CCTV Building, A Structural Design Overview
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The CCTV building is one of the several big Beijing Olympic projects, which houses the headquarters for the Chinese Central Television Network. Its design shows unique style, but great structural engineering challenges to overcome. The following presentation provides an overview of how these challenges were overcome. (Presented at Monash University, Department of Civil Engineering, August 2008).
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CCTV Building, A Structural Design Overview
- 1. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing A Structural Design Overview By Peter M. Bach (August, 2008)
- 2. Before we start… Will it stand by itself?
- 3. Before we start… It can! But the question is: How much effort does it take to make it fall?
- 4. Before we start… THIS?!
- 6. Architecture
- 14. Completion in time for Olympics
- 15. Will broadcast the Olympics to the World
- 16. Components:
- 17. CCTV Building (Headquarters & Broadcasting)
- 18. TVCC Wing (Cultural Center, Performing Arts)
- 19. Media Park (Social Gathering Place)
- 22. Partners in Charge: Ole Sheeren & Rem Koolhaas
- 23. Architects: Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA)
- 24. Structural Engineers: Ove Arup & Partners
- 25. 10-hectare site
- 26. Two L-Shaped Towers, tallest tower is 230m high
- 27. Total Estimated Construction Cost: €600million
- 30. Cantilever overhang starts after 36 floors and is 13 floors high.
- 31. The towers cantilever 75m outwards
- 32. History
- 33. December 2002 - OMA wins design
- 34. March 2003 – Project Start (after review)
- 35. September 2004 – Groundbreaking
- 36. Mid 2007 – Overhang Construction Underway
- 39. Recreation mainly on bottom
- 40. Elevators in both towers
- 41. Separate Lobby & Elevator for VIPs
- 42. Two Ground Floor Lobbies
- 43. Continuous Loop through Towers
- 45. Architecture
- 46. Architecture What do you think “logic” and “beauty” is defined as?
- 47. Architecture The Skyscraper Concept What do all the above buildings have in common? Height! Human Capabilities
- 49. China willing to try out new ideas
- 50. Everything to do with TV Production is within the CCTV Building (“An inter-connected loop of inter-connected activities”)
- 51. Iconographic Constellation instead of hopeless race for ultimate height
- 52. “…As verticality soars, creativity crashes…”
- 53. “…An Expression of Verticality…”
- 55. Concentrate every program into a single system
- 56. “It is important to encourage different kind of work of engineering as it is with architecture”
- 57. “Experimenting with Engineering liberates imagination and makes other things possible”
- 58. The idea links a bit with communism as is still seen in China
- 59. “There is a natural affinity between the values of architecture and the values of socialism”
- 62. Diagonal Structural Grid System
- 65. Beijing is an Earthquake Prone Area (need seismic stability)
- 66. Every building encounters vertical and lateral loads
- 67. Temperature changes, material deformation
- 69. Shallow foundation not sufficient
- 70. Pore Water present in great amounts
- 72. Vulnerable to Natural or Man-Made Disasters
- 73. How to design & construct?Performance-based Design Approach
- 76. Triangulated structure with diagonal support beams
- 77. Similar to a typical moment frame
- 78. Triangles connected at Nodes and Rings intersect the nodes
- 79. Combines the benefits of a hollow tube with a truss
- 80. Loads follow diagonals, gravity and lateral loads can be transferred by the system to the groundSwiss Re, London
- 83. Timber
- 85. Steel is typical because of high tensile and compressive strengths
- 86. Essentially marrying columns, diagonals and bracings into one system
- 89. Internal Cores will transfer minimal amounts of gravity loads
- 90. Floor Slabs do not have to transfer lateral loads
- 91. Less internal columns required = more space
- 92. Floor plates do not have to be of the same shape on each floor
- 93. Continuous and Uninterrupted Load Transfer
- 95. Less material required (~20% reduction in steel as opposed to typical moment frame method)
- 96. Aesthetically Pleasing – Blends in together with façade
- 97. Floor plan becomes open and free – more internal space
- 98. Most forms can be created with a triangulated form – architectural freedom
- 100. Skyscraper Structural Failure minimized by diagrid construction
- 103. A diagrid structure will definitely show in the aesthetics, very difficult to hide
- 104. Difficult to create a consistent window design
- 105. Heavy-handed if not executed properly
- 108. Must ensure a “strong joint-weak member” system
- 109. Must resist maximum probable load from braces with minimum yielding and stress concentration
- 110. Butterfly plates used to assist smooth load transfer
- 113. Differential Settlement kept to 1:500
- 114. Piles are 1.2m diameter and 35m long
- 115. Piled Raft is 7m thick and has a footprint greater than the towers
- 117. Link up external columns with internal steel core via pin-joints
- 118. Trusses span the bottom two floors of the overhang, loads above are transferred to these trusses, which subsequently transfer loads to the diagrid system
- 121. Cores remain vertical despite Tower Slope (shifted against floor plates)
- 123. Miscellaneous Topics Construction Procedure
- 125. Analysis for different seismic events
- 126. Level 1: Frequent Earthquake No structural damage
- 127. Level 2: Intermediate Earthquake Repairable Structural Damage
- 129. Tests also show that some braces go into plastic buckling during the Earthquake Dissipate seismic energy (GOOD)Maximum downward displacement = 700mm
- 131. Building strength against a 100-year Wind was assessed
- 132. Method: Dynamic Analysis using High-Frequency Pressure Integration Method
- 133. 285 Pressure Taps installed on 1:500 Scale Model
- 134. North and West Winds Critical
- 136. Looped Structure an Advantage
- 137. Reduced Escape Time
- 141. Conclusion
- 143. Architecture looks at iconography rather than the race for height – engineering creativity is better than height
- 144. Many structural challenges to overcome in realizing the project Performance-based design needed
- 145. Diagrid System, Butterfly Plates, Piled Raft Foundations, Load Transfer Trusses all deemed good solutions
- 146. Seismic and Wind Stability ensured through rigorous analysis
- 147. Emergency Escape Routes are effective
- 149. Questions
Editor's Notes
- OMA is Rotterdam based
- Towers constructed at opposite diagonal corners of a 160m x 160m footprint, linked by an L-shaped podiumCo-joined at the top by an L-shaped bridge opposite the podiumTower footprints are 40mx60m and 52mx42mThin concrete cores support internal floors
- Rem Koolhaas founded OMA
- This is the current typology of a skyscraper, there’s a core and a group of people here and people there and you see each of them isolated, there you can do two things: Combine all cores to make the communities into one or distribute the cores without dividing the communities
- This is the current typology of a skyscraper, there’s a core and a group of people here and people there and you see each of them isolated, there you can do two things: Combine all cores to make the communities into one or distribute the cores without dividing the communities