The document discusses factors that contribute to road accidents in India. It covers road-related factors like design, signs, and conditions. Vehicle factors like braking systems, lighting, and inspection are addressed. Driver characteristics such as age, skills, and impairment are examined. The collection and analysis of accident data is described, including the uses of data in engineering, enforcement, policy, education, and administration. Standard forms and factors are outlined for properly reporting accidents to gather comprehensive information that can be accurately analyzed.
Strategies to reduce road traffic fatalitiesJeewantha Dias
This document outlines strategies to reduce road traffic fatalities in Sri Lanka. It discusses causes of fatal accidents such as speeding, overtaking, drunken driving, and negligence of pedestrians. Preventive measures are categorized into vehicle-related, driver-related, pedestrian-related, and road safety-related. Vehicle-related measures include promoting air bags, seat belts, proper vehicle maintenance, and safety equipment for motorcycles. Driver-related measures involve enforcing speed limits, seat belt laws, medical fitness checks, and driver education. Pedestrian-related strategies focus on educating pedestrians on safe crossing. Road safety measures center on signage, infrastructure improvements, and traffic enforcement. Responsible government organizations coordinate policies and programs related to
The document discusses the characteristics of drivers, pedestrians, vehicles, and roads that are important for highway transportation design. It covers topics like driver characteristics that vary with age and abilities. Pedestrian characteristics like walking speed are also discussed. Visual abilities and limitations of drivers are explained, along with reaction times. Static characteristics of different types of vehicles are presented, including dimensions and weight limits. Designing highways requires considering the characteristics of the expected types of users and vehicles.
1. Traffic engineering deals with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It uses engineering techniques and applies scientific principles to achieve this.
2. A traffic study should be conducted when a new development is proposed, for financial assessments, major road projects, to address existing transportation problems, or for developments in sensitive areas.
3. Traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands are traffic control devices used to inform, guide, and regulate traffic and pedestrians.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
accident report for cars
form for accident report
blue report for accident
accident reports for nc
the best study method
effective study methods
causes of accidents
factors affecting accidents
how accident data are collected
The document discusses important aspects of highway geometric design including sight distance, horizontal alignment, and overtaking zones. It defines types of sight distance such as stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and intersection sight distance. It provides formulas to calculate minimum sight distances based on design speed, vehicle reaction time, and other factors. The document also discusses horizontal curve design and how centrifugal force affects vehicles on curves based on speed, radius, and vehicle dimensions. It describes how to determine safe overtaking zones by calculating passing sight distances for different traffic conditions.
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It deals with applying scientific principles and tools for safe, rapid, economical traffic flow. The basic goal is efficient traffic flow with few accidents. Traffic engineering can be divided into sections including traffic characteristics, studies and analysis, operation and control, planning and analysis, geometric design, and administration. Traffic characteristics include road user characteristics like physical and mental traits, and vehicular characteristics like dimensions, weight, speed and braking. Traffic studies collect data on volumes, speeds, origins-destinations and accidents. Control devices include signs, signals and markings to regulate traffic.
Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance on road network and terminals through systematic traffic studies,
scientific analysis and engineering applications which provide safe, rapid, efficient
convenient and economic transportation of persons and goods.
• Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one hand and
regulation and control on the other.
• The road traffic is composed of different categories of vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. Each category of vehicular traffic has two components, the human element as
the driver and the machine as the vehicle.
Strategies to reduce road traffic fatalitiesJeewantha Dias
This document outlines strategies to reduce road traffic fatalities in Sri Lanka. It discusses causes of fatal accidents such as speeding, overtaking, drunken driving, and negligence of pedestrians. Preventive measures are categorized into vehicle-related, driver-related, pedestrian-related, and road safety-related. Vehicle-related measures include promoting air bags, seat belts, proper vehicle maintenance, and safety equipment for motorcycles. Driver-related measures involve enforcing speed limits, seat belt laws, medical fitness checks, and driver education. Pedestrian-related strategies focus on educating pedestrians on safe crossing. Road safety measures center on signage, infrastructure improvements, and traffic enforcement. Responsible government organizations coordinate policies and programs related to
The document discusses the characteristics of drivers, pedestrians, vehicles, and roads that are important for highway transportation design. It covers topics like driver characteristics that vary with age and abilities. Pedestrian characteristics like walking speed are also discussed. Visual abilities and limitations of drivers are explained, along with reaction times. Static characteristics of different types of vehicles are presented, including dimensions and weight limits. Designing highways requires considering the characteristics of the expected types of users and vehicles.
1. Traffic engineering deals with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It uses engineering techniques and applies scientific principles to achieve this.
2. A traffic study should be conducted when a new development is proposed, for financial assessments, major road projects, to address existing transportation problems, or for developments in sensitive areas.
3. Traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands are traffic control devices used to inform, guide, and regulate traffic and pedestrians.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
accident report for cars
form for accident report
blue report for accident
accident reports for nc
the best study method
effective study methods
causes of accidents
factors affecting accidents
how accident data are collected
The document discusses important aspects of highway geometric design including sight distance, horizontal alignment, and overtaking zones. It defines types of sight distance such as stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and intersection sight distance. It provides formulas to calculate minimum sight distances based on design speed, vehicle reaction time, and other factors. The document also discusses horizontal curve design and how centrifugal force affects vehicles on curves based on speed, radius, and vehicle dimensions. It describes how to determine safe overtaking zones by calculating passing sight distances for different traffic conditions.
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It deals with applying scientific principles and tools for safe, rapid, economical traffic flow. The basic goal is efficient traffic flow with few accidents. Traffic engineering can be divided into sections including traffic characteristics, studies and analysis, operation and control, planning and analysis, geometric design, and administration. Traffic characteristics include road user characteristics like physical and mental traits, and vehicular characteristics like dimensions, weight, speed and braking. Traffic studies collect data on volumes, speeds, origins-destinations and accidents. Control devices include signs, signals and markings to regulate traffic.
Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance on road network and terminals through systematic traffic studies,
scientific analysis and engineering applications which provide safe, rapid, efficient
convenient and economic transportation of persons and goods.
• Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one hand and
regulation and control on the other.
• The road traffic is composed of different categories of vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. Each category of vehicular traffic has two components, the human element as
the driver and the machine as the vehicle.
Nearly 60,000 people are killed in road accidents in India every year. Accidents are caused by factors related to road users, vehicles, road conditions, and the environment. There are two main types of accidents - collision accidents which involve collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixed objects, and non-collision accidents which involve vehicles running off the road or overturning. Preventive measures that can help reduce accidents include engineering improvements to road design and lighting, enforcing traffic laws through speed control, medical checks, and public education campaigns.
1. The presentation discussed transportation risk management, focusing on driver safety issues like fatigue, vehicle maintenance, and distractions.
2. It emphasized the importance of having strong policies and training programs to manage risks and prevent crashes. This includes driver screening, ongoing training, and compliance with regulations.
3. Post-crash response was also covered, stressing proper documentation and evidence collection to facilitate investigation and limit liability in the event of an incident. Overall the presentation aimed to help organizations effectively oversee transportation operations and driver safety.
Ce2026 traffic engineering and management notesNayana 54321
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on traffic engineering and management. It covers five main units: introduction, traffic surveys and analysis, traffic control, design of geometric intersections, and traffic management. The introduction unit defines traffic engineering and its basic components, which include road users, vehicles, roads, and control devices. It also discusses road user characteristics such as fields of vision and perception-reaction time that influence traffic flow. The remaining units cover topics like traffic surveys, traffic control signals, intersection design principles, and approaches to traffic system and demand management.
This document discusses road signs in India. It covers the purpose of road signs to promote safety and efficiency. The key principles for effective signs are that they fulfill a need, command attention, convey a clear meaning, command respect, and provide adequate response time. Signs are classified as mandatory/regulatory, cautionary/warning, or informatory/guide signs. Placement, operation, maintenance and uniformity of signs are also covered.
This document discusses defensive driving techniques for commercial drivers. It begins by defining defensive driving as driving to save lives, time and money despite road conditions and other drivers' actions. It then outlines six key defensive driving techniques: 1) Wearing a seatbelt at all times, 2) Maintaining a safety-focused driving culture, 3) Avoiding speeding, 4) Managing fatigue, 5) Controlling planned and responding appropriately to unplanned driving behaviors, and 6) Constantly searching the road for hazards. The document provides details on each technique and cites statistics showing the importance of these techniques for commercial driver safety.
This document discusses human factors that affect road safety. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding road traffic safety, human factors, and causes of accidents. It then defines human factors and how they influence driver behavior and crash causes, such as attention, perception, and reaction time. The document also examines the driving task model and how road design can support driver expectations and abilities through consistent information presentation and accommodation of human limitations. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of road safety education to positively guide road users.
This document discusses using AusRAP risk mapping and the RAA's highway reviews to assess Australia's national highway network. AusRAP utilizes video surveys, coding software, and statistical analysis to produce star ratings and safer roads investment plans. However, it can take over a year to finalize the data. Highway reviews provide a more timely subjective assessment from a motorist's perspective and can identify issues not apparent in video. The best approach is to combine AusRAP's scientific analysis with the RAA's highway reviews to provide a well-rounded assessment of road safety issues.
This document summarizes a student research project on smart cars. It outlines the goal of determining smart car characteristics through comparative research. It then discusses key aspects of smart cars and infrastructure like vehicle automation and sensor-enabled roads. Detection technologies like cameras, radar and lidar are described. Moral and legal issues concerning autonomous functions and driver responsibility are also summarized. The conclusion reiterates the potential impacts and human factors still needing consideration regarding future smart transportation systems.
Webinar: Passing a Level 1 Maintenance InspectionLucas Kibby
This document summarizes a webinar about passing a Level 1 maintenance inspection. It describes the three levels of inspections - Level I being the most comprehensive roadside inspection. It explains what is checked during a Level I inspection, including driver documents, vehicle systems, and cargo securement. It then discusses choosing a vehicle for inspection, the inspection process, common violations like lights and tires, and the outcomes if violations are found. The takeaway tips emphasize how driver behavior can impact the outcome and some of the easiest things for drivers to check during pre-trip inspections.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
The document provides information on a presentation about road safety. The vision is to achieve zero accidents with no fatalities or injuries. The objectives are to minimize fatalities inside plant premises, understand accident causes, control vehicle operation risks, and suggest improvements. Major causes of accidents in India include negligent driving, poor infrastructure, non-compliance with rules, poor enforcement, and weather conditions. Statistics show over 461,000 accidents in 2022 with the most in Uttar Pradesh. Steps to avoid accidents include following rules, defensive driving, vehicle maintenance, pedestrian safety, and promoting responsibility. Road signs and traffic police signals are also explained.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
This document provides details about a mini project to study road safety improvements at an intersection in Warangal, Telangana, India. It includes a map of the study area location and details of the roads. 13 safety concerns were identified including lack of traffic signs, uncovered drainage, roadside parking, and poor road conditions. Recommendations are provided to regulate parking, add pedestrian facilities, improve road markings and signs, repair roads, limit distractions, and cover open drainage. The proposed safety measures would improve traffic flow and safety for all road users.
Chapter 3 characteristics of highway componentsFayaz Rashid
This document discusses the key characteristics of drivers, pedestrians, vehicles, and roads which are important considerations for highway design. It covers:
1. Driver characteristics such as visual acuity, reaction time, and how they vary between individuals and can decline with age.
2. Pedestrian characteristics like walking speed and how it differs for those with disabilities.
3. Vehicle characteristics including size, weight, speed, which are used to determine a design vehicle for a road.
4. How all of these human and vehicle factors interact and must be accommodated in road design standards for elements like lane width and sight distances. Understanding the range of users is essential for engineering safe transportation infrastructure.
traffic engineering Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways How does traffic engineering work?
Traffic engineering (TE) is a process whereby a network operator can engineer the paths used to carry traffic flows that vary from those chosen automatically by the routing protocol(s) in use in that same network
This document discusses the importance of driver management for safety. It notes that driving habits are formed over time through repetition of actions. It also discusses the unique challenges of hauling oversized loads, including ensuring proper permits, escorts, load security, and route planning. Finally, it emphasizes that safety requires involvement from all departments and that investing in drivers as people through respect, competitive pay and benefits can help with retention and positive safety culture.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Nearly 60,000 people are killed in road accidents in India every year. Accidents are caused by factors related to road users, vehicles, road conditions, and the environment. There are two main types of accidents - collision accidents which involve collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixed objects, and non-collision accidents which involve vehicles running off the road or overturning. Preventive measures that can help reduce accidents include engineering improvements to road design and lighting, enforcing traffic laws through speed control, medical checks, and public education campaigns.
1. The presentation discussed transportation risk management, focusing on driver safety issues like fatigue, vehicle maintenance, and distractions.
2. It emphasized the importance of having strong policies and training programs to manage risks and prevent crashes. This includes driver screening, ongoing training, and compliance with regulations.
3. Post-crash response was also covered, stressing proper documentation and evidence collection to facilitate investigation and limit liability in the event of an incident. Overall the presentation aimed to help organizations effectively oversee transportation operations and driver safety.
Ce2026 traffic engineering and management notesNayana 54321
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on traffic engineering and management. It covers five main units: introduction, traffic surveys and analysis, traffic control, design of geometric intersections, and traffic management. The introduction unit defines traffic engineering and its basic components, which include road users, vehicles, roads, and control devices. It also discusses road user characteristics such as fields of vision and perception-reaction time that influence traffic flow. The remaining units cover topics like traffic surveys, traffic control signals, intersection design principles, and approaches to traffic system and demand management.
This document discusses road signs in India. It covers the purpose of road signs to promote safety and efficiency. The key principles for effective signs are that they fulfill a need, command attention, convey a clear meaning, command respect, and provide adequate response time. Signs are classified as mandatory/regulatory, cautionary/warning, or informatory/guide signs. Placement, operation, maintenance and uniformity of signs are also covered.
This document discusses defensive driving techniques for commercial drivers. It begins by defining defensive driving as driving to save lives, time and money despite road conditions and other drivers' actions. It then outlines six key defensive driving techniques: 1) Wearing a seatbelt at all times, 2) Maintaining a safety-focused driving culture, 3) Avoiding speeding, 4) Managing fatigue, 5) Controlling planned and responding appropriately to unplanned driving behaviors, and 6) Constantly searching the road for hazards. The document provides details on each technique and cites statistics showing the importance of these techniques for commercial driver safety.
This document discusses human factors that affect road safety. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding road traffic safety, human factors, and causes of accidents. It then defines human factors and how they influence driver behavior and crash causes, such as attention, perception, and reaction time. The document also examines the driving task model and how road design can support driver expectations and abilities through consistent information presentation and accommodation of human limitations. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of road safety education to positively guide road users.
This document discusses using AusRAP risk mapping and the RAA's highway reviews to assess Australia's national highway network. AusRAP utilizes video surveys, coding software, and statistical analysis to produce star ratings and safer roads investment plans. However, it can take over a year to finalize the data. Highway reviews provide a more timely subjective assessment from a motorist's perspective and can identify issues not apparent in video. The best approach is to combine AusRAP's scientific analysis with the RAA's highway reviews to provide a well-rounded assessment of road safety issues.
This document summarizes a student research project on smart cars. It outlines the goal of determining smart car characteristics through comparative research. It then discusses key aspects of smart cars and infrastructure like vehicle automation and sensor-enabled roads. Detection technologies like cameras, radar and lidar are described. Moral and legal issues concerning autonomous functions and driver responsibility are also summarized. The conclusion reiterates the potential impacts and human factors still needing consideration regarding future smart transportation systems.
Webinar: Passing a Level 1 Maintenance InspectionLucas Kibby
This document summarizes a webinar about passing a Level 1 maintenance inspection. It describes the three levels of inspections - Level I being the most comprehensive roadside inspection. It explains what is checked during a Level I inspection, including driver documents, vehicle systems, and cargo securement. It then discusses choosing a vehicle for inspection, the inspection process, common violations like lights and tires, and the outcomes if violations are found. The takeaway tips emphasize how driver behavior can impact the outcome and some of the easiest things for drivers to check during pre-trip inspections.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
The document provides information on a presentation about road safety. The vision is to achieve zero accidents with no fatalities or injuries. The objectives are to minimize fatalities inside plant premises, understand accident causes, control vehicle operation risks, and suggest improvements. Major causes of accidents in India include negligent driving, poor infrastructure, non-compliance with rules, poor enforcement, and weather conditions. Statistics show over 461,000 accidents in 2022 with the most in Uttar Pradesh. Steps to avoid accidents include following rules, defensive driving, vehicle maintenance, pedestrian safety, and promoting responsibility. Road signs and traffic police signals are also explained.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
This document provides details about a mini project to study road safety improvements at an intersection in Warangal, Telangana, India. It includes a map of the study area location and details of the roads. 13 safety concerns were identified including lack of traffic signs, uncovered drainage, roadside parking, and poor road conditions. Recommendations are provided to regulate parking, add pedestrian facilities, improve road markings and signs, repair roads, limit distractions, and cover open drainage. The proposed safety measures would improve traffic flow and safety for all road users.
Chapter 3 characteristics of highway componentsFayaz Rashid
This document discusses the key characteristics of drivers, pedestrians, vehicles, and roads which are important considerations for highway design. It covers:
1. Driver characteristics such as visual acuity, reaction time, and how they vary between individuals and can decline with age.
2. Pedestrian characteristics like walking speed and how it differs for those with disabilities.
3. Vehicle characteristics including size, weight, speed, which are used to determine a design vehicle for a road.
4. How all of these human and vehicle factors interact and must be accommodated in road design standards for elements like lane width and sight distances. Understanding the range of users is essential for engineering safe transportation infrastructure.
traffic engineering Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways How does traffic engineering work?
Traffic engineering (TE) is a process whereby a network operator can engineer the paths used to carry traffic flows that vary from those chosen automatically by the routing protocol(s) in use in that same network
This document discusses the importance of driver management for safety. It notes that driving habits are formed over time through repetition of actions. It also discusses the unique challenges of hauling oversized loads, including ensuring proper permits, escorts, load security, and route planning. Finally, it emphasizes that safety requires involvement from all departments and that investing in drivers as people through respect, competitive pay and benefits can help with retention and positive safety culture.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Syllabus
Road Safety Situation in India, Causes of road
accidents – influence of road, vehicle, driver and
environmental factors - Pedestrian Safety,
Collection and statistical analysis of accident
data, Collision and condition diagram,
3. Road Accidents
• An event that occurs on a street open to public traffic;
resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed,
where at least one moving vehicle is involved.
• Road Traffic Accident is a collision between vehicles;
between vehicles and pedestrians; between vehicles and
animals; or between vehicles and geographical or
architectural obstacles.
4. Collection of accident data
• Serves to identify the basic causes of accidents
and suggest means for overcoming the
deficiencies that lead to such accidents
• Engineering uses
• Enforcement uses
• Administrative and policy uses
• Educational uses
• Uses for the motor vehicle administrator
5. Engineering Uses
• In determining the adequacy, size, shape and
legibility of traffic signs
• In determining the justification for traffic control
devices, such as traffic signals
• In determining and planning pedestrian safety
features (underpass, overbridges, barriers, refuge
islands, signals, street lighting)
• In determining speed zoning and speed control
• In planning traffic regulation measures
• In designing and providing channelization
6. Enforcement Uses
• In planning deployment of personnel for duties such
as manual control, streel patrolling etc.
• In controlling pedestrian behaviour
• In directing enforcement effort
• In enforcing curb parking regulations
• In planning and enforcing vehicle inspection
measures
• In aiding prosecution of offenders in courts
7. Administrative and policy uses
• In initiating and administering traffic safety
programmes
• In evaluating success of traffic safety programmes
• In determining the accident costs
• In identifying the need to amend the legislative
measures in force and to take appropriate action to
amend them
8. Educational Uses
• In planning and organizing school safety
education programmes
• In planning and organizing driver safety
educational programmes
9. Uses for the motor vehicle administrator
• In reviewing the procedures for licencing drivers
• In reviewing the procedures for registration and
licencing of vehicles
• In reviewing the vehicle inspection requirement
10. Requirements of accident records
• If accident records are to be of use, they should be accurate
and comprehensive, instead of being vague and misleading
• Must be reported on a standard form so that uniform
procedure is followed
• The term describing the accidents (fatal accident,
grievously injured person, slightly injured person, minor
injury accidents etc.) must be accurately defined.
• For the facility of being analysed by a computer, the data
should be coded properly.
11. Standard accident reporting forms
• Forms prescribed by IRC 1982
• Form A-1: Form for collecting the details of
the accident
• Form 4 : Summary of the road accidents in the
State during the year
12. Factors Causing Road Accidents
• The road
• The vehicle
• The driver
• The road user other than the motorists
• Environmental factors
13. The Road
• Radius of Curvature
• Vertical Alignment
• Sight distance
• Super elevation
• Carriageway width
• Width and condition of shoulder
• Road signs and road markings
• Junction design
• Pavement surface characteristics
• Formation delineators and guard rails
• Narrow bridges and culverts
• Median width
• Street lighting
14. Radius of Curvature (RoC)
• Safe speed while negotiating a curve depends on RoC
• Sharpe curves- low speed
• Large radii curves – high speeds
• Provide RoC as large as possible
15. Vertical Alignment
• Provide suitable shock proof vertical curves
• Vertical curve should homogeneously blend in with the
horizontal curve
16. Sight Distance
• Safe stopping and overtaking sight distance
• All roads should be designed for safe stopping sight
distance and overtaking sight distance
• If overtaking is prohibited – provide suitable signs
17. Super elevation
• For vehicle negotiating a curve at the desired
speed – adequate super elevation should be
provided.
• Deficiency cause accidents
18. Carriageway Width
• Minimum width – 7 m for 2 lanes
• Most of Indian roads are single lane
• Danger due to overtaking and crossing
• Intermediate lane width of 5.5 m for roads where
the traffic is heavy for single lane
19. Width and conditions of shoulder
• Shoulders needed for parking stopped vehicles are
used for overtaking and crossing vehicles.
• Shoulders should be of adequate width
• Should be maintained properly even during rainy
season
20. Road Signs and Road Markings
• Properly and well maintained road signs – prevent
accidents
• Centreline marking, stop line marking, pedestrian
crossing marking can reduce accidents.
21. Junction Design
• Any deficiency in the design of junctions cause accidents
• Elements of junction design should receive proper
attention
– Turning radius
– Width at entry and exit
• Channelization reduce no. of collision points, thus
reduce accidents
22. Pavement Surface Characteristics
• Pavement Surface Characteristics determine the
safety of a vehicle when applying brakes and
negotiate a curve
• Road surface should have anti-skid properties
when the pavement is wet
23. Formation delineators and guard rails
• On curves or embankments driver needs to be guided
about the direction of the road- Formation delineators
with reflection are provided
• Guard rails and safety barriers prevent the vehicle from
going off the roadway
24. Narrow bridges and culverts
• Narrow bridges and culverts cause accidents,
especially if the roadway is wide.
• If accidents occur frequently – widen it
• Proper warning signs prevent accidents
25. Median Width
• Wide median prevents glare from opposite stream of
vehicles
• 5 m is desirable width
• Extreme situations (less space) – 1.2 m width
26. Street lighting
• Adequate street lighting during night time
prevent accidents
• Also reduces the more severe type of accidents
27. The Vehicle
• Braking system
• Vehicle Lighting system
• Vehicle body and its features
• Tyres
• Vehicle inspection and maintenance
28. Braking System
• Interaction between tyre and roads governs the braking
performance of vehicles
• Element of design of braking system involve:
– Load distribution among different wheels
– Brake distribution between the front and rear wheels
• Prime cause for accidents – wheels getting locked and the
driver losing the control of vehicle
• Research undertaken –ways of applying the brakes
severely but at the same time to prevent the vehicles from
being locked.
29. Vehicle Lighting System
• Efficiency and reliable system of lighting in vehicle
prevent accidents
• Lighting system consists of
– Headlights – glare is a serious problem
– Side lamps
– Parking lights
– Rear lights – efficient operation prevent front to rear
collision
– Direction indicators
– Stop lamp
30. Vehicle Lighting System
• Head light should perform 2 functions:
– Main beam: allows driver to see road ahead for long
distance
– Dipper beam: avoids glare to opposing traffic, at the
same time provides sufficient visibility
• Direction indicators provide adequate notice of
the intention of driver to turn or to stop.
– Usually amber in colour
– Provided at side of vehicle at the eye level of driver of
the following vehicle
31.
32. Vehicle body-its features
• Factors to be considered
– Shape and dimension of driver seat
– Position of control in relation to driver seat
– Visibility of the driver from the seat
– Noise levels in the vehicle
– Concentration of carbon monoxide inside the vehicle
33. Vehicle body-its features
• Seat of the driver should be comfortable and adjusted
to give him a clear view
• Dials must be clearly visible and controls must be easily
operated
• For better design: the lack of proper vision due to
bonnet and windscreen pillars should be minimum.
• External mirrors fitted on the sides provide better
visibility to the rear portion.
34. Tyres
• Important aspect of vehicle design
• Research works done about:
– Performance of tyre relative to puncture, blow-outs,
vulnerability to damage by sharp objects, braking and road
surface characteristics
• Skidding is governed by the interaction of the tyre,
brakes, road surface, speed and wetness of the road
surface
35. Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance
• Frequent inspection and testing is an important
requirement
• In India, old vehicles used to their maximum life time
• Period inspection of
– Brakes, tyres, lighting system
– Steering mechanism, suspension system,
– windscreen
• Legislative enforcement of inspection system yield
good results in safety.
– UK and USA compulsory
– India, as per Motor Vehicle Act – period testing and
inspection of vehicles
36. The Driver
• Driver judgement, skill and emotional make up
• Age and sex of drivers
• Marital status
• Training of drivers
• Alcohol, drugs and the driver
• Fatigue
• Use of helmets and safety belts
37. Driver judgement, skill and emotional make up
• The time taken to perceive the danger depends upon his
mental makeup- perception time
• Once the information gone to his mind, some time must
elapse before he react to the stimulus – reaction time
• PT and RT vary from driver to driver (total = 2.5 s)
• PIEV time – perception, intellection, emotion and volition
• How driver react to situations? – based on past experience,
driver education and his estimate of his own capacity
• Skill – driver’s capacity to control and manipulate
– Partly inborn
– Training and experience
38. Driver judgement, skill and emotional make up
PIEV time – perception, intellection, emotion and volition
Perception time : Is the time required for the sensations received
for the eyes or ears to be transmitted to the brain through
nervous system and spinal cord. Time required to perceive an
object or situation
Intellection time: time required for understanding the situation.
Emotion time: time elapsed during emotional sensations and
disturbance such as fear, anger etc.
Volition time: time taken for the final action.
39. Age and Gender of driver
• Young drivers cause more accidents rather than mature
drivers
• Old drivers cause more accidents than middle age
drivers
• Males have more accident records than female, but
when miles driven are taken into account the difference
disappears.
• Married drivers have been observed to better drivers
(both male and female)
40. Training of Drivers
• Systematic training of drivers have impact on driving
behaviour and performance
• Truck and bus drivers receive classroom training and
driving instructions
• Suitable legislation – driving instruction should be given
by fully qualified personnel
41. Training of Drivers contd...
• Reward for good and clean driving should be provided.
• Penalties for negligent drivers.
• Those who have licenses have learnt the basic principles
of driving and traffic rules
• Those who accure licence should be able to handle their
vehicle.
42. Alcohol, drugs and the driver
• Alcohol and drug affect the judgement and skill of a driver
• Traffic on roads at midnight is less but accidents are more
-reason is alcohol
• Alcohol enters into the blood stream after it is consumed
( measured by simple clinical test)
• The actual amount of alcohol in blood depend on: amount
consumed, weight of that person, kind of alcohol, time
interval between alcohol and test etc.
• If blood alcohol content is > 50 mg/100 ml, the driver is
unfit to drive
43. Alcohol, drugs and the driver
• Different countries, the limitations are different
• In India, Motor Vehicle act provides suitable punishment
for drivers under the influence of alcohol and drugs
• India Road Congress – blood alcohol content of more
than 0.08% should be liable for fine or imprisonment
(3 months)
44.
45. Fatigue
• Long hours of driving – lack of concentration
• Long and monotonously straight sections of a road –
induce drowsiness and lack of vigilance
• Alignment with good blend of straight and curvature
tend to keep the driver alert
• Loss of sleep causes drowsiness and lapses in attention
• Limiting the period of driving by regulations – to prevent
accidents in case of professional drivers
46. Use of helmets and safety belts
• Motorcycles and pillion riders – prone to head injuries
• Protecting head against injuries – reduce fatalities
• Wearing helmet reduces 30-40% of head injuries
• IRC suggest to make helmets compulsory and those who
not wear helmets are to be fined
• If a driver does not wear a seat belt and if any accident
happens – diver thrown out of the vehicle
• Safety belts can save many lives – strong enough to bear
the forces that will act on him/her
• Automatically inflatable air bags reduce the driver
fatalities considerably.
47.
48. Lack of Monitoring Agencies
Increase in road accidents due to:
• Non-cooperation from road related authorities
• Authorities allow movement of
– non-road worthy vehicles
– Movement of extra length vehicles
– Abnormally loaded
– over projected goods loaded vehicle
49. Weather and its effects on accidents
Elements of weather that cause accidents are:
• Rain:
– causes the pavements to be slippery, contributes to
skidding accidents.
– Higher the rainfall, higher the accidents rate
• Snow and ice:
– accidents more frequent
– Slipperiness is the major cause
• Fog:
– visibility get reduced just a few meters under the
thick fog
50. Condition and Collision Diagrams
Collision Diagram
• Schematic Representation of all accidents occurring
at a given location over a specified Period usually
ranges from one to three years
• Diagram contains a large scale map of the location
and the paths of the vehicles and position of the
pedestrians involved in each of the accidents
• A uniform system of symbols would be necessary to
identify the full details and nature of the accidents
51.
52.
53. Condition Diagram
• The purpose of the Condition Diagram is to show
the intersection and the conditions within the
surrounding area as it exists.
• The diagram should include the intersection
alignment, items such as buildings, sidewalks, trees,
lighting poles, water hydrants, stop signs, number
of lanes, and lane use if required, associated with
the streets forming the intersection.
• When applicable, the Condition Diagram shall show
the length of all exclusive lanes and associated
tapers.
54.
55. • The Condition Diagram provides the engineer
with details of field conditions and helps
investigate the need for changes to existing
traffic control devices. The diagram should
also be part of an intersection crash analysis.
56. Preparing the Condition Diagram
A. General Details
1. The engineer should enter the Location I.D. so that the intersection
is thoroughly identified.
2. The name of the highway, highway number, and direction for both
streets should be included.
3. County, City, Date, and Person(s) preparing the diagram.
4. Orient the intersection by indicating north on the north arrow.
All items associated with the streets should be drawn using the
symbols as outlined on the bottom of the form.
The diagram should also include B.
Highway and intersection design features, including: a) Pavement
edges, curbs, and shoulders (unpaved or paved) b) Widths of
approaches c) Approach grades d) Channelization e) Parking conditions
and restrictions f) Bus stops g) Safety lighting or continuous lighting h)
Any other roadway features which may affect traffic operations