Heart disease and stroke are the first and third leading causes of death in the United States. They account for over one-third of all deaths and cost over $444 billion each year. While death rates have declined, incidence and death rates remain high for some groups. Lifestyle changes such as not smoking, healthy diet and exercise can significantly reduce risks. The CDC works with states to promote prevention through monitoring risks, supporting local programs, and improving emergency response systems.
Heart disease describes a variety of conditions that affect the coronary heart. Diseases underneath the coronary heart sickness umbrella consist of blood vessel diseases, together with coronary artery disorder, heart rhythm problems arrhythmias and heart defects, human beings are born with congenital heart defects , among others. If the heart disorder isnt recognized at an early stage, the patient's situation might get worsened and for that reason endanger his life. Therefore, this software program is evolved in order to research the patient check details and give an evaluation as to whether or not the affected person is healthful or requires remedy for heart disorder by giving the intensity of patient's heart situation because the result. Prof. Vikrant Chole | Karishma V. Bagde "Heart Disease Analysis System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31070.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31070/heart-disease-analysis-system/prof-vikrant-chole
Heart disease describes a variety of conditions that affect the coronary heart. Diseases underneath the coronary heart sickness umbrella consist of blood vessel diseases, together with coronary artery disorder, heart rhythm problems arrhythmias and heart defects, human beings are born with congenital heart defects , among others. If the heart disorder isnt recognized at an early stage, the patient's situation might get worsened and for that reason endanger his life. Therefore, this software program is evolved in order to research the patient check details and give an evaluation as to whether or not the affected person is healthful or requires remedy for heart disorder by giving the intensity of patient's heart situation because the result. Prof. Vikrant Chole | Karishma V. Bagde "Heart Disease Analysis System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31070.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31070/heart-disease-analysis-system/prof-vikrant-chole
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
Alcohol and chronic diseases: complex relations. Guillemont J. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
Alcohol and chronic diseases: complex relations. Guillemont J. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
The goal of this webinar is to educate physicians and healthcare professionals about hospice eligibility and benefits for patients with advanced cardiac disease (ACD) who have a prognosis of ≤6 months. Through evidence-based data and a review of case studies, attendees understand the benefits of advance care planning, complex modalities for high-acuity cardiac patients, how to manage symptoms, address pain and provide comfort and dignity near the end of life.
Atherothrombotic Disease, Traditional Risk Factors, and 4-Year Mortality in a...Erwin Chiquete, MD, PhD
Erwin Chiquete, MD, PhD
Background: Atherothrombosis is becoming the leading cause of chronic morbidity in developing countries. This
epidemiological transition will represent an unbearable socioeconomic burden in the near future. We investigated
factors associated with 4-year all-cause mortality in a Latin American population at high risk.
Hypothesis: Largely modifiable risk factors as well as polyvascular disease are the main predictors of 4-year all-cause and
cardiovascular mortality in this Latin American cohort.
Methods: We analyzed 1816 Latin American stable outpatients (62.3% men, mean age 67 years) with symptomatic
atherothrombosis (87.1%) or with multiple risk factors only (12.9%), in the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued
Health registry.
Results: Of patients with symptomatic atherothrombosis, 57.3% had coronary artery disease, 32% cerebrovascular disease,
and 11.7% peripheral artery disease at baseline (9.1% polyvascular). The main risk factors were hypertension (76%),
hypercholesterolemia (60%), and smoking (52.3%) in patients with established atherothrombosis; and hypertension
(89.7%), diabetes (80.8%), and hypercholesterolemia (73.9%) in those with risk factors only. Four-year all-cause mortality
steeply increased with none (6.8%), 1 (9.2%), 2 (15.5%), and 3 (29.2%) symptomatic arterial disease locations. In patients
with only 1 location, cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher with peripheral artery disease (11.3%) than with
cerebrovascular disease (6%) or coronary artery disease (5.1%). Significant baseline predictors of 4-year all-cause mortality
were congestive heart failure (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.81), body mass index<20 (HR: 2.32), hypertension (HR: 1.84), polyvascular
disease (HR: 1.69), and age ≥65 years (HR: 1.47), whereas statin use (HR: 0.49) and body mass index ≥30 (HR: 0.58) were
associated with a reduced risk.
Conclusions: Hypertension was the main modifiable risk factor for atherothrombosis and all-cause mortality in this Latin
2014 Report: Medicines in Development for Older AmericansPhRMA
As life expectancy continues to climb—up to more than 81 years for women and 76 years for men—the growing number of Americans age 65 and older will face new challenges from chronic conditions such as arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which impact their health, productivity and independence. Those diseases not only impact the individuals living with them, but burden their families and cost the health care system billions of dollars.
Biopharmaceutical research companies are developing 435 medicines targeting 15 leading chronic conditions affecting seniors—Alzheimer’s and dementia, anemia, arthritis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cataracts and glaucoma, chronic
kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, diabetes, heart failure, hyperlipidemia,
hypertension, hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease.
Black American women have higher rates of many risk factors for heart disease, including obesity, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension than white women
2015 Report: Medicines in Development for Heart Disease & StrokePhRMA
According to the American Heart Association, someone in the United States dies from cardiovascular disease every 40 seconds, and more than 85 million Americans have at least one form of the disease. Heart disease has been the leading cause of death in the United States since 1921, but these numbers are declining. Read this report by PhRMA - in partnership with the Association of Black Cardiologists - on the nearly 200 medicines in development for heart disease & stroke.
Diagnosis of Early Risks, Management of Risks, and Reduction of Vascular Dise...asclepiuspdfs
In a recent issue of the Journal of Circulation, American Heart Association has published a scientific statement, related to the excess heart disease and acute vascular events in South Asians living in the USA. The same group of experts, also have published a complementary article in Circulation titled, “call to action: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Asian Americans.”I being a South Asian immigrant living in the USA, have always wondered as to why we do not have the same benefits as the other resident Americans in terms of the advantages of living in a highly advanced country? According to a study done in 2013, cardiovascular mortality has declined and diabetes mortality has increased in high-income countries. The study done in 26 industrialized nations, estimated the potential role of trends in population, for body mass index, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and smoking, the modifiable risk factors identified as the promoters of CVD, and acute vascular events, by the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) group.
The Future of Cardiology (2018 – 2030): Advanced Treatments to Combat the Global Advance of Cardiovascular Diseases. I presented this at Conference Series Cardiology Conference 2017 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 09/01/2017. I first look the the number of people globally affected by cardiovascular diseases. Then I look at the cumulative "lost productivity" globally as a result of people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Following that, I look at the total costs of treating cardiovascular diseases globally. Then I present the reasons why cardiovascular diseases are rising so rapidly throughout the world - lifestyle/clinical. Then I look at the rates of smoking throughout the world; one of the main culprits of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The next slides look at the "Gold Standard" of care for coronary artery diseases (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and aortic valve disease. I also present what is driving industry consolidation and associated major transactions. I then provide some perspective on the future of interventional cardiology. And finally, I provide some insight into "evolving technologies" for cardiovascular care and interventional cardiovascular care. It was a lengthy presentation, but I feel, all critical. This is a very complex field. It takes at least 12 continuous years of education and training to become an interventional or non-interventional cardiologist (4 years pre-med, 3 years medical school, 3 years medical residency, 2 years fellowship (where a cardiologist selects and trains on their cardiovascular specialties)). Some authorities are even calling for post-fellowship training for procedures like transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and pacemaker/ICD implantation.
Similar to Cdc heart disease and stroke prevention (13)
Please enjoy the latest issue of our weekly Newsletter. Disfruten la última edición de nuestro Boletin semanal. Desfrute da mais recente edição da nossa Newsletter semanal.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Cdc heart disease and stroke prevention
1. Heart Disease
anD stroke
Prevention
Addressing the
nAtion’s LeAding
KiLLers
AT
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention
2. Heart Disease and Stroke: The Nation’s Leading Killers
Heart disease and stroke, the first and third leading causes of
death for men and women, are among the most widespread and T
costly health problems facing our nation today, yet they also are
among the most preventable. Cardiovascular diseases, including • More than 1 of 3 (83 million) U.S. adults currently
heart disease and stroke, account for more than one-third (33.6%) lives with one or more types of cardiovascular disease.
of all U.S. deaths.
• An estimated 935,000 heart attacks and 795,000
In 2007, of all Americans who died of cardiovascular diseases, strokes occur each year.
150,000 were younger than age 65. Heart disease and stroke also
are among the leading causes of disability in the United States, • Nearly 68 million adults have high blood pressure, and
with nearly 4 million people reporting disability from these causes. about half do not have this condition under control.
• An estimated 71 million adults have high cholesterol
T
(i.e., high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol).
Death rates alone cannot describe the burden of heart disease
Nearly 2 of 3 do not have this condition under control.
and stroke. In 2010, the total costs of cardiovascular diseases in
the United States were estimated to be $444 billion. Treatment
of these diseases accounts for about $1 of every $6 spent on
health care in this country. As the U.S.
population ages, the economic impact of
cardiovascular diseases on our nation’s health
care system will become even greater. estimated Direct and indirect Costs of Major
Cardiovascular Diseases, United states, 2010
Overall, death rates for heart disease and
stroke have decreased in the United States in
recent decades. However, rates for incidence Coronary
and death continue to be high, especially $108.9
Heart Disease
among some populations, including members
of certain racial and ethnic groups, people
with low socioeconomic status, and those Hypertensive
$93.5
living in the southeastern United States. Disease
For example, age-adjusted death rates for
cardiovascular disease are 37% higher among Stroke $53.9
African Americans than among whites. The
risk of having a first-ever stroke is nearly two
times higher among African Americans than
Heart Failure $34.4
among whites. In addition, about 55,000
more women than men have a stroke each
year. Recent studies show that the prevalence
0 100 200
of heart disease and the percentage of asso-
ciated premature deaths are higher among Cost in Billions
American Indians and Alaska Natives than
among any other U.S. racial or ethnic group. Source: Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD,
et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy
statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123(8):933–944.
2
3. Prevention saves Lives
Leading a healthy lifestyle—not using tobacco, being physically stroke risk by 37%, and risk of total cardiovascular death by
active, maintaining a healthy weight, and making healthy food 25%. Public health strategies and policies that promote healthy
choices—greatly reduces a person’s risk of developing heart living, encourage healthy environments, and promote control
disease or stroke. Preventing and controlling high blood pressure of blood pressure and cholesterol levels are vital to improving
and high cholesterol also play a significant role in cardiovascular the public’s health and saving lives. Ensuring that all Americans
health. For example, a 12–13 point reduction in average systolic have access to early, affordable, and appropriate treatment also
blood pressure over 4 years can reduce heart disease risk by 21%, is essential to reducing disability and costs.
CDC’s response
Through the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Columbia to conduct heart disease and stroke prevention
CDC translates prevention research into public health practice programs, 6 states to continue their Paul Coverdell National
and provides national and state leadership to help reduce the Acute Stroke Registry programs, and 5 sites to support sodium
burden of heart disease and stroke. CDC has funded heart reduction efforts. CDC also funds national data collection,
disease and stroke prevention programs in the United States applied research, and evaluation initiatives. CDC’s work is
since 1998. With $56.2 million in Fiscal Year 2010, CDC grounded in goals and strategies set forth in Healthy People
funded health departments in 41 states and the District of 2020, the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention’s
strategic plan, and A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent
Heart Disease and Stroke.
State Activities Supported by CDC Funding
A
• orking with primary care providers, health plans,
W High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking continue
and others to make system changes that help increase to put more people at risk of heart disease and stroke. To
the number of people who lower their blood pressure. address these risk factors, CDC is focusing on the ABCS of
Activities include implementing automated reminders heart disease and stroke prevention—appropriate Aspirin
from providers to patients and creating electronic therapy, Blood pressure control, Cholesterol control, and
patient management systems. Smoking cessation.
• Promoting policies that help communities create
healthier food environments and reduce sodium N
intake among residents. CDC-funded state programs promote changes to policies and
• Promoting heart-healthy and stroke-free policies and systems in health care, work site, and community settings and
programs in the workplace, such as smoke-free work elimination of health disparities by emphasizing the ABCS of
sites, wellness programs, and insurance coverage of heart disease and stroke prevention. Some programs also work
preventive health services for employees. to improve emergency response and quality of acute care.
• Coordinating stroke prevention efforts to ensure that Paul Coverdell national acute stroke registry
systems of care provide the highest quality of stroke CDC’s Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry program
care for all patients. helps to improve the delivery and quality of care for acute stroke
patients by identifying gaps between recommended treatment
• Promoting training, standard protocols, and electronic guidelines and actual hospital practices. CDC currently funds
reporting systems for emergency medical services programs in Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
personnel. North Carolina, and Ohio.
3
4. CDC’s response (continued)
In 2007, CDC partnered with the American Heart Association needed. Such a system would improve capacity to monitor risk
(AHA) and The Joint Commission to develop performance factor trends, identify populations at greatest risk, and evaluate
measures for acute stroke care. These measures are now core the effect of efforts to control risk factors for cardiovascular
measures for the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry; disease.
The Joint Commission’s hospital accreditation program; the
AHA Get With The Guidelines program; and stage 1 of the CDC activities support state Programs
Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services program to promote CDC also conducts the following activities to help prevent heart
the meaningful use of certified electronic health record techno- disease and stroke at state and local levels:
logy, which began in 2011. The measures are used in more
• Evaluation. CDC conducts evaluation research and helps
than 1,400 hospitals that participate in one of these programs.
states evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs and
This effort will reduce duplication, increase collaboration, and
policy and system-level changes.
encourage hospitals to participate in these programs to improve
the care of stroke patients. • Monitoring and Tracking Disease. CDC tracks data
and trends in heart disease and stroke to help states make
S informed program decisions.
Eating too much sodium is a major contributor to high blood
pressure, and the majority of the sodium that people eat comes • Training and Technical Assistance. CDC provides guid-
from processed and restaurant foods. Policy and environmental ance and training to states and partners on how to apply
changes can help decrease sodium intake and have immediate, evidence-based practices and develop effective programs.
positive effects on a person’s blood pressure. CDC is working
to reduce sodium intake by promoting local, state, and national • Translating Science into Practice. CDC interprets the
strategies; meeting with public and private stakeholders; science of prevention and translates it into practices and
enhancing the monitoring of sodium intake and changes in programs for states and communities.
the food supply; and expanding scientific literature on sodium.
• Partnerships. CDC builds partnerships with other federal
In September 2010, CDC began funding sodium reduction agencies and national groups, such as the Federal Inter-
efforts in California (working with Shasta County), Kansas agency Committee on Emergency Medical Services, to
(working with Shawnee County), Los Angeles County, New promote policies and system improvements to prevent
York City, and New York State (working with Broome and heart disease and stroke across the country.
Schenectady counties). This 3-year project will support policy
Cardiac arrest registry to enhance survival
changes designed to create healthier food environments and
The Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES)
make it easier for people to eat less sodium.
program, which began in 2004, is a database that communities
Better tracking of Cardiovascular Disease across the United States can use to identify out-of-hospital
Researchers are currently unable to accurately estimate the cardiac arrest events, measure key aspects of prehospital care,
annual incidence for heart disease or stroke or the prevalence determine rates of survival, and improve emergency cardiac care.
of their risk factors at state or local levels. A comprehensive, In 2011, CARES participants include 40 communities in 25
national surveillance system that provides timely local data is states, with state-level expansion planned for 7 states.
For more information, please contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
4770 Buford Highway NE, Mail Stop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
Telephone: 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) • TTY: 888-232-6348
E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov • Web: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp
4 CS217229-AI