Cc chapter # 3b

Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D.
Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services
CHAPTER # 3
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services 2
Chapter # 3
S H E H E R Y A R M A L I K
Reference Architecture
◻ A reference architecture in the field of software architecture
or enterprise architecture provides a template solution for an
architecture for a particular domain
◻ It provides a blueprint of a to-be-model with a
⬜ well-defined scope
⬜ requirements it satisfies and
⬜ architectural decisions it realizes
◻ It ensures consistency and quality across development and
delivery projects by delivering best practices in a
standardized and methodical way

Chapter # 3
Cloud Computing Architecture
◻ Cloud reference architecture model provides a template
solution for a cloud computing architecture
◻ Cloud architecture can differ in different scenarios
⬜ as cloud does not have any defined service or deployment mode
◻ The cloud architecture typically requires multiple cloud
components to communicate with each other in a loosely
coupled way
◻ There are some cloud architecture patterns to built cloud
applications, which helps to minimize the use of underlying
computing infrastructure
⬜ for example demand the necessary compute instance on-demand,
perform a specific job, remove the unnecessary resources

Chapter # 3
Architectural Layers of Cloud Computing
Architectural layers of cloud computing by Sun Microsystems

Chapter # 3
Cloud Architecture
Software/Hardware Stack

Chapter # 3
Cloud Software/Hardware Stack
◻ L. Youseff proposed a stack of layers
⬜ Each layer encompasses one or more cloud services
⬜ Cloud services belong to the same layer if they have equivalent levels
of abstraction
⬜ One cloud layer is higher in stack, if its services can be composed of
services from the underlying layers

Chapter # 3
Cloud Software/Hardware Stack
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Cloud Software Environment
Cloud Software Infrastructure
Storage Communications
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
Layer 1: Firmware/Hardware Layer
◻ Physical computing, switching, and routing hardware forms the backbone
⬜ Hardware as a Service (HaaS)
◻ HaaS provider operates, manages and upgrades the hardware on behalf
of its consumers
◻ HaaS providers have the technical expertise as well as the cost-effective
infrastructure to host the systems
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
Layer 2: Software Kernel
◻ Basic software management of physical servers
⬜ E.g. OS kernel, hypervisor (virtual machine monitor, VMM), virtual
machines (VM), clustering middleware
◻ VMM provides a uniform view of underlying hardware,
making machines from different vendors look the same
⬜ which means that virtual machines can run on any available computer
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
Layer 2: Software Kernel
◻ VMM also offers complete encapsulation of a VM’s software
state
⬜ VMM layer can map and remap virtual machines to available hardware
resources
⬜ VMM layer can migrate virtual machines across machines
⬜ Load balancing among a collection of machines thus becomes trivial
⬜ It is a robust model for dealing with hardware failures or for scaling
systems
⬜ Virtual machines are also easy to replicate, or bring new services
online as needed
◻ Various products for virtualization
⬜ VMware, Parallels, Microsoft Virtual PC, etc.

Chapter # 3
Layer 3: Cloud Software Infrastructure
◻ Provides fundamental software resources
◻ These services can be
⬜ Computational resources
⬜ Storage resources
⬜ Communication resources
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
◻ Computational Resources, often called Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) or Compute as a Service (CaaS)
⬜ Enabled by virtualization
■ virtual machines are the key elements
⬜ E.g. Amazon`s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Enomaly elastic
computing infrastructure, etc.
⬜ And several academic open-source cloud projects to build a private
cloud
■ Globus, Eucalyptus (UCSB), etc.
■ Eucalyptus allows you to run
Amazon Machine Image (AMI)
instances on your
VMware-based
hypervisor/VMM on-premise
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
◻ Data Storage, often called Data Storage as a Service (DaaS)
⬜ Manage data at remote disks at anytime from any place while
shielding customers from complexities such as geo-replication,
capacity planning, and performance management at high scale
⬜ Availability, reliability, performance, replication, and data consistency,
at a high level is a requirement but not found in most systems
⬜ Service Level Agreements (SLA) usually specify those requirements
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources
⬜ A service must provide
characteristics formally
negotiated in Service Level
Agreement (SLA)
⬜ Example SLA from Amazon
■ A service is guaranteeing that it will
provide a response within 300ms for
99.9% of its requests for a peak
client load of 500 requests per
second

Chapter # 3
◻ Communications, often called Communication as a Service
(CaaS)
⬜ Communication networks with
■ Network security, virtual overlays for traffic isolation, dedicated bandwidth
■ Guaranteed message delivering, communication encryption, network
monitoring, etc.
⬜ Some include also
■ Unified Communication (VOIP,
■ Video, etc.)
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
Layer 4: Cloud Software Environment
◻ The users of this layer are cloud applications’ developers,
implementing their applications for the cloud
◻ The providers supply the developers with a
programming-language-level environment with a set of
well-defined APIs to facilitate the interaction between the
environments
◻ This is often called Platform as a Service (PaaS)
⬜ PaaS can sometimes bypass the cloud software infrastructure
◻ Providers/Platforms
⬜ Microsoft Windows Azure
⬜ Google App Engine
⬜ Salesforce/Force.com
⬜ Etc.
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
◻ PaaS offers also some basic services
⬜ Deployment and instance
management
◻ Dashboard
⬜ CPU times
⬜ Queues
⬜ Datastores
⬜ Quotas (Bandwidth, Data, CPU, etc.)

Chapter # 3
◻ Development fabric
⬜ The development fabric simulates the cloud on your local computer so
that you can run and test your service locally before deploying it
⬜ The development fabric allows you to debug and fine-tune the
behavior of your service before it is deployed
⬜ Authentication
⬜ Logging
⬜ Billing
⬜ Versioning

Chapter # 3
◻ Programming languages
⬜ C# (Microsoft Windows Azure)
⬜ Java, Python (Google App Engine)
◻ Web technologies
⬜ ASP.NET, Silverlight (Microsoft Windows Azure)
⬜ JavaServer Pages, Python (Google App Engine)
◻ Additional services
⬜ Service Bus →Web service
hosting infrastructure
(e.g. Microsoft Windows Azure)

Chapter # 3
Layer 5: Cloud Applications
◻ Software as a Service (SaaS) provides specific applications like
⬜ Microsoft Business Productivity Online Standard Suite
⬜ CRM (e.g. Salesforce)
⬜ Shop (e.g. Amazon)
⬜ Picture management (e.g. FlickR)
⬜ Sales forecasting (e.g. Lokad)
⬜ e-mail (e.g. Google Mail,
Microsoft Exchange Online)
⬜ Storage (e.g. Dropbox,
Microsoft Mesh, Skydrive,
Gladinet, etc.)
⬜ Etc.
Cloud Applications
Firmware / Hardware
Software Kernel
Computational
Resources

Chapter # 3
NIST Cloud Computing

Chapter # 3
NIST Cloud Conceptual Reference Model

Chapter # 3
Actors in Cloud Computing
Actor Definition
Cloud Consumer A person or organization that maintains a business
relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers
Cloud Provider A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a
service available to interested parties
Cloud Auditor A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud
services, information system operations, performance and
security of the cloud implementation
Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of
cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud
Providers and Cloud Consumers
Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of
cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers

Chapter # 3
Example Services for a Cloud Consumer
Example services available to a cloud consumer

Chapter # 3
Cloud Provider
◻ A cloud provider is the entity responsible for making a service
available to interested parties
◻ For Software as a Service (SaaS), the cloud provider
⬜ deploys, configures, maintains and updates the operation of the software
applications on a cloud infrastructure so that the services are provisioned at
the expected service levels to cloud consumers
◻ For Platform as a Service (PaaS), the Cloud Provider
⬜ manages the computing infrastructure for the platform and
⬜ runs the cloud software that provides the components of the platform, such
as runtime software execution stack, databases, and other middleware
components
⬜ supports the development, deployment and management process of the
PaaS Cloud Consumer
◻ For Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), the Cloud Provider
⬜ acquires the physical computing resources underlying the service, including
the servers, networks, storage and hosting infrastructure
⬜ runs the cloud software necessary to makes computing resources available
to the IaaS Cloud Consumer

Chapter # 3
Cloud Consumer
◻ Principal stakeholder for the cloud computing service
◻ Represents a person or organization that maintains a business
relationship with, and uses the service from a cloud provider
◻ A cloud consumer typically
⬜ browses the service catalog from a cloud provider
⬜ requests the appropriate service
⬜ sets up service contracts with the cloud provider
⬜ uses the service
◻ May be billed for the service(s) provisioned
◻ Need SLAs to specify the technical performance requirements
fulfilled by a cloud provider
⬜ e.g. quality of service, security, remedies for performance failures
◻ Can freely choose a cloud provider with better pricing and more
favorable terms
◻ Activities and usage scenarios can be different among cloud
consumers

Chapter # 3
Cloud Consumer
◻ SaaS consumers can be
⬜ organizations that provide their members with access to software applications
⬜ end users who directly use software applications
⬜ software application administrators who configure applications for end users
◻ PaaS consumers can be
⬜ application developers who design and implement application software
⬜ application testers who run and test applications in cloud-based environments
⬜ application deployers who publish applications into the cloud
⬜ application administrators who configure and monitor application
performance on a platform
◻ IaaS consumers can be
⬜ system developers
⬜ system administrators and
⬜ IT managers who are interested in creating, installing, managing and
monitoring services for IT infrastructure operations

Chapter # 3
Cloud Auditor
◻ A cloud auditor is a party that can perform an independent
examination of cloud service controls with the intent to
express an opinion thereon
◻ Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards
through review of objective evidence
◻ Evaluates the services provided by a cloud provider in terms
of security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc.
◻ Generally cloud auditors perform
⬜ Security audit
⬜ Privacy impact audit
⬜ Performance audit

Chapter # 3
Cloud Broker
◻ A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use,
performance and delivery of cloud services and
negotiates relationships between cloud providers
and cloud consumers
◻ In general, a cloud broker can provide services in
three categories
⬜ Service Intermediation
⬜ Service Aggregation
⬜ Service Arbitrage

Chapter # 3
Cloud Broker
◻ Service Intermediation
⬜ A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some specific
capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers
■ The improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity
management, performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.
◻ Service Aggregation
⬜ A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one
or more new services
■ The broker provides data integration and ensures the secure data
movement between the cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers
◻ Service Arbitrage
⬜ Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except that the
services being aggregated are not fixed
■ Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to choose services from
multiple agencies
■ The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-scoring service to measure
and select an agency with the best score

Chapter # 3
Cloud Carrier
◻ A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides
connectivity and transport of cloud services between cloud
consumers and cloud providers
◻ Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network,
telecommunication and other access devices
⬜ For example, cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through
network access devices, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones,
mobile Internet devices (MIDs), etc.

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
Public Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
On Site Private Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
Out Sourced Private Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
On Site Community Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
Out Sourced Community Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Deployment
Hybrid Cloud

Chapter # 3
Service Orchestration
◻ It is the composition of system
components to support the Cloud
Providers activities in
⬜ arrangement, coordination and
management of computing resources in
order to provide cloud services to Cloud
Consumers
◻ A three-layered model is used in
this representation
⬜ representing the grouping of three
types of system components Cloud
Providers need to compose to deliver
their services

Chapter # 3
Service Orchestration Layers
◻ Service Layer
⬜ In this layer, Cloud Providers define the access interfaces for Cloud
Consumers to access the computing services
◻ Resource Abstraction and Control Layer
⬜ It contains the system components that Cloud Providers use to provide and
manage access to the physical computing resources through software
abstraction
■ Examples of resource abstraction components include software elements such as
hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data storage, and other computing resource
abstractions
⬜ The resource abstraction needs to ensure efficient, secure, and reliable usage
of the underlying physical resources
⬜ It is responsible for resource allocation, access control, and usage monitoring
◻ Physical Resource Layer
⬜ It includes all the physical computing resources
■ such as computers (CPU and memory), networks, storage components and other
physical computing infrastructure elements
⬜ It also includes facility resources, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the physical plant

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Management
◻ Cloud Service Management includes all of the service-related
functions that are necessary for the management and
operation of those services required by or proposed to cloud
consumers
◻ It can be described from the perspective of following
requirements
⬜ business support
⬜ provisioning and configuration
⬜ portability and interoperability

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Management

Chapter # 3
Service Management: Business Support
◻ Business Support involves the set of business-related services
dealing with clients and supporting processes
◻ It includes the following components to run business operations
⬜ Customer Management
■ Manage customer accounts, manage user profiles, manage customer relationships by
providing points-of-contact and resolving customer issues and problems, etc.
⬜ Contract Management
■ Manage service contracts, setup/negotiate/close/terminate contract, etc.
⬜ Inventory Management
■ Set up and manage service catalogs, etc.
⬜ Accounting and Billing
■ Manage customer billing information, send billing statements, process received
payments, track invoices, etc.
⬜ Reporting and Auditing
■ Monitor user operations, generate reports, etc.
⬜ Pricing and Rating
■ Evaluate cloud services and determine prices, handle promotions and pricing rules
based on a user's profile, etc.

Chapter # 3
Service Management: Provisioning &
Configuration
◻ Rapid provisioning
⬜ Automatically deploying cloud systems based on the requested
service/resources/capabilities
◻ Resource changing
⬜ Adjusting configuration/resource assignment for repairs, upgrades and
joining new nodes into the cloud
◻ Monitoring and Reporting
⬜ Discovering and monitoring virtual resources, monitoring cloud operations
and events and generating performance reports
◻ Metering
⬜ Providing a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to
the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user
accounts)
◻ SLA management
⬜ Encompassing the SLA contract definition (basic schema with the QoS
parameters), SLA monitoring and SLA enforcement according to defined
policies

Chapter # 3
Service Management: Portability &
Interoperability
◻ Adoption of cloud computing depends greatly on how the cloud can
address users‟ concerns on security, portability and interoperability
◻ Portability means that data or applications can move across multiple cloud
environments at low cost and minimal disruption
◻ Interoperability means the capability to communicate between or among
multiple clouds
◻ Cloud providers should provide mechanisms to support data portability,
system portability, and service interoperability
⬜ Data portability
■ It is the ability of cloud consumers to copy data objects into or out of a cloud or to
use a disk for bulk data transfer
⬜ System portability
■ It allows the migration of a fully-stopped virtual machine instance or a machine
image from one provider to another provider, or migrate applications and services
and their contents from one service provider to another
⬜ Service interoperability
■ It is the ability of cloud consumers to use their data and services across multiple
cloud providers with a unified management interface

Chapter # 3
IBM Cloud Computing

Chapter # 3
IBM Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
◻ It is a modular cross-IBM framework allowing to
understand how different elements in a cloud
environment relate to each other
◻ It also allows to drill-down on each element (e.g.
CCMP) making up the CC RA
◻ Common Cloud Management Platform
⬜ It is a cross-IBM effort for an RA enabling cloud economics
by optimizing resource and labor utilization, and delivering
the foundational cloud management infrastructure for
both private and public clouds

Chapter # 3
Architectural Principles for the IBM CCRA
◻ Design for Cloud-Scale Efficiencies (“Efficiency Principle”)
⬜ Design for cloud-scale efficiencies, and time-to-deliver/time-to-change
metrics
■ when realizing cloud characteristics such as elasticity, self-service access,
and flexible sourcing
⬜ Overarching objective of Driving down costs (¢/ServiceInstanceHour)
and time-to-response by orders of magnitude
◻ Support Lean Service Management (“Lightweight Principle”)
⬜ Support lean and lightweight service management policies, processes,
and technologies
⬜ Thorough exploitation of high degree of standardization in cloud
environments to reduce management costs, based on an
Eliminate-Standardize-Optimize approach

Chapter # 3
Architectural Principles for the IBM CCRA
◻ Identify and Leverage Commonalities (“Economies-of-scale
Principle”)
⬜ Identify and leverage commonality in cloud service design
⬜ Maximum sharing of management components, infrastructure &
infrastructure / platform cloud services across cloud services to reduce
Capital Expenditure & Operational Expenditure and time-to-market
◻ Define and Manage Cloud Services generically along their
Lifecycle (“Genericity Principle“)
⬜ Define service templates and manage service instances generically
along their lifecycle, across I/P/S/BPaaS
⬜ Support I/P/S/BPaaS cloud services in a generic fashion, with a single
management platform

Chapter # 3
Lifecycle of a Cloud Service

Chapter # 3
◻ Three main roles
⬜ Cloud service consumer, provider and creator
⬜ whereas multiple roles can be fulfilled by the same
organization/person
◻ Offered cloud services, requires
⬜ management services (CCMP) and underlying
infrastructure are defined
◻ Next level of drill-down defined for each
architectural element

Chapter # 3

Chapter # 3
- Detailed

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Creator – Service Development
Tools

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Consumer

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Provider - Infrastructure

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Provider - Services

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Provider – Common Cloud
Management Platform (CCMP)

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Provider – Security, Resiliency,
Performance, & Consumability

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Overview
The internal structure of a cloud service is the integration of all runtime and management functions used to deliver,
run and manage instances of the respective cloud service

Chapter # 3
Cloud Service Creation Steps

Chapter # 3
Oracle Cloud Computing

Chapter # 3
Oracle Cloud Architectural Principles
◻ Cloud interfaces and formats must conform to relevant
industry standards
◻ The system must present only the information
(interfaces etc.) necessary to perform each specific
function
◻ The architecture should provide monitoring of all aspects
of resource usage for the various dimensions required by
both the Cloud consumer and provider
◻ Any Cloud provider's claims of Reliability, Availability,
Security, and Performance must be verifiable
◻ Availability should not be limited by inevitable hardware
failures

Chapter # 3
Oracle Cloud Architectural Principles
◻ Robust Identity Domain Separation
⬜ consumers of the system have no exposure to the consequences of
other consumers' use of the system
◻ Transparent Architecture and Control
⬜ consumers have visibility into the design and operation of the system
◻ Improved Productivity
⬜ deliver an order of magnitude improvement over current levels of
efficiency and productivity experienced in traditional IT
environments.
◻ Assured Data Protection
⬜ consumers are assured of compliance with data privacy standards
and regulations, have confidence that removal of data is absolute
◻ Automate Operations
⬜ consumers’ runtime of business process services and platform
services involves minimal manual operations

Chapter # 3
Oracle Cloud Computing Reference
Architecture – Conceptual View

Chapter # 3
Oracle Cloud Computing Reference
Architecture – Logical View

Chapter # 3
Cloud Management Capabilities

Chapter # 3
Oracle Product Mapping

Cc chapter # 3b

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