The study examined theory of mind (ToM) deficits in patients with adolescent-onset psychosis (AOP) compared to typically developing adolescents. Participants viewed video clips of triangles interacting and were scored on their ability to identify intentionality and appropriateness of interactions. Results showed AOP patients had greater ToM deficits, scoring poorer on identifying mental states and focusing more on factual information. AOP patients also did not differentiate as well between intentional and random interactions. The study provides evidence that AOP is associated with ToM impairments in social cognition.
A handout for students to practice creating a literature review from a source.
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
A handout for students to practice creating a literature review from a source.
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Equilibrium in Nash’s mind (with references)Vasil Penchev
Capps (2009: 145)1 suggested the hypothesis that “the Nash equilibrium is descriptive of the normal brain, whereas the game theory formulated by John van Neumann, which Nash’s theory challenges, is descriptive of the schizophrenic brain”
Arguments are offered in favor of Capps’s thesis from psychiatry, game theory, set theory philosophy and theology
A critique of outcome research in psychotherapy, and a proposal that more weight should be put on the ability fo therapists and clients to continue in relationships for as long as therapy remains active and mutative
Number of people exposed to traumatic events is on rise
day by day. Despite of this increased rate of exposure, little
is known about the disease, treatments available for
preventing/relieving PTSD symptoms. As research is a
continuous process and huge body of evidence is being
added to the existing literature, it is very important to
update ourselves. All the conclusions made by various
researchers are the result of experiments performed in
their set up which is different from ours. The applicability
of those conclusions in our kind of population has to be
evaluated and build our own body of evidence.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Equilibrium in Nash’s mind (with references)Vasil Penchev
Capps (2009: 145)1 suggested the hypothesis that “the Nash equilibrium is descriptive of the normal brain, whereas the game theory formulated by John van Neumann, which Nash’s theory challenges, is descriptive of the schizophrenic brain”
Arguments are offered in favor of Capps’s thesis from psychiatry, game theory, set theory philosophy and theology
A critique of outcome research in psychotherapy, and a proposal that more weight should be put on the ability fo therapists and clients to continue in relationships for as long as therapy remains active and mutative
Number of people exposed to traumatic events is on rise
day by day. Despite of this increased rate of exposure, little
is known about the disease, treatments available for
preventing/relieving PTSD symptoms. As research is a
continuous process and huge body of evidence is being
added to the existing literature, it is very important to
update ourselves. All the conclusions made by various
researchers are the result of experiments performed in
their set up which is different from ours. The applicability
of those conclusions in our kind of population has to be
evaluated and build our own body of evidence.
Since the mid twentieth century, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists have sought to explain mental illness in biological terms. In this talk, we'll discuss the emergence of influential biological models such as the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the rise of neuropsychopharmacology (the prescription and widespread use of medications such Prozac and Zoloft), and the complexity of studying complex conditions like generalized anxiety and schizophrenia in biological terms.
Running head PTSD2PTSD5Post-Traumatic Stress Di.docxtodd581
Running head: PTSD
2
PTSD
5
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Amber Hope
Argosy University
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Anderson, Cesur, & Tekin (2015)open up the discussion with focusing on the onset of PTSD among individuals. They present PTSD as a severe disorder with a focus on the destruction of thinking, emotions, and actions. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) argue that PTSD influences an individual to become unstable in terms of thinking and acting. Most schizophrenic patients end up either being responsive or withdrawn (Bargai, Ben-Shakhar, & Shalev, 2007). PTSD is different from multiple personalities due to the symptoms differences between the two disorders (Herring et al., 2008). Patients who suffer from the disease either hear things or see them. They have an altered personality and always feel angry and irrational (O'Mahen & Flynn, 2008). Patients show bizarre behavior. They have preoccupation when it comes to issues focusing on religion (Söderquist, Wijma, Thorbert, & Wijma, 2009). PTSD patients feel indifferent to essential situations.
Individuals who possess the disorders lack a strong personality and may not pose a danger to those around them (Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky, 2013). Chassin (2010) states that there are several causes of PTSD. Brummelte & Galea (2016) confirm that factors such as poor parenting, childhood experiences, and low motivation in life are not the causes of PTSD. (Fusar-Poli, et al., 2014) Presents an argument that the roots of PTSD are caused by various issues in the human environment that influence the minds to become unstable. Individuals may have infections in their brains, a significant factor that may lead to them having the disorder (Dein, 2017).
PTSD exists in the genetic coding of individuals which influences individuals to pass it from one generation to another with much ease (Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy, 2018). Despite the disorder lacking a cure, it does not mean that it is not manageable (Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy, 2018). Some combination of prescriptions and therapeutic techniques are vital in dealing with the disorder.
References
Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.
Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-317.
Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women: The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 267-275.
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016). Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic revi.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxspoonerneddy
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxssusera34210
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docx
Carol Lin - SUPC PPT final
1. Carol Lin1, Ariel Schvarcz2, & Carrie E. Bearden1,2,3
Theory of Mind Deficits in
Patients with Adolescent-
Onset Psychosis
May 16, 2015 Stanford Undergraduate Psychology Conferenc
1Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA;
2Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; 3Semel Institute for Neuroscience and
Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
2. SZ causes impaired
emotional and social
abilities1, among other
debilitating symptoms2
The exact etiology is
unknown
Afflicts ~1% of the world’s
population3
Typically emerges in young
adulthood, though gender
differences exist4
Schizophrenia (SZ) Background
1 Häfner, H. (1988). What is schizophrenia? European archives of psychiatry and neurological sciences, 238(2), 63-72.
2 Ritsner, M., Ben-Avi, I., Ponizovsky, A., Timinsky, I., Bistrov, E., & Modai, I. (2003). Quality of life and coping with schizophrenia symptoms. Quality of Life
Research, 12(1), 1-9.
3 Millegan, J. (2014).What causes schizophrenia? Research.
4Eranti, S.V., MacCabe, J.H., Bundy, H., & Murray, R.M. (2013). Gender differences in age of onset of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine,
3. Emerges prior to age 18
Form of schizophrenia
associated with:
Poorer prognosis5
Profound difficulties in
behaving, thinking, and
communicating6
Greater deficits in
cognition and functioning7
relative to adult-onset SZ
Adolescent-Onset Psychosis (AOP)
5: Vyas, N.S., & Gogtay, N. (2012). Treatment of early onset schizophrenia: Recent trends, challenges and future considerations. Frontiers in Psychiatry,
3(29), 1-5.
6: Malla, A., & Payne, J. (2005): First-episode psychosis: Psychopathology, quality of life, and functional outcome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(3), 650-671.
7: Pauly, K., Seiferth, N.Y., Kellermann, T., Backes, V., Vloet, T., Shah, N.J., et al.(2008). Cerebral dysfunctions of emotion – cognition interactions in
4. Theory of Mind (ToM)
8 Frangou, S. (2010). Cognitive function in early onset schizophrenia: A selective review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(79), 1-6.
9: Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J., & Van Engeland, H. (2007). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry,
191(1), 5-13.
10: Brüne, M. (2005). “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia bulletin, 31(1), 21-42.
11
One particular area of
impairment in SZ is social
cognition8
Particularly, Theory of Mind
(ToM) skills
Although ToM deficits are widely
documented among adult-onset
schizophrenia patients,9,10,11 little
is known about such
impairments in AOP
5. Hypothesis
As compared to typically developing adolescents, individuals
with AOP will demonstrate impaired ToM skills as evidenced
by poorer performance on a ToM Task.
6. Participants
Typically Developing
Controls (N=35)
AOP Patients (N=22) p value
Mean Age, in years
(±SD)
15.37(2.84) 16.47 (1.61) 0.068
Gender, N (% female) 15(42.9) 7(31.8) 0.405
Mean Current IQ (±SD) 106.3(17.1) 102.6(14.6) 0.394
Mean Participant
Education, in years
(±SD)
8.89(2.81) 9.77(2.84) 0.172
Race/Ethnicity (%) 0.132
Caucasian, Non-
Hispanic
21(60.0) 16(65.4)
African-American 5(14.3) 0(0)
Asian-American/
Pacific Islander
3(8.6) 1(4.5)
Other/Declined to
State
6(17.1) 5(22.7)
7. Participants viewed 8 silent
video clips depicting
interactions between triangles
Two conditions
Theory of Mind (ToM)
Random (Rd)
Administration
Methods – Animations Task
8. Methods – Animations Task
Scoring
Scored on the dimensions of:
Intentionality (0-5)
Appropriateness (0-3)
Average Intentionality and
Appropriateness scores were
then calculated for each person
for each task condition
Analyses
Group differences in
Intentionality and
Appropriateness scores were
evaluated with 2 (Group:
AOP vs. controls) x 2
(Condition: ToM vs. Random)
repeated-measures ANOVA
9. Interaction Results
Significant group by condition interactions were found for
both Intentionality (F(1,55)=87.212, p<0.001)) and
Appropriateness (F(1,55)=39.151, p< 0.001))
The difference in Intentionality and Appropriateness
scores between patients and controls varied
according to task condition
10. Results – Intentionality Interaction
Significant Group Differences in Intentionality Scores across
Condition Type
11. Results – Appropriateness Interaction
Significant Group Differences in Appropriateness Scores across
Condition Type
12. Conclusions
As compared to typically developing adolescents, patients
with AOP evidence greater ToM deficits in identifying
mental states (Intentionality)12 in social situations and
instead focus more on factual information
(Appropriateness).
AOP patients were also less likely to differentiate between
ToM and Random conditions when describing interactions
between animated figures.
1
2
12 Brune, M. (2005). Emotion recognition, ‘theory of mind,’ and social behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 133(2-3), 135-147.
13. Examine the correlation between such ToM
deficits and global functioning
Incorporate neuroimaging techniques
Future Directions
Study the effects of age, age of illness onset,
gender, and global cognitive ability (e.g., IQ) on ToM
deficits
14. Advisors and Lab Personnel
Carrie Bearden, Ph.D.
Ariel Schvarcz, M.A.
Jennifer Ho, M.S.
Leila Kushan, M.S.
Maria Jalbrzikowski, Ph.D.
Participants who participated in the study
Funding Sources: P50 MH066286/MH/NIMH NIH, NARSAD,
and the Staglin Family Music Festival
Acknowledgements
SZ is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder1 that causes impaired emotional and social abilities, among other debilitating symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and deteriorating quality of life.2 The exact etiology is unknown to this day, but it afflicts approximately 1% of the world’s population today.3 On average, the age of SZ onset is 18 in men, and 25 in women4.
Adolescent-onset psychosis, or AOP, is one subtype of SZ that is defined as emergence of over psychosis prior to age 18. AOP is a particularly virulent and chronic form of schizophrenia associated with poorer prognosis, more profound difficulties in behaving, thinking and communicating, and greater deficits in cognition and functioning relative to adult-onset SZ.
One particular area of impairment for patients with psychosis is social cognition, which is the ability to understand another individual’s intentions, emotions, and perspectives. Theory of Mind is one aspect of social cognition that is defined as the ability to predict another person’s behavior by associating emotions such as desires and beliefs. However, while ToM deficits are widely documented among adult-onset SZ patients, little is known about such impairments in AOP, warranting further examination.
Therefore, the current study sought to examine ToM deficits in the AOP population as compared to typically developing adolescents. We hypothesized that individuals with AOP would demonstrate impaired ToM skills, as evidenced by poorer performance on a ToM Task.
Participants were selected from a larger, ongoing study at UCLA. Our final sample consisted of 22 patients and 35 controls, who were demographically matched on age, gender, current IQ, years of education, and ethnicity. Patients met criteria for a psychotic-spectrum disorder, while controls were free of any Axis I disorders and any psychosis among first-degree relatives. All participants were administered a battery of clinical and neuropsychological measures including a ToM Task.
This ToM task is called Animations. Participants viewed 8 silent video clips (34-45s in length) that illustrated interactions between triangles moving around stationary rectangles.
The 8 clips comprised 2 conditions; 4 Theory of Mind scenarios, which were simulated human interactions, & 4 random scenarios, or triangles that aimlessly moved around the screen. Clips were presented in randomized order to each participant. After viewing each clip, the participants were asked to describe what happened without feedback from the examiner and without an imposed time limit.
Each clip was then scored on the dimensions of Intentionality, the degree to which the subject describes complex, intentional mental states and interactions as depicted by the animated triangles, & Appropriateness, which is the accuracy of the descriptive response.
Variables were scored on a scale from 0-5 for Intentionality, higher Intentionality scores meaning that more emotionally expressive verbs were used to describe interactions between multiple entities. Simple action verbs (e.g., floating, running) received scores of 0, while those suggesting intentions and motives received score of 5 (e.g., seducing, coaxing) Appropriateness was scored on a scale from 0-3, with higher scores meaning more accurate descriptions of the events in the clips.
Average Intentionality and Appropriateness scores were then calculated for each person from the 4 clips comprising the Dimension (e.g., the 4 ToM clips, and the 4 Random clips). Therefore, each individual was left with 4 scores (ToM_I, ToM_A, RD_I, and RD_A)
Group differences in Intentionality and Appropriateness scores were evaluated using a repeated measure ANOVA, with dimensions of 2 (Group: AOP vs. controls) x 2 (Condition: ToM vs. Random) on SPSS v. 2.0
Significant group by condition interactions for Intentionality and Appropriateness were found such that the difference in scores on intentionality and appropriateness between patients and controls varied according to task condition (ToM or Random).
In this figure, the group differences in intentionality scores across Condition Type are clearly visible. To orient you, on the x-axis are the two conditions of clips (ToM or random), while the y axis displays the average intentionality score for each participant across the 8 clips (4 in each condition). We see that patients were less adept at appropriately identifying mental states and social interactions in the ToM condition, and ascertaining that none were present in the random condition.
This figure displays the average score for appropriateness (or description accuracy) alongside the two task conditions. Again, there are clear group differences in average Appropriateness Scores across Condition Type. Patients appear more likely than controls to focus on describing the factual events of a clip in the presence of emotion-laden content during the ToM condition, but struggle more when the events of a clip are less structured. Controls show the opposite effect, such that they are more accurate in factually describing an event in the absence of clear human-like interactions.
Overall, results revealed that as compared to typically developing adolescents, patients experience more deficits in identifying mental states and relationships (Intentionality) in social situations, and instead focus more on factual information (Appropriateness).
They were also less likely to differentiate between ToM and Random conditions when attempting to describe interactions between figures (i.e., on intentionality domain)
This is in line with prior research showing deficits in social perception among patients with SZ, including impaired ability to infer mental states and to recognize emotional content.
Our results are also in line with the idea that typically developing individuals are perhaps more likely to focus on emotion-based content as opposed to neutral stimuli in a given situation, perhaps explaining why the accuracy of their factual descriptions increased when in the random condition.
Limitations to our study included using a relatively small sample size and a cross-sectional approach, not investigating the role of covariates on observed effects (such as age, age of illness onset, IQ, gender), and not examining the association between observed deficits and functional/functioning outcome. Therefore, these are areas to be addressed in future studies, along with assessing the underlying neural mechanisms of observed ToM deficits using neuroimaging techniques.
Special thanks to the participants, funding sources, and advisors/lab personnel that helped to make this project what it is today. I definitely could not have done it without their help and advice. Thank you!