Catalysts for Hydrogen Storage.pdf
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Catalysts play an important role in improving hydrogen storage through three main applications: (1) Catalysts can improve the dehydrogenation of solid hydrogen storage materials like NaAlH4 by lowering the decomposition temperature and reducing activation energy. (2) Catalysts are needed for the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen storage materials. (3) Catalysts are also important for efficiently releasing hydrogen from hydrogen carriers like formic acid and alcohols, and for regenerating these materials from CO2 and hydrogen.
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![Figure 1. Catalyst addition and resultant dehydrogenation rate [1]
• Catalysts for Liquid organic hydrogen storage material
Such materials usually use the unsaturated bonds of the molecules
themselves to undergo catalytic hydrogenation reaction with hydrogen, and
use the reverse process to achieve catalytic dehydrogenation. N-
ethylcarbazole is an organic liquid hydrogen storage material found to be
completely hydrogenated/dehydrogenated with a dehydrogenation
temperature below 200 °
C.
Since the hydrogenation of polyaromatic compounds is a thermodynamically
exothermic process, it is relatively easy to fully catalyze the hydrogenation
reaction. Therefore, the research on catalysts mainly focuses on the
dehydrogenation step. The catalytic processes are divided into homogeneous
or heterogeneous (such as Ru, Pd nanoparticles supported by oxides or
carbon materials). For example, a high-efficiency N-ethylcarbazole
dehydrogenation catalyst can be prepared by using a metal heterogeneous
catalyst supported by carbon-nitrogen materials.
Figure 2. Hydrogen release amount for 12H-NEC on different catalysts [2]
• Catalysts for Methanol/formic acid hydrogen storage](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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This document summarizes different types of reduction reactions. It discusses the mechanism of reduction reactions as the removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. It describes two types of catalysts - homogeneous and heterogeneous. It also outlines several specific types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions, dissolving metal reactions, replacement of oxygen by hydrogen, reductive coupling, and reduction with cleavage. Key reducing agents mentioned are lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and various transition metals.
Full IS Paper (Marissa Walter)
This study investigated the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration on the rate of hydrogen gas production through aluminum hydrolysis. Testing was conducted with NaOH concentrations of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, and 2M. The results showed that higher NaOH concentrations produced hydrogen gas at faster rates, with the fastest rate seen at a concentration of 2M. Specifically, the 2M concentration produced hydrogen at a rate of 5.4 mL/min, around 400% faster than the 1M concentration rate of 1.3 mL/min. The author attributes the significant increase in rate between concentrations to a build-up of aluminum oxide byproduct that may have inhibited the reaction at lower concentrations tested
Science(52) articulo analitica
This document examines the use of complexing agents like EDTA, NTA, IDA, and citric acid to selectively separate Co2+ and Ni2+ ions using cation exchange resins. The key findings are:
1) The presence of complexing agents can significantly enhance the selectivity of Co2+ over Ni2+ by complexing the Ni2+ ions and preventing their exchange onto the resin.
2) The selectivity is strongly dependent on solution pH and the concentration of complexing agent. High selectivity can be achieved at an appropriate pH range and complexing agent concentration.
3) Stronger complexing agents like EDTA and NTA can achieve effective separation at lower pH ranges, while weaker
Science(52) articulo analitica
This document examines the use of complexing agents like EDTA, NTA, IDA, and citric acid to selectively separate Co2+ and Ni2+ ions via cation exchange resins. The study found that:
1) Adding complexing agents can enhance the selectivity of Co2+ over Ni2+ by complexing the Ni2+ ions and preventing their exchange onto the resin.
2) The selectivity is strongly dependent on solution pH and the type and amount of complexing agent used. Higher pH and stronger complexing agents like EDTA and NTA provide better selectivity.
3) Optimal separation of Co2+ from Ni2+ can be achieved at pH 2-3 with ED
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- 1. Catalysts for Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen is a form of storable chemical energy that can supplement intermittent renewable energy conversion. Effective processing and storage methods are the key factors that need to be resolved to achieve hydrogen economy. Application of Catalysts in Hydrogen Storage • Catalysts for Compound chemical hydrogen compound material Such materials are mainly composed of light alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (such as Li, Na, K, Al, etc.) and non-metallic elements such as B and N. Among them, due to its high hydrogen capacity, large amount of availability and low cost, the lightweight composite hydride NaAlH4 is a potential solid hydrogen storage material. Studies have found that the introduction of catalysts can improve the dehydrogenation performance of NaAlH4, lower the decomposition temperature, improve the kinetics and reduce the activation energy.
- 2. Figure 1. Catalyst addition and resultant dehydrogenation rate [1] • Catalysts for Liquid organic hydrogen storage material Such materials usually use the unsaturated bonds of the molecules themselves to undergo catalytic hydrogenation reaction with hydrogen, and use the reverse process to achieve catalytic dehydrogenation. N- ethylcarbazole is an organic liquid hydrogen storage material found to be completely hydrogenated/dehydrogenated with a dehydrogenation temperature below 200 ° C. Since the hydrogenation of polyaromatic compounds is a thermodynamically exothermic process, it is relatively easy to fully catalyze the hydrogenation reaction. Therefore, the research on catalysts mainly focuses on the dehydrogenation step. The catalytic processes are divided into homogeneous or heterogeneous (such as Ru, Pd nanoparticles supported by oxides or carbon materials). For example, a high-efficiency N-ethylcarbazole dehydrogenation catalyst can be prepared by using a metal heterogeneous catalyst supported by carbon-nitrogen materials. Figure 2. Hydrogen release amount for 12H-NEC on different catalysts [2] • Catalysts for Methanol/formic acid hydrogen storage
- 3. Storage systems based on formic acid and alcohol are very attractive hydrogen carriers because they can be made from CO2 or other renewable materials, can be used in stationary energy storage devices such as hydrogen refueling stations, and can also be used directly as transportation fuels. In order to efficiently release hydrogen from these molecules and regenerate these molecules from CO2 and hydrogen, catalysts play an important role in these processes. The types of catalysts involved include noble metal catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, and catalysts that are active under alkali-free conditions. Figure 3. Structures of rhodium pincer complexes that are active in base-free formic acid dehydrogenation [3] References 1. D.L. Anton. (2003). "Hydrogen desorption kinetics in transition metal modified NaAlH4", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 356–357: 400-404. 2. Bin Wang. (2019). "One-Pot Synthesis of Au/Pd Core/Shell Nanoparticles Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide with Enhanced Dehydrogenation Performance for Dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole", ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7(1): 1760–1768. 3. Katerina Sordakis. (2018). "Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Hydrogen Storage in Formic Acid and Alcohols", Chemical Reviews 118(2): 372–433. Source page: https://www.alfachemic.com/catalysts/application/hydrogen-storage-910.html