First requirements document for the Empath GSM/GPRS biosensor smartwatch envisioned by Exmocare, LLC a subsidiary of Exmovere.

1. Empath
Prospectus for the second-generation Exmocare Watch
Version 0.50
Last Updated: 02-12-2007
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2. Table of Contents
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 4
What’s New? ………………………………………………………………. 4
Watch Design ……………………………………………………………………... 6
Component Information ……………………………………………….. 6
Sensor Array ………………………………………………………. 6
CPU/Storage ……………………………………………………….. 8
Organic LED Display ……………………………………………. 8
Communications Array ………………………………………… 8
Shielding EMI and RFI ……………………….………………. 10
Watch Design Information ………………………………………… 10
Size Comparison ……………………………………………….. 11
3D Models ………………………………………………………… 12
Materials ………………………………………………………….. 13
Schematic Diagrams …………………………………………. 14
Watch Face ……………………………………………… 14
Watch Band ……………………………………………… 14
Band Charger/USB Interface ……………………… 14
Power ………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Battery Design Possibilities ……………………………………… 15
Charger Design ……………………………………………………….. 16
Power Cost Analysis/Projected Battery Life ………………. 16
Onboard Logic …………………………………………………………………… 18
Signal Processing …………………………………………………….. 18
Storage …………………………………………………………………… 18
User Information ……………………………………………. 18
Configuration Settings ……………………………………. 19
Alerts ……………………………………………………………………… 19
Transmission Authentication …………………………………….. 20
Communications Array ………………………………………………………. 20
ZigBee ……………………………………………………………………. 20
GSM/CDMA ………………………………………………………………. 21
USB ………………………………………………………………………… 22
User Interface …………………………………………………………………… 23
Button Mapping ………………………………………………………… 24
Panic Mode ……………………………………………………. 24
UI Interaction ………………………………………………… 24
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3. Graphical User Interface ………………………………………….. 25
Standard Display ……………………………………………….. 26
Example Input Tree …………………………………………... 27
Alarm/Scheduler ……………………………………………….. 28
Wrist Heart rate Monitor ……………………………………. 28
Wearer Emergency Information ………………………….. 28
Options …………………………………………………………….. 29
Privacy/Airplane Mode ……………….…………………… 29
Emergency Contact ………………….……………………. 29
Display …………………………………………………………. 30
“Sleep” Mode ……………………………………………………… 30
Software ……………………..……………………………………………………. 30
.NET Top to Bottom and the .NET MF ………………… 30
Language Support ………………………………………….... 30
Updating Firmware …………………………………………………. 31
Configuring Alerts …………………………………………………… 31
Configuring for use with Individual Software Suites …… 31
Plan for Production ……………………………………………………………. 32
Preliminary Product Line …………………………………………. 32
Proof of Concept …………………………………………………….. 33
Projected Unit Cost ……………………………………………….... 33
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 33
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4. Introduction
Preliminary Caution: All areas of design and development are still under investigation by the
Exmocare team and its group of consultants. Specific components, ideas and requirements
are subject to change at any time if better components, ideas or requirements are introduced.
The Exmocare Empath is the second-generation Exmocare watch, which makes substantial
improvements on the current hardware. The vast majority of client and customer feedback
has indicated that there are five (5) basic areas that, if addressed, would better equip the
Exmocare watch for continued use in the wide variety of applications to which it has been
applied:
Form factor
Power management
User interface
Configurability
Unit Cost
Each of these areas, and many more, have been considered carefully by Exmocare’s internal
development team, and solutions have been determined that meet all known criteria for the
institutional and consumer-level success of the device.
In the following pages, each of these issues will be addressed in a variety of contexts, as each
of the five “umbrella” issues refracts out into several practical implcations.
What’s new?
The Empath has been completely redesigned from the ground up, making use of all the
accumulated knowledge from a year of working with the current Exmocare watch.
1. Completely redesigned form factor
a. Much smaller form factor
i. 1.5” diameter circular form factor @ ~.5” height
ii. Form factor now comparable to many consumer wristwatches.
b. Detachable band contains rechargeable battery
i. Watch comes with two bands and form-fitted charger.
ii. Changing and charging the battery is substantially easier
2. Extremely sensitive clinical sensor components
a. Newest, smallest, top-of-the-line sensor components allow for more accurate
readings and lower power consumption than ever before.
b. Intelligent analog to digital conversion reduces power consumption and
provides the capability for real-time
3. Onboard logic and memory
a. All digital signal processing will now be performed onboard the watch,
reducing the risk of transmission errors.
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5. b. Critical alerts will be sent directly by text message to wearer-configured
caregiver, eliminating need for software-based delivery method.
c. User storage (flash memory) onboard allows the watch to store 24 hours
worth of data for transmission.
i. Combined with transfer authentication logic onboard, this eliminates
the possibility of missing a reading altogether.
d. Intelligent readings collection logic and configurable “panic mode” onboard
significantly reduces power consumption for the device.
i. 3c and 3d simultaneously eliminate the requirement of an additional
internet-enabled device to be present at all times.
e. System ROM eliminates the need for regular internet connectivity by storing
configuration settings onboard.
f. Additional emergency medical and identification information can be stored
and accessed from Flash memory.
g. Use of the micro .NET framework allows easy firmware upgrades and
substantially better hardware/software integration across the board.
4. Substantially improved communications array
a. ZigBee replaces Bluetooth, allowing increased transmission range and lower
power consumption.
b. GSM/CDMA onboard allows instantaneous sending of SMS alerts in
situations where wireless transmission is unavailable, eliminating the need for
a Smart Phone or other GSM/CDMA-equipped device for the Exmocare
watch to be “mobile”.
c. USB connector on dongle allows users to flash firmware and configure their
device from their Home PC directly.
5. Expanded Internal User Interface
a. The Empath will feature a full-color OLED screen and a smart two-button
I/O, allowing the wearer to interface with it directly in the following ways:
i. Substantially more verbose “face” – including time display, battery
level, connectivity level (if applicable) and full color graphics.
ii. “Alarm mode” will allow the wearer to set multiple alarms and
schedule reminders (take medication, etc).
iii. Heart rate monitor will graphically display the wearer’s current heart
rate on the face of the watch.
iv. The wearer’s emergency medical information (name, address, next of
kin, blood type, etc) will all be able to be stored in the watch, and will
be viewable directly from the interface, allowing EMTs, doctors, etc.
to get valuable information directly from the device.
v. The watch wearer will be able, from the watch, to set date and time,
emergency contact (for SMS alerts).
vi. Privacy/Airplane mode will allow the wearer to stop the watch
communicating, making it safe for air travel and also providing a
privacy filter.
In short, every facet of the watch will be redesigned with the most robust usage conditions
possible in mind. A more beautiful design, lower power consumption, substantially better
display, greatly increased ease of use, and a smaller, more comfortable form factor will be
possible all for a unit cost of about 1/3 of the current cost.
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6. Watch Design
In redesigning the Exmocare watch, we had two primary goals: First, to ensure that the
process of gathering and processing sensor information was significantly more accurate in a
clinical setting than with the current watch. Second, that the form factor “looked and felt”
like a high-quality consumer-grade wristwatch. We have taken great care to design both the
watch hardware itself and the form factor to meet both of these goals.
Component Information
The heart of the Empath is the sensor technology found inside. Without some of the most
accurate sensors in the world, the Empath could not perform in the wide variety of contexts
for which it is designed. With that in mind, we have taken care to verify that each individual
sensor will perform in all settings where the Empath might be reasonably expected to be
used. In other words, while the Empath is not designed to perform in a space shuttle launch
or in a deep-sea diving situation, it will work under almost any other circumstances.
Sensor Array and Analog/Digital Converter
Redesigning the sensor array is our top priority. Better power consumption, signal to noise
ratio, size, spacing, and weather protection are all required.
Heart rate and Heart rate variability in the Exmocare watch are assessed using infrared
signals to determine blood volume pulse. The highest quality IR emitters and receivers are
required.
Emitter: The Empath will be equipped with a Fairchild Semiconductor 1N6265 GaAs
Infrared Emitting Diode. The 1N6265 is a high-performance, hermetically-sealed
emitter with a low power consumption of 6mW.
Receivers: The Empath will also be equipped with three (3) Fairchild Semiconductor
L14N1 or L14N2 Hermetic Silicon Phototransistors. Two receivers are required for
the Exmocare heart rate detection algorithm, with one redundant receiver in case of
the failure of a single component. The L14N1/2’s are wide-reception
phototransistors providing photodiode abilities in hermetically-sealed packaging and
passivity during sleep.
Skin Temperature and ∆ST are valuable resources for the interpretation of emotional
states, as well as good guides for assessing physiological safety. The Empath will have two
temperature sensors, one measuring skin temperature directly and one measuring ambient
temperature as a mode of comparison.
Skin Temperature: The GE NTC12 chip Thermistor is a high-sensitivity 1206 size
surface mount ceramic chip thermistor with an operating range of -50°C - 150°C.
This thermistor is designed for medical monitoring applications, where the
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7. thermistor is touching the skin, in order to give us the highest possible amount of
accuracy in a direct-contact situation.
Ambient Temperature: The GE BR32/42/55 Glass Encapsulated Bead Thermistor is a
rugged hermetic thermistor with a normal operating range of -80°C - 105°C, ideal for
safe ambient temperature sensing in even the harshest and wettest climates.
The accelerometer in the Empath plays two valuable roles. First, it transmits relative
movement, giving us a glimpse of the wearers’ physical activity. Second, it allows us to cancel
motion and gravitational effects in the infrared signal interpretation according to the Beer-
Lambert Law.
The Freescale Semiconductor ±1.5g - 6g Three Axis Low-g capacitive
Micromachined Accelerometer (MMA7260QT) features signal conditioning, a 1-pole
low pass filter, temperature compensation and g-Select which allows for the selection
among 4 sensitivities, and a sleep mode that makes it ideal for low power
consumption.
Galvanic Skin Response and ΔGSR are important for many reasons, including: Emotional
interpretation, watch-off-wrist detection ability, and confirmation of alert status in panic
mode. Returning GSR from the top of the wrist is spotty at best. For this reason, we have
designed the Empath with the GSR leads on the wristband, making contact with the bottom
of the wrist for much higher reliability (see schematic drawings for the watch band below).
The implementation of GSR will be determined based on input from the Empath
prototype hardware design team. At this point, one option under consideration for
the electrodes is a silver-chloride electrode patch.
Analog-to-Digital Converter: Finally, in order to provide as close to real-time signal
processing as possible, we need the ability to receive data from each sensor at the same, high,
sample rate. Our agreed-upon best sample rate is 500Hz (500 samples per second). Each of
our chosen sensors is configurable to meet this need.
In order to feed all of this information quickly and accurately to our onboard digital
signal processing algorithms, we have chosen the Texas Instruments ADS1258 16-
Channel, 24-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter. The ADS1258 is a 16-channel
(multiplexed), low-noise, 24-bit, delta-sigma (DS) analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
that provides single-cycle settled data at channel scan rates from 1.8k to 23.7k
samples per second (SPS) per channel. A flexible input multiplexer accepts
combinations of eight differential or 16 single-ended inputs with a full-scale
differential range of 5V or true bipolar range of ±2.5V when operating with a 5V
reference. The fourth-order delta-sigma modulator is followed by a fifth-order sinc
digital filter optimized for low-noise performance. Programmable sensor bias current
sources can be used to bias sensors or verify sensor integrity.
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8. CPU/Storage
The advent of onboard logic, powering of a color display, and increased storage
requirements demand that the Empath become an embedded computer system. To this end,
we will require a custom-designed board that will house:
1. An ARM920T core processor supporting the .NET Micro Framework.
2. An SDRAM device of at least 32MB.
3. Local storage/Burst Flash Memory large enough to house the application
firmware, 24 hours of stored readings, and watch wearer data. (Probably, 8-12MB
will be sufficient).
Final components will be chosen once the fabrication models for the final circuit board are
complete. All components will be chosen for effective power management, size, and price.
We are currently developing our proof of concept watch on the Freescale Semiconductor
i.MXS Development Kit.
Organic LED Display
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a special type of light-emitting diode (LED) in
which the emissive layer is comprised of a thin film of organic compounds. One of the great
benefits of an OLED display over the traditional LCD displays is that OLEDs do not
require a backlight to function. This means that they draw far less power and, when powered
from a battery, can operate longer on the same charge.
Our current choice for a low power consumption full color display is the Truly
Semiconductors 1.2-inch 96RGB x96 65k full color organic light emitting display standard
module (overall dimension of panel is 28.3 x 27.1 x 1.6mm). The power consumption is
measured as 0.37W for 50cd/m2 for full screen white color as OLED power consumption is
highly dependent on the image content and hence the exact power is expected much lower
than value.
Communications Array
The Empath will require a rather extensive communications array on the order of allowing
all required interface methods. Our chosen approach requires three distinct interfaces.
1. USB 2.0 – The USB interface will be located on the charger, and will be used
exclusively for two reasons.
a. To flash the firmware. Firmware upgrades must take place over a highly
controlled transport layer to ensure no degradation of the data. This can also
be used to configure an individual watch for use with the different Exmocare
software suites.
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9. b. Desktop application-based configuration. For users of the Empath who do
not use Exmocare Home Plus, Enterprise or Clinical services for interacting
with and configuring the watch, a simple desktop application will be
provided to enter emergency medical information, an emergency SMS
contact, and very brief alerts configuration through a standard PC keyboard
interface. This could also be used in the future to “skin” the watch.
We will be able to use almost any out of the box USB 2.0 component, because
the charger will be plugged directly into the wall, thus requiring no specifically
stringent power requirements, and will not have the space constraints that exist
inside the watch.
2. ZigBee – The ZigBee protocol is intended for use in embedded applications
requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's current focus is to
define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing, mesh network that can be
used for, among other things, embedded sensing and medical data collection. The
resulting network will use very small amounts of power.
ZigBee can be configured to transmit data to a ZigBee-enabled personal computer or
mobile device in clinical settings and in Home Plus and Enterprise settings in which
the data transfer requirement for GSM is low:
a. The most common use situation is where large amounts of data need to be
transferred to a PC in a clinical setting.
b. Additionally, when an Enterprise Provider installs limited-transfer GSM
cards, they may impose the requirement of a ZigBee dongle attached to a PC
for direct transfer to the Enterprise server.
It is possible that our ZigBee component will have to be specially designed for the
Empath to ensure excellent integration and low power consumption and physical
size requirements. However, we are currently investigating the Telegesis ZigBee
ETRX line of integrated ZigBee solutions. These chipsets, at the relatively small size
of 37.75x20.45mm for an integrated solution, may provide a feasible store-bought
alternative for the Empath.
3. GSM – The GSM protocol is the most popular standard for mobile phone
communication in the world. The GSM protocol will be used in situations where:
a. The panic cycle detects a critical situation or configured alert and sends an
SMS message to the configured recipient.
b. The Enterprise Provider has configured readings to be uploaded to the
server via GSM, in which case this will happen by default 48 times a day or
else on the schedule set by the Enterprise Provider.
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10. The current component we are considering for use in the watch is the ultra-small
AD6548 Othello-G Single-chip direct conversion GSM/GPRS Transceiver by
Analog Devices. Analog Devices Othello-G is a true quad-band design, with
independent programmable-gain LNAs for 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency
bands. Local oscillator (LO) generation for both transmit and receive bands is
performed on chip with a fast-locking Fractional-N PLL synthesizer with integrated
loop filters, TX and RX VCOs, and tank circuits. The AD6548 also includes an on-
chip crystal oscillator and calibration system, eliminating the traditional external
VCTCXO and reducing cost. The translation-loop transmitter architecture eliminates
the need for external filtering in the transmitter signal path.
Confirmation of this component requires an NDA between Exmocare and Analog
Devices, which is currently being secured.
Shielding EMI and RFI
The Empath, as a design requirement, has a sensitive array of sensors and a series of
communications modules. Eliminating the electromagnetic interference (EMI) and Radio
Frequency Interference (RFI) inside the watch is of critical importance to getting the highest
quality data. One approach currently under consideration is to shield the sensor array with an
iron boride (or some similar composite) casing strip.
Watch Design Information
We live in a world in which technology is forever being further miniaturized. The consistent
challenge of hardware and object designers is to fit all the required technology into a package
that is as small as possible while still being mindful of ergonomic constraints. With a unique
design and careful placement of components, we are able to reduce the projected
requirements for the size of the Exmocare watch n% even with its many new included
components. The current watch size is consistent with consumer expectations for a watch –
no smaller and no larger.
An additional constraint on the Empath is determining appropriate button size. By using the
largest part of the bevel’s real estate for the two watch buttons, we have ensured that it will
be easy even for someone of limited manual dexterity to interact with the watch directly.
Further, by using haptic and audio feedback when the buttons are clicked, and with the
design of the watch’s graphical user interface, we have attempted to reduce the risk of
unintended configuration.
This care was also extended to the design of the watch band. The watch band must reserve
the possibility for housing the battery, and thus must be designed to be detachable. Even if
another power solution is chosen (see below), it will be important for cosmetic reasons to be
able to switch bands. The Empath’s band also holds the galvanic skin response sensors, in
order to get the most accurate GSR from the bottom of the wrist as opposed to the top. The
process of removing the strap will be carefully considered for ease of use by even our
hypothetical user with limited manual dexterity.
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11. Size Comparison
Our goal with the Empath was to attempt to remove roughly 50% of the size from the
current Exmocare wristwatch, by way of designing the Empath to look and feel like a
“normal” wristwatch.
The current Exmocare watch is:
85.725 mm (3.375 inches) in length (thumb to pinkie)
42.863 mm (1.6875 inches) in width (wrist to elbow)
33.338 mm (1.3125 inches) in depth
The projected (safe) dimensions for the Empath are:
34.29 mm (1.35 inches) in length
50.8 mm (2 inches) in width
15.24 mm (0.6 inches) in depth
What this means is that – using the worst case for the Empath – in the two ergonomically costly
(that is, “bulk-inducing”) dimensions (length along wrist and depth) we have removed over
55% of the size, at a cost of roughly 15% along the forearm. This size puts us within the rage
of a normal (albeit “chunky”) wristwatch.
Goal dimensions:
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12. Preliminary 3D Models
The following are preliminary scale models created by the Empath’s lead designer, Nicholas
Senske.
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13. Materials
Material selection is a key design issue for any consumer product, especially one that must be
worn at all times. A device like ours not only has to accommodate a state-of-the-art sensor
suite, but it has to do so reliably and with style. We believe that the previous design only
marginally fulfilled these requirements. Moreover, it did not feel high-tech and high-quality.
With the Empath, we set out to address these shortcomings—to create something that not
only worked beautifully, but looked the part.
Towards this end, we are evaluating several materials and processes for the watch housing
and band. The selection criteria are as follows:
1. Durability
Since the device is intended to be worn 24 hours a day, the material we use must be
non-porous, non-reactive, and resistant to all manner of impact events.
2. Product Appearance
The material should not look or feel “cheap”. It should feel solid and substantial. It
should look sleek and shiny. It should also stay looking great: resisting scratches,
staining, UV discoloration, etc.
3. Comfort
The material should be comfortable to wear for extended periods of time (this relates
to issues of wear and thermal comfort below).
4. Electronic isolation
The housing should not interfere with the operation of the electronic components,
especially the transmission needs of the device.
5. Thermal isolation
If possible, the housing and band should help to dissipate heat from the electronics
without warming the skin noticeably.
6. Environmentally-responsible materials and design
All materials used must be non-toxic (no BFR’s or PVC). Using recycled plastic is an
inexpensive way to reduce the consumables our product requires with no impact on
the material’s quality or durability. Plastic pieces should be marked with the
appropriate recycling indicators for future disassembly and reclamation.
From these criteria, we presently conceive the body of the Empath to be composed of a
durable plastic or layers of plastic, similar to the design of many of today’s popular consumer
electronics. Our precedents for this are the Apple iPod and Gameboy DS Lite, both of
which are lifestyle devices: items people carry with them all day long. These devices survive
being shoved into pockets and backpacks and still come out looking stylish. Compared to a
metal housing, plastic offers reduced development time and manufacturing costs and does
not interfere with wireless signals.
We propose a two-layered body composed of a rigid colored plastic frame covered in a
transparent wear-resistant layer. For the base layer, our best candidate is ABS plastic (the
same material used in LEGOS) in white. ABS is extremely durable, has good electrical
properties, and is non-toxic and recyclable. The shell will likely be some form of clear
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14. polycarbonate (PC), which has high impact and heat resistance as well as great clarity. In
practice, this top coating appears to float and gather light into the color layer, making it
appear to almost glow. With a sufficiently light base color, the appearance of scratches and
other wear is minimized, although the presence of oils from fingerprints is more noticeable.
We see the top bezel as a matte finish colored ABS. Currently, this piece is both non-
essential and very easy to replace, so it is possible we could offer many different colors and
designs for easy customization.
The band must be flexible enough to accommodate adjustment and durable enough to
weather daily activities and battery changing cycles. Additionally, it has the additional
technical requirements of containing the GSR electrodes and possibly the batteries. Because
of the demands of these components, a link-style band (metal or plastic) is out of the
question. A solid, hard plastic band is ruled out because it has to bend. Therefore, we are
strongly considering a molded resin process. The advantage of this is that the result is a
sealed, single piece. The disadvantage is that bands most likely cannot be fixed, but must be
replaced outright. This should be manageable if we can keep the manufacturing costs low
and ensure that we use a resin material that is recyclable.
Schematic Diagrams
Please note that multiple possible schematic diagrams are available pursuant to the OEM
availability of certain battery components (see below).
Watch Face
[ Watch face without battery ]
[ Watch face with large detachable battery ]
[ Watch face with small, wirelessly rechargeable battery ]
Watch Band
[ Watch band with gsr ]
[ Watch band with manifold battery + gsr ]
Battery Charger/USB Interface
[ See below for image requirements ]
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15. Power
One of the most significant concerns in a small, mission critical device is battery life. When
we started designing the Empath, substantially increasing the battery life of the watch was
one of our first priorities. We decided that anything less than 25 hours of stored or
transmitted readings at the Home/Enterprise Edition report cycle (30 minutes) – and panic
checks every minute – was unacceptable. This meant that the Empath has to support 1500
panic checks and 50 complete reading cycles a day, in addition to any SMS messaging and
GUI interaction that may be required.
Exmocare is currently pursuing several options with regards power management. The
strongest considerations (in descending order) for this decision are:
1. Up time.
The Empath must last for 25 hours under normal use conditions.
2. Deliverable date.
Many of the technologies that seem the most promising may not be ready for
market at the time of the Empath’s production. Meeting this deadline is our
first priority, and if the situation arises, we are prepared to accept a larger
form factor for version one of the Empath to meet it.
3. Price point.
If a situation arises in which a suitable battery could be purchased, but its cost
would drive the cost of the Empath above its anticipated price point,
4. Form factor.
The best battery solution will fit into the projected Empath form factor.
It is our belief that we will find a power solution that will meet all four of these criteria.
There are a series of possibilities from the perspective of component power management
that may allow us to address these concerns. Currently, all component power usage
design metrics are completely theoretical, and thus will not be covered in detail. Suffice
to say that there is a very reasonable possibility that we will be able to drastically reduce
the amount of power needed by the watch based on intelligent component and logic
development.
Battery Design Possibilities
We have conceived of three possibilities which we consider reasonable for the battery
design. These will also be presented in preference order, which is naturally the inverse order
of ease of implementation. That said, any of the following battery designs would be a
substantive improvement in performance, battery lifetime, and human factors design over
the current Exmocare watch. The situation is “win-win”.
1. A small, powerful battery in the main body of the watch. Under the ideal
situation, this battery would recharge wirelessly as needed from a base charger in
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16. the home of the wearer. Exmocare is currently pursuing a possible relationship
with Fulton Technologies, who may have a wireless power solution ready for
OEM use by the time the Empath goes to press.
2. A daisy chain or manifold of lower-power batteries in the watch band. Under this
situation, a single Empath would come with two detachable bands, which the
wearer would swap out for charging once a day.
[ Image ]
3. Some kind of larger, custom molded high-power detachable battery on the body
of the Empath. This would work more like a mobile phone, where the user
swaps the battery from the body of the watch with the one on the charger.
[ Image ]
These options will be pursued in accordance with the conditions listed in the section above.
Charger Design
Depending on which battery design solution above is chosen, there are several possibilities
for the design of the charger.
Under the first condition, the charger would not suffer the constraints of being fitted to the
Empath’s band or detachable battery, but would instead have specific materials requirements
for the remote recharging of the Empath.
In the second two conditions, the charger would have to be form-fitted for ease of use to
the detachable band or battery of the Empath, but would have no technical (as opposed to
design) materials requirements.
[ Image of both possible chargers ]
In any case, the charger will also have to house the USB connector.
[ Image of the way that the charger connects the Empath to USB ]
Power Cost Analysis
Due to the still preliminary stages of the Empath, it is difficult to project a “real” power-cost
analysis. That said, here are a few metrics:
1. The typical mobile phone battery for phones currently on the market is between 700-
1000 mAh.
2. Based on calculations using the breadboard components (that is, a board with very
little power optimization, and supporting unnecessary components), the power
requirement for the Empath to last for 25 hours is roughly 1100mAh.
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17. 3. Extrapolating, it seems likely that the power requirements for the Empath will fall
roughly into the range of a normal mobile device.
4. Thus the challenge, as stated above, is finding a power source that works seamlessly
with the form factor of the Empath and produces the lowest possible requirements
from a human factors perspective.
Preliminary power metrics of development board:
a. During a data acquisition phase the nominal power consumption for the Empath
breadboard should not exceed 143 mA.
b. During sleep mode the Empath breadboard power consumption should not exceed
more that 27 mA.
c. Given the current firmware estimations, then, we can expect that the breadboard’s
average power consumption will be ~46.3 mA.
Component Category
Passive/Sleep
Mode?
Passive
Consumption
Active
Consumption
LED Emitter Sensor Unknown N/A 6mW
LED Receiver (x3) Sensor Yes N/A N/A
Accelerometer Sensor Yes 500 µA 3 µA
Temperature Sensors Sensor Yes N/A N/A
GSR Sensor Unknown N/A Unknown
Analog-Digital
Converter
Processor Yes 2.1mW 8.2mW
CPU Processor Yes 25mA 120mA
GSM Communications Unknown N/A Unknown
ZigBee Communications Yes 15 µA Unknown
OLED Display Yes 0.1mA
.37W for full
screen white
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18. Onboard Logic
Onboard signal processing and emergency alerts logic is perhaps the single most substantive
new feature of the Empath. By being able to assess physiological characteristics and respond
over SMS to problem situations inside the watch, the Empath is no longer dependent on any
secondary device to serve its primary function – it has become self-contained.
Signal Processing
Since a large part of the final digital signal processing library is already in place in the current
Exmocare system, the task for the Empath is largely one of porting our extant code and then
fine tuning for the more sensitive components. The complexity of the move between
platforms (PC to Embedded) has been drastically reduced with the introduction of the .NET
MF. Additionally, for several months the project of our main signal processing programmer
has been the simplification (in terms of data structures, et. al.) of the DSP libraries. In other
words, given these two advantages, the development time for the Empath’s DSP libraries
has been drastically reduced.
Even given that, the lifespan for the Empath DSP project from start to finish will be an
arduous one. A battery of empirical data will be needed, and tests are scheduled to compare
the signal readings against hospital and clinical-grade electrocardiogram, galvanic skin
response, and skin temperature equipment. Since the DSP is now located on the firmware
and will not be as easily updatable, the out-of-the-box DSP will be thoroughly tested to work
with a target of 90% accuracy as compared to “big-box” type sensor equipment. This goal,
while attainable, will put the Empath at a significantly higher level of accuracy than any
wearable device on the market.
Storage
In addition to the system memory area (the memory used to store the embedded operating
system, and the bones of the Empath’s internal logic), the Empath will come equipped with
some “user-space” memory. Luckily, to integrate a relatively large amount of information,
we need relatively little physical space. A very small bit of user-space memory allows us to
move substantially closer to two of our biggest goals for the Empath: better configurability
and the ability to be self-contained.
User Information
There are two very important pieces of information the Empath will hold about its wearer:
First, it will store up to 24 hours of un-transmitted readings. This allows the Empath to store
data when communication is unavailable; this marks a substantial improvement over the
first Exmocare watch, and a feature requested by many clients. Second, it will store some
emergency medical information for the wearer of the watch. This means that – directly from the
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19. watch itself – the watch wearer, an EMT, or a doctor, or anyone else in an emergency situation
can quickly determine several key data about the wearer:
1. Their name and address
2. The name, address and phone number of an emergency contact
3. Their blood type and any medicinal allergies
This information adds significant value to the Empath, especially in the case that a given
watch wearer does not subscribe to the Exmocare service and instead purchases the Empath
based solely on its non-connected “watch-as-such” functionality.
Configuration Settings
In addition to the actual user data in user space, the Empath will be able to store
configuration settings, allowing the care-giver or Enterprise Provider (depending on edition)
to easily reconfigure the following:
1. The time span between panic cycles
2. The time span between report cycles
3. The emergency SMS contact
4. Alarm/Scheduled Event times
5. Date and time display settings (for example 12- or 24-hour clock)
Alerts
The Empath’s internal alert logic is a radically simplified subset of the previous Exmocare
alert system logic. This is done for several practical reasons, including power/processor cycle
conservation, data storage, reduced complexity, and the criticality of the individual alert
classes. Only four types of alerts can be sent directly by the Empath. All other alerts will be
PC or web application configured, processed, and sent.
1. Possible emergency: The possible emergency alert occurs when a very low heart
rate and normal human galvanic skin response are detected in the watch-wearer.
This combination of information implies that there is the serious risk of a life-
threatening emergency. In the presence of these data, the state will be
redundantly confirmed by skin temperature data, and then immediately an SMS
message will be sent to the configured care-giver. This alert cannot be turned off
on any GSM or CDMA enabled Empath.
2. Watch off wrist: This alert occurs when the Empath detects that the watch-
wearer has removed the watch. The value of an SMS message for this alert is
situation dependant, and can be turned on or off from the Empath software. In
any case, there will always be a visual indication on the Empath’s display
when this alert condition is met. By default, an SMS message will not be sent
under this alert condition.
3. Low battery: This alert occurs when the Empath detects that the battery is
drained to the point where in the next hour, the critical functionality of the
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20. watch will fail. Again, the value of an SMS message for this alert is situation
dependent, and again can be turned on or off from the Empath software. And
again, there will be a visual indication on the Empath’s display when this alert
condition is met. By default, an SMS message will not be sent under this alert
condition.
4. Manual panic: The manual panic alert must send an SMS to the configured
care-giver when the panic alert is triggered by the watch-wearer. This mode
cannot be turned off on any GSM or CDMA enabled Empath.
In addition to this, the Empath will also be able to receive commands from a controlling
PC or mobile device to transmit SMS messages for non-critical alerts (if configured).
Transmission Authentication
The current Exmocare watch is a classic one-way terminal. It sends information out blindly
in responses to requests sent from a commanding workstation. The Empath will have
embedded transmission authentication logic – in other words, here is the logic of the
Empath sending a reading:
1. A reading request is received by the Empath from the ExmoReporter software
(or is initiated by the Empath itself).
2. The reading is processed and sent out either over GSM/CDMA or ZigBee.
3. The server returns a confirmation ticket to the Empath.
4. At this point, the reading information is removed from the Empath.
5. If the confirmation is not received, the reading information stays on the watch
until such time as a valid confirmation is received from the server.*
*
There is also transmission confirmation logic on the server side. The server prevents a
reading’s being entered into the database until a confirmation ticket is sent out.
Communications Array
In order to deal with the wide array of communication situations facing the Empath, it will
be equipped with three ways of interface. Each way provides a set of positive and negative
elements, and the three exist in balance with each other. Together, the three communications
array elements should address with the highest level of efficiency all possible situations and
manners in which the Empath will be required to communicate.
ZigBee
ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications requiring low data rates and
low power consumption. ZigBee's current focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive,
self-organizing, mesh network that can allow the watch to talk to ZigBee-enabled devices.
ZigBee replaces the Bluetooth component on the current Exmocare watch for reasons of
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21. better power consumption, lower artifact rate, and better range. Basically, ZigBee can be
used to talk to ZigBee-enabled desktop PCs or mobile devices.
Also, ZigBee opens the door for all
future node-to-node applications with
the Empath, in other words, allowing the
Empath (with the sufficient firmware
installed) to engage in communications
with a mesh network of devices, either
controlling them or asking them to pass
data through the mesh to its destination.
ZigBee opens the Empath to a world of
smart devices, and opens the possibility
of an emotionally intelligent home or
business appliances or electronic devices.
Pro Con
Long range & Low power
consumption
Requires ZigBee-enabled partner
device
No cost for transmission Low data rate
Circumstances for use:
1. Transmission of readings to ZigBee-enabled PC or mobile device for
upload under low-cost (for transmission or power) configuration.
2. Reception of post-processed (secondary) alerts logic for SMS alerts
transmission.
3. Node-to-node communication in future applications of the device.
GSM/CDMA
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-95 (of which CDMA is a subset)
are the two most prevalent mobile communication technologies. It is Exmocare’s plan to
release first a GSM version of the watch, followed by a CDMA version. GSM will be
approached first because of several reasons:
1. GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust
features.
2. Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
3. Talk time is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of
transmission.
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22. 4. GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a
problem.
5. The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network
effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
6. The GSM component is physically larger, and thus a watch designed initially
for GSM will physically support CDMA.
Pro Con
Talks directly to cell phones Relatively high power consumption
Nearly global coverage Service cost
Circumstances for use:
1. Transmission of alerts via SMS.
2. Transmission of reading data to server if no ZigBee internet-enabled device is
present and the local storage device is full.
3. Transmission of reading data under the Enterprise firmware if so configured by an
Enterprise provider.
4. Determining a changed time zone.
USB
Because the Empath is programmable, and because neither of the previous methods of data
transmission provide a stable enough channel for critical system updates, a USB 2.0
connection will be required. A USB 2.0 connection will allow roughly 12Mb/s through a
physical cable. This, in turn, will allow safe and easy firmware upgrades, firmware flashes,
alerts configuration, and anything else that has to do with reprogramming your Empath.
Pro Con
Extremely high bandwidth
Range limited by physical
connection
Circumstances for use:
1. Firmware updates.
2. Flashing the Empath (i.e. setting up an Empath previously used for Enterprise to
be used for Clinical).
3. Configuring onboard alerts.
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23. User Interface
Designing a user interface for a 1x1” viewable area presents a unique
set of challenges. As of now, the Empath, by the very nature of its
being a watch, is ergonomically restricted to one of the smallest
interface areas of any consumer device on the market. The second
design challenge that comes into play with the Empath is the limited
number of expected inputs. As a rule, a digital watch is expected to
have two to four buttons. Given the projected (limited) manual
dexterity of the Empath’s biggest target market combined with the
physical size of the device, two large buttons is basically the only
option.
In considering the graphical, audio and haptic components of the
Empath’s user interface, the team is focused on several key elements:
1. Robustness: that is, reduction of the possibility of improper inputs, and
subsequently tolerance of the same. A robust interface is necessary not only to
protect the device, but to protect the wearer of the watch and any potential care-
givers. A secondary requirement of robustness is that under no circumstances
(based on user input at least) should the Empath present an error message or a
confirmation dialogue. By severely limiting input constraints, the Empath can
“feel” more like a watch and less like a computer.
2. Consistency: that is, there are a set of simple rules that apply to all interface
elements. Consistency allows the watch-wearer to quickly develop general rules
about how the Empath works. Along with a general less is more principle, this will
allow the Empath to be a “caring” product, instead of an intimidating one.
a. Path control. By limiting the number of paths with which a user can
access a certain function, the learning curve for the interface is made
simpler. Under normal (PC, cell phone, etc) device interface constraints,
the ability to provide more pathways to a function is valuable, insofar as
the number of necessary “clicks” is reduced. However, the severely
limited input situation of the Empath, users will resent branching paths
and prefer a more watch-standard “wraparound” interface.
3. Affordance. Affordance the property that indicates how obvious a device’s
function is from its appearance. By studying, interpreting, and simplifying
expected methods of HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) for a digital watch the
Empath can provide functionality based on the watch-wearer’s extant
conditioning.
4. Compatibility. As you may have noticed, we have been hedging around
compatibility – our guiding principle – throughout sections 1-3. There are three
levels of compatibility to discuss:
a. Compatibility between what the user expects and what the user gets.
b. Compatibility between different products of the same type.
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24. c. Compatibility between the device and its surroundings, and the devices
with which it is expected to cooperate.
4c is the largely the domain of the physical and component design of the watch,
which has been and will continue to be discussed by this document. 4b is what
we have been alluding to with the references to the “expected” behavior of a
digital watch. Now, granted, there is nothing that really compares with or sets
expectations directly on the Empath. It is a unique product, at least for now. This
means that 4a becomes the guiding compatibility principle of the Empath. How
do we deliver to the expectation of the user for (since there is no genre word
here) the Empath?
Button Mapping
Again, the key factor in the determination of the Empath’s interface is compatibility with
expectations. The design challenge in creating the input system for the watch is that the
closest expectation we have to conform to is a digital watch. In addition to that we have a
requirement in place that dictates that the buttons must be large (usability), must for the
most part perform a single function (consistency), and must be differentiated spatially and
with haptic input to get the maximum amount of usability in all situations.
Panic Mode
Perhaps the least used and simultaneously most important function of the button interfaces
is for manual panic mode. Triggering panic mode must:
1. Be simple enough to perform in a crisis situation
2. Be unique enough that there is a low risk of accidentally triggering a panic alert
Given the restricted number of options, the best possible way to trigger a manual alert is to
press both buttons simultaneously and continuously for a period of 3 seconds. This action is
unique among normal watch functions, simple to perform given the size of the buttons, and
the time requirement should eliminate the vast majority of accidental manual alerts from
being sent.
UI Interaction
Under normal watch interaction, it is important for consistency reasons to assign each
button a single static function through all possible interactions. For this reason, we have
assigned one button (top-of-face, assuming that most right-handed people wear a watch on
their left wrist, and thus assigning the more frequently used button to the more dexterous
index finger) as the move button and the other (the bottom-of-face thumb button) as the set
button.
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25. The move button gets the user from one place to the next. This button is used to navigate
between interface screens, and also to adjust the value under the “cursor” when the user is
entering data into the watch.
The set button changes the mode from view to edit for an individual interface screen (when
applicable), and also applies changes to a value current under the “cursor” and moves the
“cursor” to the next position.
Graphical User Interface
Given an intelligently standardized mode of interaction or input, the remainder of the
challenge for a fully constituted interface for the Empath is the graphical user interface
(GUI). The design of the GUI will be focused on aesthetic and usability requirements. To
clarify, what we mean by usability is:
1. Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they
encounter the design?
2. Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks?
3. Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how
easily can they reestablish proficiency?
4. Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily
can they recover from the errors?
5. Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design?
Clearly, many of these things can only finalized in real targeted end-user testing for, but by
applying good design principles to the GUI, we can anticipate many potential problems.
The Empath Graphical User Interface at a glance.
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26. Standard Display
The standard display is the clock face display. This screen will provide the wearer of the
Empath with an “at a glance” system status, as well as provide the watch functionality of the
Empath.
View Mode
[Screen shot]
1. Date and Time
The standard display face will show the current date and time. The time zone will be
updated using the GSM/CDMA component.
[ icons ]
2. Battery Life Monitor
Additionally, the standard display will have a constant battery meter. At a glance, the
user should be able to see as the battery level drops. At low battery level, this icon
begins to flash.
[ icons ]
3. Connectivity Monitor
Thirdly, the standard display will have a constant connectivity monitor. The screen
will indicate only whether the Empath can connect over GSM/CDMA, as the loss of
this connection is the only one that can significantly impair the Empath’s
functionality.
In the instance that the Empath is directly connected to a PC over the USB
connection, a persistent USB icon will replace the connectivity meter.
In the instance that Privacy/Airplane mode has been set, a persistent “no
communication” icon will be replace the connectivity meter.
[ icons ]
4. Data Transfer Monitor
Fourth, the Empath should indicate when it is transferring data in a way that doesn’t
interrupt its functionality. A single piece of real estate on the OLED will be reserved
for indication of data transfer, with separate icons for transfer over USB,
GSM/CDMA, and ZigBee.
[ icons ]
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27. 5. Alarm
Finally, a piece of screen real estate will be dedicated to the visual component of a
wearer-configured alarm/schedule event.
[ icons ]
Edit Mode
Setting the Date and Time
By drilling in to the front screen (pushing the bottom button of the Empath), the
wearer can edit the date and time. This functionality is largely unnecessary because of
the GSM/CDMA time detection, but is in place for compatibility with user
expectations for a digital watch.
Example Input Tree
The input tree for setting the date/time looks like this:
All input trees will follow this pattern.
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28. Alarm/Scheduler
The scheduler display is the only “negotiable” interface element of the Empath – under
certain circumstances it is usable for things outside of the core mission of the device. It is
tangentially, however, insofar as the Empath is “the watch that cares for you” – i.e. it can be
configured to offer you a medication reminder. After some considered discussion, the
Empath development team decided that using some features from a “rich” scheduling
system was worth the extra time and overhead.
In essence, the Empath can schedule three alarms, and each of these alarms can take place
either once (today) or daily. The wearer will be able to program alarms manually from the
watch or from the desktop software. Additionally, from the desktop software, the user can
“tag” or name schedule events (i.e. – “Take medication”), and this information will be
displayed when the alarm is sounded.
View Mode
[Screen shot]
Edit Mode
[Screen shot – on the watch]
[Screen shot – on the desktop]
Alarm on Standard Display
[Screen shot – unnamed event]
[Screen shot – named event]
Wrist Heart Rate Monitor
The heart rate monitor simply allows the wearer of the Empath to view their current heart
rate. It has no editable functionality.
[Screen shot]
Wearer Emergency Information
The Empath will display the following emergency medical information for its wearer:
1. Full name
2. Home address
3. Blood type
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29. 4. Medical allergies
5. Next of kin/Emergency contact’s full name
6. Next of kin/Emergency contact’s home address
This will be configurable from the desktop software or manually from the watch itself.
View Mode
[Screen shot]
Edit Mode
[Screen shot – manual/Empath configuration]
[Screen shot – desktop application configuration]
Options
The options screen is the only interface element that uses nested screens. Given the small
amount of real estate a single screen for all the options is untenable from a usability
perspective. Additionally, having three low-use functions in the default Empath UI cycle is
an equally complication-inducing proposition.
[Screen shot]
Privacy/Airplane Mode
[Screen shot]
With Privacy/Airplane mode, the wearer of the Empath can put the watch into
“silent” mode. During such time as privacy/airplane mode is in effect, the ZigBee
and GSM/CDMA components will not attempt to communicate.
If privacy/airplane mode continues is set for such an extended period of time that
the Empath cannot continue to store readings, a visual warning will be issued to the
Empath’s wearer, asking her whether she will allow the Empath to return to its
normal mode of operation.
[Screen shot]
Emergency Contact
[Screen shot]
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30. With the emergency contact configuration, the wearer of the Empath can manually
set the mobile phone number of his emergency contact. This number will be used to
send SMS alerts to in the instance that they are required.
Display
[Screen shot]
In the Display Options, the wearer of the Empath can configure the time for 24- or
12-hour display, in addition to selecting from common forms of date display (i.e.
“01-31-2008”, “31-01-2008”, “31st
Jan, 2008”, “Jan 31st
, 2008”).
“Sleep” Mode
[Screen shot]
When the Empath is not being interacted with (by a PC or the wearer by way of the buttons)
the OLED will “sleep”. During sleep mode, the Empath will continue to display the time of
day, but nothing else, in order to conserve the Empath’s battery power. Pressing either
button will wake the Empath up.
Software
Obviously, the creation of the Empath will completely reframe the entire Exmocare system.
While this document will not contain any technical errata regarding the Exmocare software
(outside of the watch firmware, obviously), it will serve us well to address some of the many
points at which the existence of the Empath will allow us to improve the Exmocare system
as a whole.
.NET Top to Bottom and the .NET MF
Using the .NET Micro Framework, Exmocare can create a system that is seamlessly
integrated from the firmware of the Empath to the web application tier. This will provide a
more supportable, better integrated product structure. In short, from a software perspective,
the Empath allows the Exmocare system to perform better in a wider range of areas,
provides a shorter learning curve for support staff and developers, and drastically reduces
time to market for any future applications for the Empath.
Language Support
Supporting as many languages as possible has always been a goal of Exmocare. Because of
the continuous framework in place for the Empath’s application set, time to market for a
given internationalization will be substantially improved from the current system. The
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31. Empath itself will be capable of displaying any language, although language support will be
developed on a market-by-market basis.
Updating Firmware
Getting the broad range of functionality that is required out of the Empath requires at least
three distinct default firmware configurations. In addition to this, from time to time,
Exmocare will release upgrades and improvements to the Empath’s firmware which should
be easily manageable even by marginally competent computer users. All firmware upgrades
will take place over USB, for the maximum level of speed and stability for this mission-
critical task.
Configuring for use with Individual Software Suites
As indicated above, the firmware configuration for each software suite will be different.
Therefore, in order to make a single Empath mobile between applications, Exmocare will
provide, under certain conditions, a tool that an end-user will be able to use to “flash” their
Empath.
[ Screenshot ]
Configuring Alerts
Almost every software suite produced by Exmocare will have some basic level of firmware
configurability. The care-giver can configure the Empath to send or not send SMS alerts on
the “low battery” and “watch off wrist” conditions. While these settings could be
configurable wirelessly, they will nevertheless also require a USB connection.
Allowing the Empath to receive any self-configuration instructions by ZigBee or
GSM/CDMA presents a serious security risk. In the past, devices have attempted to allay
this risk by requiring the user of the device to confirm the change. From a usability
standpoint, this is untenable, given the expected level of technological competency of our
potential user base. As such, the only way to configure these alerts will be with the provided
desktop software.
[ Screenshot ]
Plan for Production
Exmocare will begin developing the Empath as of February 19, 2007. The target date for the
first Empath rolling off the factory line is November 19, 2007. In subsequent iterations of
this document, a more finely grained timeline will be available for review.
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32. Preliminary Product Line
Provisional
Plan Name
Hardware Software Services
Upfront
Hardware
Cost
Upfront
Software
Cost
Monthly
Service
Fee
Single
Exmocare
Empath
1x
Empath
Empath
Desktop
Configuration
Utility
N/A $200 N/A N/A
FOR
Exmocare
Home
1x
Empath
Empath
Desktop
Configuration
Utility
Basic
CDMA/GSM
Alert
Service
$150 N/A $29.99
HOME
Exmocare
Home Plus
1x
Empath
Empath
Desktop
Configuration
Utility,
ExmoReporter
Home, Login
to Exmocare's
Personal
Company
using /o
Advanced
CDMA/GSM
Alert
Service
$150 N/A $39.99
USE
Exmocare
Enterprise
(Enterprise
Provider
License)
N/A
Exmocare
Enterprise
Server,
Empath Batch
Configuration
Utility,
ExmoReporter
Enterprise
Redistributable
N/A N/A $100,000
$5 per
active
Empath
FOR
Exmocare
Enterprise
(Company
License)
N/A
Exmocare
Enterprise,
Empath Batch
Configuration
Utility,
ExmoReporter
Enterprise
Redistributable
Exmocare-
maintained
Enterprise
Provider
N/A $10,000
$20 per
active
Empath
BUSINESS
Exmocare
Enterprise
(Single
Empath for
Company)
1x
Empath
N/A
Advanced
CDMA/GSM
Alert
Service
$100 N/A
$20
(See
above)
USE
Exmocare
Clinical
(Single
computer,
bundled
1x
Empath
Exmocare
Clinical Edition
(1x license)
N/A $150 $1,300.00 N/A
FOR
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33. Upfront Upfront Monthly
Provisional
Hardware Software Services
Plan Name
Hardware
Cost
Software Service
Cost Fee
Empath)
Exmocare
Clinical
(Company
license,
single
Empath)
1x
Empath
Exmocare
Clinical Edition
(10x license)
N/A Free $10,000.00 N/A
RESEARCH
Exmocare
Clinical
(Single
computer,
additional
Empath)
1x
Empath
N/A N/A $150 N/A N/A
USE
Proof of Concept
The current Exmocare wristwatch, along with initial versions of Exmocare Clinical and
Enterprise Editions, are available under NDA for review as a proof of concept for the
Empath.
Projected Unit Cost
The anticipated price point for the Exmocare Empath is $149.99. This price is calculated
from bulk unit costs in the current component architecture. It should not be understood as
in any way final, as certain components are subject to change, and others will be available
more cheaply to manufacturers.
Conclusion
In sum, the Empath will be a smaller, more intelligent, more extensible Exmocare
wristwatch. It will take advantage of the many markets Exmocare has already found to be
interested in the current device, as well as opening many more. Additionally, the smaller
form factor and reduced unit cost position the Empath for commercial, direct-to-consumer
sale.
This document was principally created and is maintained by Paul Tulipana, Exmocare’s
Chief Technology Officer.
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34. All questions or comments regarding the document should be addressed to him directly
through email: paul@exmocare.com.
End of document.
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