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce
mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel
aggregates to produce concrete.

4. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick setting cement
5. Low Heat Cement
6. Sulphates resisting cement
7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
10. Coloured cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive cement
13. Hydrographic cement
Different Types of cement
This Photo shows Different types of cements

5. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
 It is called Portland cement because on hardening (setting) its colour resembles to
rocks near Portland in England.
 It was first of all introduced in 1824 by Joseph Asp din, England.
 Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement which is suitable
for all general concrete construction.
 It is most widely produced and used type of cement around the world with annual
global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year.
 This cement is suitable for all type of concrete construction.

6. O.P.C has the following
approximate chemical
composition:
The major constituents
are:
Lime (CaO3) 60- 63%
Silica (SiO2) 17- 25%
Alumina (Al2O3) 03- 08%
This photo shows the bags of Ordinary Port
land Cement

7. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
 Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with
Portland cement.
 It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or
calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and
fine pozzolana.
Uses:
 This cement has high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete
compared with ordinary Portland cement and thus it is widely used.
 It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works and for laying
concrete under water such as bridges, piers, dams and mass concrete works
etc.

8.  PPC can reduce microcracks in the transition
zone and it improves pore size distribution.
 Since PPC is finer than OPC, the
permeability can be reduced.
 Since the fly ash has lesser density and
more finer.
 PPC can give more volume of mortar than
OPC.
 The long-term strength of PPC is
greater than of OPC.
 PPC is more economical because the costly
clinker can be replaced with fly ash or
calcined clay. Fly ash is a byproduct in coal
combustion process.
 The heat liberated during the heat of
hydration will be lesser than that of OPC.
This photo shows PPC

9. 3. Rapid Hardening Cement
 Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) are also called high early strength cement.
 The prime difference between the rapid hardening cement and ordinary
Portland cement is the lime content.
 Large proportion of lime is the distinguishing feature of rapid hardening
cement.
 The strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days
strength of OPC with the same water-cement ratio.
 Thus, advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed earlier
which increases the rate of construction and decreases cost of
construction by saving formwork cost.

10. 4. Quick setting cement
 The difference between the quick setting cement
and rapid hardening cement is that quick setting
cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength
is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while rapid
hardening cement gains strength quickly.
 Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier.
Uses:
 Quick setting cement is used where works is to be
completed in very short period and for concreting
in static or running water. This photo shows Quick setting
cement

11. 5. Low Heat Cement
 Low heat cement is prepared by maintaining the percentage of
tricalcium aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of
C2S. This makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration.
 This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less
reactive and initial setting time is greater than OPC.
Uses:
 used in mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low
heat of hydration prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat.

12. 6. Sulphates Resisting Cement
 Sulfate resisting cement is used to reduce the
risk of sulphate attack on concrete and thus is
used in construction of foundations where soil has
high sulphate content. This cement has reduced
contents of C3A and C4AF.
Uses:
 Sulfate resisting cement is used in construction
exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil
in places like canals linings, culverts, retaining
walls, siphons etc.

13. 7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
 Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about
60% slag and resembles more or less in properties of Portland cement.
 It can be used for works economic considerations is predominant.
8. High Alumina Cement
 High alumina cement is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and
grinding with the clinker. It is a rapid hardening cement with initial and
final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively.
 The compressive strength of this cement is very high and more workable
than ordinary Portland cement and is used in works where concrete is
subjected to high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.

14. 9. White Cement
 It is prepared from raw materials free from
Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary Portland
cement which is white in color.
 It is costlier and is used for architectural
purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing
panels, terrazzo surface etc.
 and for interior and exterior decorative work
like external renderings of buildings, facing
slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products,
paths of gardens, swimming pools etc.

15. 10. Colored
cement
 It is produced by
mixing 5- 10%
mineral pigments
with ordinary
cement.
 They are widely
used for
decorative works in
floors.

16. 12. Expansive Cement
 Expansive cement expands slightly with time and does not shrink during and after
the time of hardening .
 This cement is mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and prestressed concrete
ducts.
13. Hydrographic cement
 Hydrographic cement is prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals and has high
workability and strength.
 It has the property of repelling water and is unaffected during monsoon or rains.
 Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the construction of water structures such
dams, water tanks, spillways, water retaining structures etc.

17. Bricks and its types
 Officially, the term brick is used to
denote a building unit made of shaped
clay, but in modern times it is used to
refer to any stone- or clay-based
building unit that is joined with
cementitious mortar when used in
construction.
 Typically, bricks are about 4 wide, 8
inches long, with a variety of
thicknesses. Larger stone- or clay-
based building units of the type used in
foundations are usually called blocks. This photo shows ordinary bricks

18. Categorizing Bricks by Raw Materials
In modern construction practices, common bricks are categorized according to
their component materials and method of manufacture. Under this
classification, there are five common types:
1. Burnt clay bricks
2. Sand lime bricks (calcium silicate bricks)
3. Concrete bricks
4. Fly ash clay bricks
5. Firebrick

19. Burnt Clay Bricks
 Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing wet clay
into molds, then drying and firing them in kilns.
 This is a very old building material—the type of brick found in many of the
ancient structures of the world.
 In appearance, these bricks are solid blocks of hardened clay, usually
reddish in color.
 Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with first-class offering
the best quality and most strength.
 These high-grade burnt clay bricks have no noticeable flaws, but they’re
also going to cost more.

20. When these bricks are used in
walls, they require plastering
or rendering with mortar. Uses
for burnt clay bricks include:
a. Masonry walls
b. Foundations
c. Columns
This photo shows Burnt Clay Bricks wall.

21. Sand Lime Bricks
 Sand lime bricks (also known as calcium silcate bricks) are made by mixing
sand, fly ash and lime.
 Pigments may also be added for color.
 The mixture is then molded under pressure to form bricks; the materials
bond together by a chemical reaction that occurs as the wet bricks dry
under heat and pressure.
 These bricks are not, however, fired in kilns in the same manner as burnt
clay bricks.

22. Sand lime bricks can offer some advantages over clay bricks such
as:
a. Their color appearance is gray instead of the regular reddish color.
b. Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require
plastering.
c. These bricks offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures.
d. When pigments are added, the bricks can be used for ornamental purposes.
e. Less mortar is required during construction.
f. Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.

23. the uses for sand
lime bricks include:
1. Structural foundations and
walls
2. Exposed brick walls and
pillars
3. Ornamental uses (when
pigments are added)
This photo shows the stock and wall of SLB.

24. Concrete Bricks
 Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete and are growing in popularity
among homeowners.
 Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and provide an
excellent aesthetic presence.
 These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colors if pigments
are added during production.
 Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground applications.

25. C
common uses for
concrete bricks include:
1. Fences
2. Internal (hidden)
3. brickwork
This Photo shows pavement made by concrete bricks

26. Fly Ash Clay Bricks
 Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash—a byproduct of
coal burning—fired at about 1,000 degrees C.
 Because fly ash contains a high volume of calcium oxide, this type of brick
is sometimes described as self-cementing, since it expands when exposed
to moisture.
 This tendency to expand, however, can also produce pop-out failure.
 Fly ash clay brick has the advantage of being lighter in weight than clay or
concrete brick.

27. Typical uses for fly ash clay
brick include:
a. Structural walls
b. Foundations
c. Pillars
d. Anywhere that improved
fire resistance is required
This photo shows a stock of fly ash clay brick.

28. Fire Bricks
 Also known as refractory bricks, these are manufactured from specially
formulated earth with a high aluminum oxide content.
 After burning, these bricks can withstand very high temperatures without
their shape, size, or strength being affected.
Common used for this type of brick include:
a. Lining of chimneys and furnaces
b. Pizza ovens and outdoor brick barbecues
Fire bricks stock

29. Thank you all

30. Reference
1. S. P. Dunuweera and R. M. G. Rajapakse, “Cement types,composition, uses,
environmental impact and possible solutions',” in Proceedings of the 28th
International Symposium on Transport Phenomena, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka,
September 2017.
2. S. Mindess and J. F. Young, Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1981
3. T. Matschei, B. Lothenbach, and F. Glasser, “ e role of calcium carbonate in
cement hydration,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 551–558,
2007.

31. 4. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819
5. https://civilseek.com/types-of-cement.