Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards
Some accountants have said that politicalization in the development and
acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i.e., standard setting) is
taking place. Some use the term politicalization in a narrow sense to mean the
influence by governmental agencies, particularly the SEC, on the development of
generally accepted accounting principles. Others use it more broadly to mean the
compromising that takes place in bodies responsible for developing these principles
because of the influence and pressure of interested groups (SEC, American
Accounting Association, businesses through their various organizations, Institute
of Management Accountants, financial analysts, bankers, lawyers, etc.).
Required:
A.) Do the reasons these groups were formed, their methods of operation while in existence, and the reasons for the demise of the first two indicate an increasing politicalization (as the term is used in the broad sense) of accounting standard setting? Explain your answer by indicating how the CAP, APB, and FASB operated or operate. Cite specific developments that tend to support your answer.
CAP. The Committee on Accounting Procedure, CAP, which was in existence from 1939 to 1959, was a natural outgrowth of AICPA committees which were in existence during the period 1933 to 1938. The committee was formed in direct response to the criticism received by the accounting profession during the financial crisis of 1929 and the years thereafter. The authorization to issue pronouncements on matters of accounting principles and procedures was based on the belief that the AICPA had the responsibility to establish practices that would become generally accepted by the profession and by corporate management.
As a general rule, the CAP directed its attention, almost entirely, to resolving specific accounting problems and topics rather than to the development of generally accepted accounting principles. The committee voted on the acceptance of specific Accounting Research Bulletins published by the committee. A two-thirds majority was required to issue a particular research bulletin. The CAP did not have the authority to require acceptance of the issued bulletins by the general membership of the AICPA, but rather received its authority only upon general acceptance of the pronouncement by the members. That is, the bulletins set forth normative accounting procedures that "should be" followed by the accounting profession, but were not "required" to be followed.
It was not until well after the demise of the CAP, in 1964, that the Council of the AICPA adopted recommendations that departures from effective CAP Bulletins should be disclosed in financial statements or in audit reports of members of the AICPA. The demise of the CAP could probably be traced to four distinct factors: (1) the narrow nature of the subjects covered by the bulletins issued by the CAP, (2) the lack of any theoretical groundwork in esta ...
The Companies Act, 2013 has been in force for about a year now. The law while ushering in a new era for corporate regulation in India has introduced massive changes in the way companies govern themselves.
CII has been instrumental in ensuring that industry voices were heeded during each stage of evolution of the Act. Our advocacy still continues with formal submissions on implementation of the legislation which has now thrown up newer issues and challenges. This is being done through various mediums including consolidated CII Representations; closed-door meetings with industry captains; one-to-one meetings with concerned Ministers and other key officials at the MCA.
Based on these submissions and interactions, many concerns highlighted by CII post notification of the Act and Rules have been clarified / notified by MCA. The remaining issues cover provisions relating to onerous requirements for private companies and closely-held unlisted public companies; related party transactions; CSR; amounts treated as deposits; certification of internal financial controls instead of internal control over financial reporting; consolidation of accounts; alignment with SEBI regulations, etc amongst others. These provisions require reconsideration either due to their extended reach or complexity in drafting the regulation or practical difficultly in compliance.
Our latest newsletter summarizes SEC developments in the last quarter, including certain items we have not previously reported in Week in Review. Highlights include remarks from SEC Chief Accountant Wesley Bricker on the adoption of significant new accounting standards and recent trends in SEC staff comments on non-GAAP measures.
The Companies Act, 2013 has been in force for about a year now. The law while ushering in a new era for corporate regulation in India has introduced massive changes in the way companies govern themselves.
CII has been instrumental in ensuring that industry voices were heeded during each stage of evolution of the Act. Our advocacy still continues with formal submissions on implementation of the legislation which has now thrown up newer issues and challenges. This is being done through various mediums including consolidated CII Representations; closed-door meetings with industry captains; one-to-one meetings with concerned Ministers and other key officials at the MCA.
Based on these submissions and interactions, many concerns highlighted by CII post notification of the Act and Rules have been clarified / notified by MCA. The remaining issues cover provisions relating to onerous requirements for private companies and closely-held unlisted public companies; related party transactions; CSR; amounts treated as deposits; certification of internal financial controls instead of internal control over financial reporting; consolidation of accounts; alignment with SEBI regulations, etc amongst others. These provisions require reconsideration either due to their extended reach or complexity in drafting the regulation or practical difficultly in compliance.
Our latest newsletter summarizes SEC developments in the last quarter, including certain items we have not previously reported in Week in Review. Highlights include remarks from SEC Chief Accountant Wesley Bricker on the adoption of significant new accounting standards and recent trends in SEC staff comments on non-GAAP measures.
The time is now! An MACPA task force supports creation of private company standards board, says GAAP exceptions and modifications are essential.
This whitepaper was unanimously approved and adopted by the Board of Directors of the Maryland Association of CPAs on June 2, 2011.
After three months of study and debate, the MACPA task force concluded that the needs of private companies or nonpublic entites have not been considered by FASB in their standard setiing activities resulting in overly complex and costly standards that do not benefit the users of those financial statements.
This whitepaper present the research, analysis, and recommendations of the MACPA Task Force.
Generally accepted accounting principlessanjoygiri
Introduction of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles: These widely accepted accounting principles that are generally recognized by almost all the persons associated with accounting along with representation of accepted accounting practices are known as ” Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”.
It is the summation of all theories, doctrine, conventions, or principles closely related to the accounting which got global recognition.
OECD Public Sector Accruals Symposium - Brian Quinn and Jon BlondalOECD Governance
This presentation by Brian Quinn and Jon Blondal was made at the 14th Annual OECD Public Sector Accruals Symposium, Paris 3-4 March 2014. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/14thannualoecdpublicsectoraccrualssymposiumparis3-4march2014.htm
How SOX changed the accounting industry when it was implemented. The background data that lead to the SOX overhaul and has it accomplished what it was drafted to do?
Topic: SOX; Type of paper: Essay; Subject: Accounting and Finance;
Academic Level: Undergraduate; Citation Style: Chicago; Language: English (U.S)
The FASB’s latest proposal on going concern uncertainties introduces a new layer of accounting guidance that adds to the existing requirements set by auditing standards and SEC regulations. The proposed new guidance responds to a wave of unwelcome surprises, as scores of companies faced unexpected liquidity problems during an economic downturn that adversely affected businesses while the FASB’s previous (2008) proposal was sidetracked by other priorities. The added guidance may not eliminate these kinds of surprises altogether, but it provides a more systematic approach that is designed to promote more consistency in the nature and timing of disclosures about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. This Messenger summarizes the proposal, along with the questions, suggestions, and concerns cited in comment letters.
1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University
February 27, 2016
ABSTRACT
Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase confidence in public company financial accounting reporting and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards, and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies, inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered public accounting firms and their employees, conducting disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified, performing such other duties as necessary to promote high professional standards among registered accounting firms, and enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010).
In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the reliability of audited financial statement of public companies, and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial statements and their impact on financial statement integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal control environment and speculates on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected if these recommendations are not implemented.
Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of the information?
The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external auditor relationship from.
Highlights of the 2016 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Dev...Julien Boucher
Our compendium summarizes comments of representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) at last week’s 2016 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments in Washington, D.C. The highlights include:
• SEC staff remarks about the implementation of new accounting standards and related transition disclosures required under SAB Topic 11.M
• SEC staff observations on non-GAAP financial measures and recent comments
• Update from FASB and IASB representatives on standard-setting activities
• Comments from SEC and PCAOB officials on the importance of internal control over financial reporting
EY compendium summarizes comments of representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) at last week’s 2016 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments in Washington, D.C.
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words Research regarding.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words
Research regarding spanking children has had mixed results, do you think spanking contributes to delinquency or helps to prevent it? Justify your response.
Please remember to use netiquette when responding to your classmates
.
Childrens StoryKnowing how to address a variety of situations in .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children's Story
Knowing how to address a variety of situations in the early childhood setting and effectively partnering with parents to do so are important skills for all teachers and caregivers. For this assignment, you will choose one of the following scenarios:
Shane has a difficult time separating from his mother each morning. At drop off, he clings to her and screams uncontrollably. After she leaves, Shane continues to scream and cry until you are able to soothe him.
Lisa often gets frustrated when trying to play with other children. She takes toys from their hands and even hits children with the toys.
Next, address each of the following points according to the teaching approach/setting that best reflects your style in your desired classroom setting (e.g. Montessori, Reggio Emilia, Waldorf, traditional preschool, etc.):
Outline a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario.
Explain how your plan would support the teaching approach/setting.
Describe how you will create an effective partnership with parents to address the discipline or guidance scenario.
Describe one or two possible obstacles you might encounter when implementing your plan.
Discuss how you will address these obstacles.
The paper should be three to four pages in addition to the title page and the reference page. Use at least two scholarly sources in addition to your text. Your paper should also be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Description
:
Total Possible Score
: 6.00
Outlines a Specific Plan for Addressing the Discipline or Guidance Scenario
Total: 1.25
Distinguished - Outlines in detail a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Outlines a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is supported by scholarly sources but is missing minor details.
Basic - Vaguely outlines a plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario; however, the plan may not be sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing relevant details.
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline a plan for addressing the scenario; however, the plan is not sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing significant details.
Non-Performance - The outline of a specific plan is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Explains How the Plan Supports the Teaching Approach/Setting
Total: 0.50
Distinguished - Clearly and comprehensively explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is supported by scholarly sources but is slightly underdeveloped.
Basic - Briefly explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation may not be sufficiently supported by s.
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, a.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, as well as how adults and peers interact with them. After having read this Module's materials, let's discuss this further.
What do you think are the most influential factors in the building of multicultural identities in children?
How do you raise children to be sensitive, multicultural adults
.
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems faced by society today. Since 2000, the number of children living in poverty has increased from 11.6 million to 15 million. Today, over 20% of all children live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level. In addition, it is estimated that 1% to 2% of children are homeless, a number that has surged as a result of the recent global recession and the ensuing financial strain it has placed on many families. Because growing up in poverty increases children’s risks of suffering physical, cognitive, emotional, and social problems, reducing rates of child poverty is a priority. However, politicians and policymakers often disagree on causes and solutions to child poverty, sparking vigorous debate. In this Discussion, you will consider your own thoughts on how child poverty might be addressed. Reflect on the following:
Based on what you have learned this week and your past experiences, what specific policies, initiatives, or programs do you think should be implemented to effectively reduce child poverty/homelessness and/or ameliorate its consequences? Consider at least three.
How and to what extent should technology/media be used for educational purposes? For example, should teachers integrate technology as much as possible in their lessons? Should parents encourage children to study using educational software and the Internet? Or are more traditional learning methods preferable?
Are there any policies, initiatives, or programs aimed at combating child poverty and/or homelessness with which you strongly disagree? Why?
Article:
Southwell, P. (2009). The measurement of child poverty in the United States.
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment
,
19
(4), 317
–
329.
Retrieved from the Academic Search Complete database.
Web Resource:
Moore, K. A., Redd, Z., Burkhauser, M., Mbwana, K., & Collins, A. (2009, April).
Children in poverty: Trends, consequences, and policy options
(Publication No. 2009-11). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PovertyRB.pdf
Web Resource:
Valladares, S., & Moore, K. A. (2009, May).
The strengths of poor families
(Publication No. 2009-26). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Child_Trends-2009_5_14_RB_poorfamstrengths.pdf
.
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of human services. You will likely encounter clients who are abused and neglected. Review the characteristics of neglected children in Chapter 4, and answer the following questions:
How does the presence of child abuse or neglect affect a child’s normal development?
How might you respond to a child who indicates that he or she is being abused or neglected?
What agencies would you contact and why?
.
Check.DescriptionI need help with this one-page essay Please!Co.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check.
Description:
I need help with this one-page essay Please!Compare and contrast the postcolonial elements that define the works of a range of world authors, including Derek Walcott, Chinua Achebe, Deepika Bahri, W.B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, E. M. Forster, Salman Rushdie, and Arundhati Roy.
.
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The time is now! An MACPA task force supports creation of private company standards board, says GAAP exceptions and modifications are essential.
This whitepaper was unanimously approved and adopted by the Board of Directors of the Maryland Association of CPAs on June 2, 2011.
After three months of study and debate, the MACPA task force concluded that the needs of private companies or nonpublic entites have not been considered by FASB in their standard setiing activities resulting in overly complex and costly standards that do not benefit the users of those financial statements.
This whitepaper present the research, analysis, and recommendations of the MACPA Task Force.
Generally accepted accounting principlessanjoygiri
Introduction of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles: These widely accepted accounting principles that are generally recognized by almost all the persons associated with accounting along with representation of accepted accounting practices are known as ” Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”.
It is the summation of all theories, doctrine, conventions, or principles closely related to the accounting which got global recognition.
OECD Public Sector Accruals Symposium - Brian Quinn and Jon BlondalOECD Governance
This presentation by Brian Quinn and Jon Blondal was made at the 14th Annual OECD Public Sector Accruals Symposium, Paris 3-4 March 2014. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/14thannualoecdpublicsectoraccrualssymposiumparis3-4march2014.htm
How SOX changed the accounting industry when it was implemented. The background data that lead to the SOX overhaul and has it accomplished what it was drafted to do?
Topic: SOX; Type of paper: Essay; Subject: Accounting and Finance;
Academic Level: Undergraduate; Citation Style: Chicago; Language: English (U.S)
The FASB’s latest proposal on going concern uncertainties introduces a new layer of accounting guidance that adds to the existing requirements set by auditing standards and SEC regulations. The proposed new guidance responds to a wave of unwelcome surprises, as scores of companies faced unexpected liquidity problems during an economic downturn that adversely affected businesses while the FASB’s previous (2008) proposal was sidetracked by other priorities. The added guidance may not eliminate these kinds of surprises altogether, but it provides a more systematic approach that is designed to promote more consistency in the nature and timing of disclosures about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. This Messenger summarizes the proposal, along with the questions, suggestions, and concerns cited in comment letters.
1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University
February 27, 2016
ABSTRACT
Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase confidence in public company financial accounting reporting and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards, and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies, inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered public accounting firms and their employees, conducting disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified, performing such other duties as necessary to promote high professional standards among registered accounting firms, and enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010).
In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the reliability of audited financial statement of public companies, and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial statements and their impact on financial statement integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal control environment and speculates on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected if these recommendations are not implemented.
Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of the information?
The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external auditor relationship from.
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Our compendium summarizes comments of representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) at last week’s 2016 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments in Washington, D.C. The highlights include:
• SEC staff remarks about the implementation of new accounting standards and related transition disclosures required under SAB Topic 11.M
• SEC staff observations on non-GAAP financial measures and recent comments
• Update from FASB and IASB representatives on standard-setting activities
• Comments from SEC and PCAOB officials on the importance of internal control over financial reporting
EY compendium summarizes comments of representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) at last week’s 2016 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments in Washington, D.C.
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Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words Research regarding.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words
Research regarding spanking children has had mixed results, do you think spanking contributes to delinquency or helps to prevent it? Justify your response.
Please remember to use netiquette when responding to your classmates
.
Childrens StoryKnowing how to address a variety of situations in .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children's Story
Knowing how to address a variety of situations in the early childhood setting and effectively partnering with parents to do so are important skills for all teachers and caregivers. For this assignment, you will choose one of the following scenarios:
Shane has a difficult time separating from his mother each morning. At drop off, he clings to her and screams uncontrollably. After she leaves, Shane continues to scream and cry until you are able to soothe him.
Lisa often gets frustrated when trying to play with other children. She takes toys from their hands and even hits children with the toys.
Next, address each of the following points according to the teaching approach/setting that best reflects your style in your desired classroom setting (e.g. Montessori, Reggio Emilia, Waldorf, traditional preschool, etc.):
Outline a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario.
Explain how your plan would support the teaching approach/setting.
Describe how you will create an effective partnership with parents to address the discipline or guidance scenario.
Describe one or two possible obstacles you might encounter when implementing your plan.
Discuss how you will address these obstacles.
The paper should be three to four pages in addition to the title page and the reference page. Use at least two scholarly sources in addition to your text. Your paper should also be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Description
:
Total Possible Score
: 6.00
Outlines a Specific Plan for Addressing the Discipline or Guidance Scenario
Total: 1.25
Distinguished - Outlines in detail a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Outlines a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is supported by scholarly sources but is missing minor details.
Basic - Vaguely outlines a plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario; however, the plan may not be sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing relevant details.
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline a plan for addressing the scenario; however, the plan is not sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing significant details.
Non-Performance - The outline of a specific plan is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Explains How the Plan Supports the Teaching Approach/Setting
Total: 0.50
Distinguished - Clearly and comprehensively explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is supported by scholarly sources but is slightly underdeveloped.
Basic - Briefly explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation may not be sufficiently supported by s.
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, a.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, as well as how adults and peers interact with them. After having read this Module's materials, let's discuss this further.
What do you think are the most influential factors in the building of multicultural identities in children?
How do you raise children to be sensitive, multicultural adults
.
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems faced by society today. Since 2000, the number of children living in poverty has increased from 11.6 million to 15 million. Today, over 20% of all children live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level. In addition, it is estimated that 1% to 2% of children are homeless, a number that has surged as a result of the recent global recession and the ensuing financial strain it has placed on many families. Because growing up in poverty increases children’s risks of suffering physical, cognitive, emotional, and social problems, reducing rates of child poverty is a priority. However, politicians and policymakers often disagree on causes and solutions to child poverty, sparking vigorous debate. In this Discussion, you will consider your own thoughts on how child poverty might be addressed. Reflect on the following:
Based on what you have learned this week and your past experiences, what specific policies, initiatives, or programs do you think should be implemented to effectively reduce child poverty/homelessness and/or ameliorate its consequences? Consider at least three.
How and to what extent should technology/media be used for educational purposes? For example, should teachers integrate technology as much as possible in their lessons? Should parents encourage children to study using educational software and the Internet? Or are more traditional learning methods preferable?
Are there any policies, initiatives, or programs aimed at combating child poverty and/or homelessness with which you strongly disagree? Why?
Article:
Southwell, P. (2009). The measurement of child poverty in the United States.
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment
,
19
(4), 317
–
329.
Retrieved from the Academic Search Complete database.
Web Resource:
Moore, K. A., Redd, Z., Burkhauser, M., Mbwana, K., & Collins, A. (2009, April).
Children in poverty: Trends, consequences, and policy options
(Publication No. 2009-11). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PovertyRB.pdf
Web Resource:
Valladares, S., & Moore, K. A. (2009, May).
The strengths of poor families
(Publication No. 2009-26). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Child_Trends-2009_5_14_RB_poorfamstrengths.pdf
.
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of human services. You will likely encounter clients who are abused and neglected. Review the characteristics of neglected children in Chapter 4, and answer the following questions:
How does the presence of child abuse or neglect affect a child’s normal development?
How might you respond to a child who indicates that he or she is being abused or neglected?
What agencies would you contact and why?
.
Check.DescriptionI need help with this one-page essay Please!Co.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check.
Description:
I need help with this one-page essay Please!Compare and contrast the postcolonial elements that define the works of a range of world authors, including Derek Walcott, Chinua Achebe, Deepika Bahri, W.B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, E. M. Forster, Salman Rushdie, and Arundhati Roy.
.
Check the paper you write and add your perspective I forgot to say s.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check the paper you write and add your perspective I forgot to say some instructions. put some opinion about torah
Write a 3 page paper on what you have learned about Judaism that new for you and which is somehow significant to your understanding about this religion and how it affected your thinking.
Could you add some perspectives to paper you wrote...
i dont want you write new paper just add some opinion to paper
.
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Sh.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
"Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Shake. Otherwise, I can't sign the agreement"
The most
IMPORTANT
things for me:
1)
Use very simple language, I'm an international student
.
2) Follow ALL instructions carefully 100%.
3) Finish it
on time
.
4) Last but not least,
Originality
.
====
I will run the paper through Copyscape that homework market provides, and the result MUST be = ZERO.
Thanks in advance,
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check out the attachment, it has prompt, use the 4 website to quote .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
check out the attachment, it has prompt, use the 4 website to quote AND paraphrase (both are required) that i pasted on there. 800 words. APA style
download the attachment and follow the requiremen
1. A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu
By ROBBIE BROWNJUNE 7, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/education/for-homebound-students-a-robot-proxy-in-the-classroom.html?_r=0
2. How One Boy With Autism Became BFF With Apple’s Siri
By JUDITH NEWMANOCT. 17, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/fashion/how-apples-siri-became-one-autistic-boys-bff.html
3. The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics
Noel Sharkey*
http://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmconrad/ECGR4161-2011-05/notes/Science_Article_Robotics_Ethics2.pdf
4. THE ROBOTIC MOMENT
sherry turkle
In late November 2005, I took my daughter Rebecca, then fourteen, to the Darwin exhibition
at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. From the moment you step into
the museum and come face-to-face with a full-size dinosaur, you become part of a celebration
of life on Earth, what Darwin called “endless forms most beautiful.” Millions upon millions of
now lifeless specimens represent nature’s invention in every corner of the globe. There could
be no better venue for documenting Darwin’s life and thought and his theory of evolution by
natural selection, the central truth that underpins contemporary biology. The exhibition aimed
to please and, a bit defensively in these days of attacks on the theory of evolution, wanted to
convince.
At the exhibit’s entrance were two giant tortoises from the Galápagos Islands, the bestknown
inhabitants of the archipelago where Darwin did his most famous investigations. The
museum had been advertising these tortoises as wonders, curiosities, and marvels. Here,
among the plastic models at the museum, was the life that Darwin saw more than a century
and a half ago. One tortoise was hidden from view; the other rested in its cage, utterly still.
Rebecca inspected the visible tortoise thoughtfully for a while and then said matter-of-factly,
“They could have used a robot.” I was taken aback and asked what she meant. She said she
thought it was a shame to bring the turtle all this way from its island home in the Pacific, when
it was just going to sit there in the museum, motionless, doing nothing. Rebecca was both
concerned for the imprisoned turtle and unmoved by its authenticity.
It was Thanksgiving weekend. The line was long, the crowd frozen in place. I began to talk
with some of the other parents and children. My question—“Do you care that the turtle is
alive?”—was a welcome diversion from the boredom of the wait. A ten-year-old girl told me
that she would prefer a robot turtle because aliveness comes with aesthetic inconvenience:
“Its water looks dirty. Gross.” More usually, votes for the robots echoed my daughter’s sentiment
that in this setting, aliveness didn’t seem worth the trouble. A twelve-year-old girl was
adam.
Charles Mann is not only interested in how American societies arrive.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Charles Mann is not only interested in how American societies arrived, developed, and
evolved, but also how they adapted to the multiple environments of the Americas. How
did indigenous Americans find ways to overcome environmental obstacles? What
techniques, attitudes, or actions did indigenous Americans share? What techniques were
unique to certain areas? Why did some communities and societies thrive in the years
before 1492 while others fell apart and disbanded into new groups or the landscape? How did scholars of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries differ on their ideas of American Indian development?
.
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Sha.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Shake.
Otherwise
, I can't sign the agreement"
The most
IMPORTANT
things for me:
1)
Use very simple language, I'm an international student
.
2) Follow ALL instructions carefully 100%.
3) Finish it
on time
.
4) Last but not least, Originality.
====
I will run the paper through Copyscape that homework market provides, and the result MUST be = ZERO.
.
Chapters 5-8. One very significant period in Graphic Design History .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapters 5-8. One very significant period in Graphic Design History was the Renaissance. Maybe a person or object of art made you start thinking about how it was done. here's the link for the chaper that u need to look at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vCNvvQwCos&list=PLxPtyllY6Cx_Xar71rcNFqX2bDB7Wzfll
.
childrens right in Pakistan.6 pagesat least 7 referencesAPA s.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
children's right in Pakistan.
6 pages
at least 7 references
APA style
References, citation needed
outline:
1.
Country in context
2.
Demographics
3.
History
4.
Culture and socio-economic context: official language, religion,
5.
Legislation/policies addressing rights
6.
Health status of child
7.
Education
8.
Well-being and quality of life: human develop index
9.
Status of children with special needs
10.
summary
.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
Chapter TenThe Federal JudiciaryBrian M. MurphyLearnin.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter Ten
The Federal Judiciary
Brian M. Murphy
Learning Objectives
After covering the topic of the federal judiciary, students should
understand:
1. The relationship of state courts to the federal judiciary.
2. The jurisdiction of federal courts.
3. The structure of the federal judicial system.
4. The procedures of the U.S. Supreme Court.
5. The powers of the federal judiciary.
Abstract
The udicial y e i he i ed a e i a ed he d c ri e
federalism. Two court systems exist side-by-side, national and state, and
each has a distinct set of powers. State courts, for the most part, are
responsible for handling the legal issues that arise under their own laws. It
is primarily when a federal uestion is presented that the federal udicial
system can become in ol ed in a state court. therwise, state udiciaries
are generally autonomous even from one another. The Constitution
precisely outlines the types of cases that can be heard by federal courts,
yet it is almost impossible to force a federal court to hear a case that falls
under its urisdiction if the udge s wants to avoid it. The authority of
the U.S. Supreme Court has slowly grown over time, largely through the
power of udicial review. onetheless, federalism has managed to remain
a signi cant barrier against federal courts becoming too powerful. The
udicial system designed by the framers continues to survive and function
after 200 years.
Introduction
The federal judicial system is the least commonly known and least
understood branch of American government. In 2007, 78% could not
name the current Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court but 66% were
able to identify at least one of the judges on the T show American
Idol (Jamieson, 2007). Much of judicial work is conducted out of the
limelight and courts are not considered an important in uence in the daily
lives of people. It is clear the framers believed that the federal judicial
system would be the weakest of the three branches because, as Alexander
amilton wrote, it has no in uence over either the sword or the purse
(Hamilton, 1961, 465). In other words, courts cannot command an army
(or even police) to ensure that decisions are enforced or allocate money to
implement one of their rulings. Judges must depend on the other branches
in order to get anything done. According to an oft-repeated story, President
Andrew Jackson supposedly mocked a decision by Chief Justice John
Marshall with the words, John Marshall has made his decision, now let
him enforce it’’ (Schwartz, 1993, 94).
But times and the role of the federal judiciary have changed. One
scholar even concluded that the United States is now operating under a
government by judiciary’’ because the U.S. Supreme Court can revise
the Constitution by how it interprets the wording (Berger, 1997). As Chief
Justice Charles vans Hughes once uipped, e are under a Constitution,
but the Constitution is what the judges say it is’’ (Hughes, 1916, 185). .
Chapter 9 provides a discussion of the challenges of identifying ELL.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 9 provides a discussion of the challenges of identifying ELLs’ as having a learning disability or being gifted with their lower than grade-level proficiency in English. After reading Chapter 9, write a post that addresses the following questions:
What kinds of disabilities might an ELL have?
What are the challenges of determining whether an ELL has a learning ability or is gifted?
What kinds of interventions are used once an ELL has been identified as having a learning disability?
What kinds of interventions are used once an ELL is determined to be gifted?
If you were teaching a class with some ELLs in it, what signals would you look for in the behavior or they ELLs to determine whether they might need to be tested for learning disabilities or being gifted?
How might you adapt your curriculum for an ELL student with a learning disability or who is gifted?
.
Chapter 8 -- Crimes
1. Conduct that may be a misdemeanor in one state may be a felony in another state.
2. A required element for a crime is that the criminal party voluntarily commits the prohibited act (think “gun to head”).
3. A person cannot commit a crime if the person does not know that his or her conduct is criminal (think “Honduran bony fish or short lobster).
4. The Fourth Amendment prohibits ALL government searches of businesses.
5. Traditionally, extortion involves wrongful demands made by public officials.
6. A company cannot be found guilty of a crime that is committed by its agent.
7. If an employee wrongfully keeps money that was entrusted to the employee by his or employer, the employee has committed the crime of embezzlement.
8. Government officers do not need a search warrant in order to inspect property that is in "plain view".
9. The Constitution guarantees individuals the right to a speedy trial in criminal cases.
10. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act allows a person to thwart encryption devices that copy right holders place on copyrighted material if the person has purchased the copyrighted item in question.
Chapter 9 -- Torts
11. One wrongful act may be both a crime and a tort.
12. A person is not entitled to recover for EVERY injury or loss that is caused by another person.
13. In general, tort liability will not be imposed for an involuntary act even if the act harms another.
14. Under tort law, one owes a duty to society to conform his or her conduct to a required standard (think: does society sue the tortfeasor does the “somebody done me wrong” individual plaintiff sue the tortfeasor?).
15. The U.S. government cannot be sued for harm caused by the negligence of federal employees.
16. In some states, a plaintiff may recover for emotional distress that is negligently caused by another.
17. Companies can now make commercial use of the name or likeness of celebrities without first obtaining the celebrities permission to do so because most states do not recognize the tort of invasion of the right to publicity.
Chapter 10
18.
Patents are granted by state governments, not by the federal government.
19.
Trademarks may be protected for up to three years prior to the time that they are actually used.
20. A “term” acquires a secondary meaning when, through prolonged use, the public has come to associate that term with a particular product.
21. In general, mere ideas and concepts cannot be copyrighted or patented.
22.
A trade secret may be disclosed without losing its legal .
chapter 5 Making recommendations for I studied up to this .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
chapter 5
Making recommendations for I studied up to this point, what should now be study after I have written about what I found. All chapter 5 about chapter 4 what all things I discovered, what senses do they make to you what would you have study more if you have more time, what I think about , what I found
.
Chapter 4. Terris, Daniel. (2005) Ethics at Work Creating Virtue at.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 4. Terris, Daniel. (2005) Ethics at Work: Creating Virtue at an American Corporation. Brandeis University Press. Apply critical thinking skills
in evaluating Lockheed Martin's efforts.
1. What do you think about the notion presented by Terris that Lockheed's ethics program does little to prevent ethical breaches at the highest level of the organization?
2. Are the efforts put forth—such as making sure higher level executives participate in training—enough to help executives navigate what Terris calls the 'ethical minefield' faced by leadership in such an organization?
3. What are some things that could be done to address the issue related to ethics at higher executive levels of the organization?
4. Terris points out that the company's program is overly focused on individuals and that it doesn't really address group dynamics that can impact ethical situations. For instance, there can be a tendency for groups to ‘go with the flow’ of the group decision making process and overlook ethical issues in the process. What would you recommend that Lockheed Martin do to address this situation?
(Hint: reviewing p. 128 and the following pages – before section headed “Personal Responsibility, Collective Innocence” - of the text might be helpful).
Assignment Expectations: Write a 4- to 5-page paper, not including title page or references page addressing the issue.
Your paper should be double-spaced and in 12-point type size.
Your paper should have a separate cover page and a separate reference page. Make sure you cite your sources.
.
Chapter 41. Read in the text about Alexanders attempt to fuse Gre.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 4
1. Read in the text about Alexander's attempt to fuse Greek and Eastern cultures (116-120 -see box Alexander meets an Indian King, 115). Then go to:
Alexander the Great
- a from a BBC documentary. The video will have to be opened in a new window.
Write a brief review after watching the documentary (You don't have to watch the entire hour). What does Wood have to say about the scope of Alexander the Great's accomplishments? Does watching a video set in the actual landscape of Macedonia and Turkey help understand the history of an ancient civilization? How?
2. Go to:
Building of the Parthenon
and
Optical 'tricks' at the Parthenon
to see the accomplishments of Greek architects and politicians. What is the connection between Athenian politics and the building of the Parthenon? What illusions were utlitzed by the architects and engineers to emphasize the grandeur of the Parthenon?
Chapter 5
Select TWO of the following questions and complete the links assignments: Remember to mention source material in your response.
(Select 3 for extra credit
1. Go to:
Roman Writers view their world
and choose 2 authors to write an essay on entertainments and past times of Roman citizens and how eyewitnesses wrote about their world. Who are they? What position did they hold in Roman society? Is this important to their view point?
2. Go to
Christian symbolism
and
Colors in religious art
and write about how a largely illiterate (slave and lower class Romans and client state residents) society could learn about this new "Christian" religion through art, symbolism and color. How would this help the conversion process?
3. Go to
Sights along the Silk Road
. Click on the interactive maps and visit several of the stops along the Silk Road. What did you find? Learn? Then go to :
Silk Road Project
. Click on "Music and Artists." Then "Listen to Music."
Click on a title for ex: "Arabian" to listen to sample of the music and instrument. Write on your findings.
You may have to update your "Flash" player to hear music
.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting StandardsSome accounta
1. Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards
Some accountants have said that politicalization in the
development and
acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i.e.,
standard setting) is
taking place. Some use the term politicalization in a narrow
sense to mean the
influence by governmental agencies, particularly the SEC, on
the development of
generally accepted accounting principles. Others use it more
broadly to mean the
compromising that takes place in bodies responsible for
developing these principles
because of the influence and pressure of interested groups
(SEC, American
Accounting Association, businesses through their various
organizations, Institute
of Management Accountants, financial analysts, bankers,
lawyers, etc.).
Required:
A.) Do the reasons these groups were formed, their methods of
operation while in existence, and the reasons for the demise of
the first two indicate an increasing politicalization (as the term
is used in the broad sense) of accounting standard setting?
Explain your answer by indicating how the CAP, APB, and
FASB operated or operate. Cite specific developments that tend
to support your answer.
CAP. The Committee on Accounting Procedure, CAP, which
was in existence from 1939 to 1959, was a natural outgrowth of
AICPA committees which were in existence during the period
1933 to 1938. The committee was formed in direct response to
the criticism received by the accounting profession during the
2. financial crisis of 1929 and the years thereafter. The
authorization to issue pronouncements on matters of accounting
principles and procedures was based on the belief that the
AICPA had the responsibility to establish practices that would
become generally accepted by the profession and by corporate
management.
As a general rule, the CAP directed its attention, almost
entirely, to resolving specific accounting problems and topics
rather than to the development of generally accepted accounting
principles. The committee voted on the acceptance of specific
Accounting Research Bulletins published by the committee. A
two-thirds majority was required to issue a particular research
bulletin. The CAP did not have the authority to require
acceptance of the issued bulletins by the general membership of
the AICPA, but rather received its authority only upon general
acceptance of the pronouncement by the members. That is, the
bulletins set forth normative accounting procedures that "should
be" followed by the accounting profession, but were not
"required" to be followed.
It was not until well after the demise of the CAP, in 1964, that
the Council of the AICPA adopted recommendations that
departures from effective CAP Bulletins should be disclosed in
financial statements or in audit reports of members of the
AICPA. The demise of the CAP could probably be traced to four
distinct factors: (1) the narrow nature of the subjects covered by
the bulletins issued by the CAP, (2) the lack of any theoretical
groundwork in establishing the procedures presented in the
bulletins, (3) the lack of any real authority by the CAP in
prescribing adherence to the procedures described by the
bulletins, and (4) the lack of any formal representation on the
CAP of interest groups such as corporate managers,
governmental agencies, and security analysts.
APB. The objectives of the APB were formulated mainly to
3. correct the deficiencies of the CAP as described above. The
APB was thus charged with the responsibility of developing
written expression of generally accepted accounting principles
through consideration of the research done by other members of
the AICPA in preparing Accounting Research Studies. The
committee was in turn given substantial authoritative standing
in that all opinions of the APB were to constitute substantial
authoritative support for generally accepted accounting
principles. If an individual member of the AICPA decided that a
principle or procedure outside of the official pronouncements of
the APB had substantial authoritative support, the member had
to disclose the departure from the official APB opinion in the
financial statements of the firm in question.
The membership of the committee comprising the APB was also
extended to include representation from industry, government,
and academe. The opinions were also designed to include
minority dissents by members of the board. Exposure drafts of
the proposed opinions were readily distributed.
The demise of the APB occurred primarily because the purposes
for which it was created were not being accomplished. Broad
generally accepted accounting principles were not being
developed. The research studies supposedly being undertaken in
support of subsequent opinions to be expressed by the APB
were often ignored. The committee in essence became a simple
extension of the original CAP in that only very specific problem
areas were being addressed. Interest groups outside of the
accounting profession questioned the appropriateness and
desirability of having the AICPA directly responsible for the
establishment of GAAP. Politicization of the establishment of
GAAP had become a reality because of the far-reaching effects
involved in the questions being resolved.
FASB. The formal organization of the FASB represents an
attempt to vest the responsibility of establishing GAAP in an
4. organization representing the diverse interest groups affected by
the use of GAAP. The FASB is independent of the AICPA. It is
independent, in fact, of any private or governmental
organization. Individual CPAs, firms of CPAs, accounting
educators, and representatives of private industry will now have
an opportunity to make known their views to the FASB through
their membership on the Board. Independence is facilitated
through the funding of the organization and payment of the
members of the Board. Full-time members are paid by the
organization and the organization itself is funded solely through
contributions. Thus, no one interest group has a vested interest
in the FASB.
Conclusion. The evolution of the current FASB certainly does
represent "increasing politicization of accounti ng standards
setting." Many of the efforts extended by the AICPA can be
directly attributed to the desire to satisfy the interests of many
groups within our society. The FASB represents, perhaps, just
another step in this evolutionary process.
B.) What arguments can be raised to support the politicalization
of accounting standard setting?
all stakeholders who have fallen victim to corporate fraud
would be in support of policalitzation of accounting standard
setting
After the collapse of corporate giants who defrauded their
employees, lenders, the government and other stakeholders, the
SEC was forced to create greater restrictions and improved
policies, including the full disclosure principle, to protect
stakeholders.Fines, penalties, and even jail time were handed
down to the directors of many of these companies, for many
employees who lost their hard earned pensions, and investors
who lost their life savings
C.) What arguments can be raised against the politicalization of
5. accounting standard setting?(CMA adapted)
People who’ve always prepared their financial information
using fair judgment who are now forced to comply with a
lengthy list of regulatory rules and guidelines
many cannot afford to hire accounting professionals to ensure
they are in compliance with newly revised standards and
policies owing to financial hardships
Because of the illegal acts of businesses in the past, stricter
standard setting has burdened all publicly traded companies.
Case 1-6 Accounting in crisis
During the early 2000s, the role of accounting and the auditing
profession changed and several accounting scandals were
uncovered.
(a.) What conditions caused accounting and the audit profession
role to change during this time?
There were several conditions which lead to change the roles of
accounting & auditing professionals during this time. So let’s
know some major conditions which caused changes in the role
of accounting and auditing professionals;
1. Some major accounting scandals took place during this time
period like; Enron case, WorldCom and Tyco etc. Thus due to
these accounting scandals changes in the roles of accounting
and auditing professionals became necessary.
2. Due to major scandals, investors have lost their trust in the
market hence for making trust of the investors back into market
some changes became necessary.
3. Various stakeholders lost their trust in old accounting &
auditing process hence for making these accounting and
auditing work more reliable we need some solid changes in the
role of these professionals.
4. For making, accounting and auditing work more reliable &
independent these changes in the role took place.
6. (b.) What major changes occurred as a result of the accounting
scandals at that time?
Following major changes occurred as a result of the accounting
scandals at that time;
1. Use of information technology became a vital factor because
it assumed that more and more use of technology will bring fair
practices. So this change occurred as a result of accounting
scandals.
2. Various vital changes were made in accounting standards for
accounting recording and for auditing work as well.
3. Public accounting firms were prohibited to do more & more
advertising about their services & work.
4. Profit structure of the CPA firms also changed due to the
accounting scandals at that time.
5. Due to these accounting scandals, CPA firms started working
more efficiently & effectively so that overall costs of the
operations can be minimized and clients can be offered lower
prices for the services.
Case 2-2 The Theoretical Foundation of Accounting Principles
During the past several years, the FASB has attempted to
strengthen the theoretical foundation for the development of
accounting principles. Two of the most important results of this
attempt are the Conceptual Framework Project and the
Emerging Issues Task Force. During this same period, the FASB
has been criticized for imposing too many standards on the fi
nancial reporting process, the so-called standards overload
problem. Required:
a. Discuss the goals and objectives of
i. the Conceptual Framework Project
The Conceptual Framework Project seeks to revise the
7. Conceptual Framework, setting the standards for financial
reporting in the industry. The goals and objectives of the
project are to answer a series of questions that will have a
profound impact on financial reporting. These include the
clarification of the objective of financial reporting, and if
financial statements should be prepared from an entity or
proprietor perspective. It will detail what are the most important
characteristics of accounting information, as well as what is an
asset and a liability. The project will discuss whether or not all
assets or liabilities be recorded irrespective of the probability
that they may be realized or paid, and if matching principle is
dead. It also looks to answer if the revenue-recognition
principle will survive, or be replaced by the asset-liability view,
as well as if an asset should be measured at cost or fair value.
Lastly, the project hopes to clarify if "depreciation an outdated
concept tied to the matching principle, or is it a legitimate
valuation technique"
ii.The Emerging Issues Task Force
The Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) was formed in 1984, as
a response to the FASB's task force recommendations regarding
the need for timely financial reporting guidance. As the FASB
states, in their Emerging Issues Task Force (n.d.) document, the
EITF's primary objective is to become aware of emerging
issues, in the industry, before they become widespread, and
before divergent practices regarding these issues become
entrenched.
b.Discuss the standards overload problem.
The standard overload problem (SOP) is a concern about having
too many accounting standards, such as the accounting
community including American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), and the FASB.The SOP centers on small businesses that
have problems with the standards because of the lack of
8. resources that they can research and the implementation of the
ongoing pronouncements. There is no requirement for small
businesses to follow the requirements of Generally Accepting
AccountingPrinciples (GAAP) with the financial statements that
are needed. There are two concerns about the standard overload
problem that is that not all GAAP principles concern small
businesses when it comes to the financial statements.The second
is when the GAAP principles are relevant;they are frequently
interrupted with the cost benefits.
Case 2-5 Definition of Assets
your company owns a building that is fully paid for. Explain
how the building meets the definition of an asset under each of
the following scenarios.
a. your company is using the building as a plant that is
producing automobiles.
· The building is a resource that acts as a fixed asset. It
facilitates the production activities that help organization to
generate revenues and earn profit.
· A) If company is using the building as a plant that is
producing automobiles then plant is also a fixed asset. The
nature of fixed asset is of capital nature which means that will
give us the benefit for more then one year i.e. for long period.
b. your company is not using the building but plans to sell it.
Explain how the building meets the definition of an asset.
· At present, the building is an unused resource. The sale of the
building will generate cash that will be used to accelerate /
initiate production activities and the organization generates
revenue and earn profit.
· B) If company is not using the building but plans to sell it
then there is two cases i) in the first case if selling and
purchasing builiding is the business of the company then it is
not an asset. It will be considered as stock. ii) In the other case
if company bought the building for the purpose of investment
9. then it will be considered as fixed asset.
c. your company is not using the building but plans to remodel
it so that it can be used as a plant to produce automobiles.
· The building is unused today. But, it has value and it can be
used after remodeling as per the requirements. Then, a firm can
generate revenues and earn profit.
· C) If company is not using the building but plans to remodel it
so that is can be used as a plant to produce automobiles then it
will be considered as fixed asset and amount expensed on the
remodel of the building will also be added to the value of the
builiding. Building is giving us benefit for long term then it will
be considered as an asset.
Case 17-4 Preparation of Footnotes
You have completed your audit of Carter Corporation and its
consolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017,
and are satisfied with the results of your examination. You have
examined the financial statement of Cater for the past three
years. The corporation is now preparing its annual report to
shareholders. The report will include the consolidated financial
statements of Carter and its subsidiaries and your short-form
auditor’s report. During your audit, the following matters came
to your attention.
1. The Internal Revenue Service, which is examining the
corporation s 2017 federal income tax return, questions the
amount of a deduction claimed by the corporation s domestic
subsidiary for a loss sustained in 2017. The examination is still
in process, and any additional tax liability is indeterminable at
this time. The corporation s tax counsel believes that there will
be no substantial additional tax liability.
10. 2. A vice president who is also a stockholder resigned on
December 31, 2016, after an argument with the president. The
vice president is soliciting proxies from stockholders and
expects to obtain sufficient proxies to gain control of the board
of directors so that a new president will be appointed. The
president plans to have a footnote prepared that would include
information about the pending proxy fight, management s
accomplishments over the years, and an appeal by management
for the support of stockholders.
Required:
A. Prepare the footnotes, if any, that you would suggest for the
foregoing listed items.
B. State your reason for not making disclosure by footnote for
each of the listed items for which you did not prepare a
footnote.
Case 17-4 The Ethics of Accounting Choices
The Fillups Company has been in the business of exploring for
oil reserves. During 2017, $10 million was spent drilling wells
that were dry holes. Under U.S. GAAP, Fillups has the option of
accounting for these costs by the successful efforts method or
the full‐ cost method. Under successful efforts, the $10 million
would be expensed once it was determine d that the wells were
dry. Under full cost, the $10 million would be capitalized. It
would not be expensed until the oil from successful wells is
extracted and sold. Fillups decides to use the full‐ cost method
because of its positive effect on the bottom line.
Required:
a. What are the ethical considerations implied in the rationale
11. for Fillups s decision? Explain.
a. According to accounting ethics and code of conduct, The
expenses are capitalised by the Fill ups company which is
against accounting standards (US GAAP) as well as ethics
because the expenses are incurred on dry wells, not oil wells.
The capitalisation is relevant if drilling is done in oil wells, not
dry wells. For, Dry Wells, The successful effort method is the
appropriate one.
b. Do you believe that an accounting alternative should be
selected solely on the basis of financial statement effects?
Discuss.
B.Yes, the choice of the method has huge impact on financial
statements in the following manner. The capitalisation of
expenses will lead to:-
> Increase in the net income of the company ( Capitalising the
expenses and showing them over a period of time will lead to
income enhancement)
> Impact on the balance sheet: The expenses will be treated on
the asset side.
> Impact on retained earnings: In the long term, there will be
less retained earnings as well as shareholder equity.
> Impact on cash flows: Increase in cash flow from operating
activities and less from investment activities.
Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards
Some accountants have said that politicalization in the
development and
acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i.e.,
standard setting) is
taking place. Some use the term politicalization in a narrow
sense to mean the
influence by governmental agencies, particularly the SEC, on
the development of
generally accepted accounting principles. Others use it more
12. broadly to mean the
compromising that takes place in bodies responsible for
developing these principles
because of the influence and pressure of interested groups
(SEC, American
Accounting Association, businesses through their various
organizations, Institute
of Management Accountants, financial analysts, bankers,
lawyers, etc.).
Required:
A.) Do the reasons these groups were formed, their methods of
operation while in existence, and the reasons for the demise of
the first two indicate an increasing politicalization (as the term
is used in the broad sense) of accounting standard setting?
Explain your answer by indicating how the CAP, APB, and
FASB operated or operate. Cite specific developments that tend
to support your answer.
B.) What arguments can be raised to support the politicalization
of accounting standard setting?
C.) What arguments can be raised against the politicalization of
accounting standard setting?(CMA adapted)
Case 1-6 Accounting in crisis
During the early 2000s, the role of accounting and the auditing
profession changed and several accounting scandals were
uncovered.
(a.) What conditions caused accounting and the audit profession
13. role to change during this time?
(b.) What major changes occurred as a result of the accounting
scandals at that time?
Case 2-2 The Theoretical Foundation of Accounting Principles
During the past several years, the FASB has attempted to
strengthen the theoretical foundation for the development of
accounting principles. Two of the most important results of this
attempt are the Conceptual Framework Project and the
Emerging Issues Task Force. During this same period, the FASB
has been criticized for imposing too many standards on the fi
nancial reporting process, the so-called standards overload
problem. Required:
a. Discuss the goals and objectives of
i. the Conceptual Framework Project
ii.The Emerging Issues Task Force
b.Discuss the standards overload problem.
Case 2-5 Definition of Assets
your company owns a building that is fully paid for. Explain
how the building meets the definition of an asset under each of
the following scenarios.
a. your company is using the building as a plant that is
producing automobiles.
14. b. your company is not using the building but plans to sell it.
Explain how the building meets the definition of an asset.
c. your company is not using the building but plans to remodel
it so that it can be used as a plant to produce automobiles.
Case 17-4 Preparation of Footnotes
You have completed your audit of Carter Corporation and its
consolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017,
and are satisfied with the results of your examination. You have
examined the financial statement of Cater for the past three
years. The corporation is now preparing its annual report to
shareholders. The report will include the consolidated financial
statements of Carter and its subsidiaries and your short-form
auditor’s report. During your audit, the following matters came
to your attention.
1. The Internal Revenue Service, which is examining the
corporation s 2017 federal income tax return, questions the
amount of a deduction claimed by the corporation s domesti c
subsidiary for a loss sustained in 2017. The examination is still
in process, and any additional tax liability is indeterminable at
this time. The corporation s tax counsel believes that there will
be no substantial additional tax liability.
2. A vice president who is also a stockholder resigned on
December 31, 2016, after an argument with the president. The
15. vice president is soliciting proxies from stockholders and
expects to obtain sufficient proxies to gain control of the board
of directors so that a new president will be appointed. The
president plans to have a footnote prepared that would include
information about the pending proxy fight, management s
accomplishments over the years, and an appeal by management
for the support of stockholders.
Required:
A. Prepare the footnotes, if any, that you would suggest for the
foregoing listed items.
B. State your reason for not making disclosure by footnote for
each of the listed items for which you did not prepare a
footnote.
Case 17-10 The Ethics of Accounting Choices
The Fillups Company has been in the business of exploring for
oil reserves. During 2017, $10 million was spent drilling wells
that were dry holes. Under U.S. GAAP, Fillups has the option of
accounting for these costs by the successful efforts method or
the full‐ cost method. Under successful efforts, the $10 million
would be expensed once it was determined that the wells were
dry. Under full cost, the $10 million would be capitalized. It
would not be expensed until the oil from successful wells is
16. extracted and sold. Fillups decides to use the full‐ cost method
because of its positive effect on the bottom line.
Required:
a. What are the ethical considerations implied in the rationale
for Fillups s decision? Explain.
b. Do you believe that an accounting alternative should be
selected solely on the basis of financial statement effects?
Discuss.