The document discusses the importance of attention and mindfulness. It summarizes research showing that a wandering mind is associated with unhappiness, and that multitasking reduces cognitive performance. Mindfulness training is shown to improve focus, reduce stress and depression, and enhance performance. The document advocates for mindfulness to improve mental and physical health, and suggests it can help reduce medical errors by enhancing focus and attention.
Dr. Eugene Ahn of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center discussed mind-body approaches to cancer healing at the 2011 WellBeingWell Conference in Miami.
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
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A Mindful Way to Staying Mentally Healthy at UniversityBarry Tse
A deck prepared for an online talk given to the University of Liverpool students and staff in Feb 2022 Feel Good Month. The talk touched on common psychological issues identified in a recent study in the UK and explained some of the problems that plagued our modern lifestyle. Secular mindfulness is then introduced as a tool to regain control of our declining ability to focus and our stress response that has constantly been put on hyperdrive due to our evolution, neurological wiring, and psychological processes needed for our survival.
Dr. Eugene Ahn of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center discussed mind-body approaches to cancer healing at the 2011 WellBeingWell Conference in Miami.
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
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We are a premier academic writing agency with industry partners in UK, Australia and Middle East and over 15 years of experience. We are looking to establish long-term relationships with industry partners and would love to discuss this opportunity further with you.
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A Mindful Way to Staying Mentally Healthy at UniversityBarry Tse
A deck prepared for an online talk given to the University of Liverpool students and staff in Feb 2022 Feel Good Month. The talk touched on common psychological issues identified in a recent study in the UK and explained some of the problems that plagued our modern lifestyle. Secular mindfulness is then introduced as a tool to regain control of our declining ability to focus and our stress response that has constantly been put on hyperdrive due to our evolution, neurological wiring, and psychological processes needed for our survival.
Number of people exposed to traumatic events is on rise
day by day. Despite of this increased rate of exposure, little
is known about the disease, treatments available for
preventing/relieving PTSD symptoms. As research is a
continuous process and huge body of evidence is being
added to the existing literature, it is very important to
update ourselves. All the conclusions made by various
researchers are the result of experiments performed in
their set up which is different from ours. The applicability
of those conclusions in our kind of population has to be
evaluated and build our own body of evidence.
A critique of outcome research in psychotherapy, and a proposal that more weight should be put on the ability fo therapists and clients to continue in relationships for as long as therapy remains active and mutative
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Pain and Opioids: damage and danger, mechanism and meaningMark Sullivan
In this presentation, I argue that pain exists more to protect than to inform, so survival implications affect pain processing. The salience and valence of pain are continually adjusted to promote survival. For humans, physical survival depends on social survival, so our brains have evolved to make both physical and social injury painful, with our endogenous opioid system modulating both forms of pain to promote both forms of survival.
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
Number of people exposed to traumatic events is on rise
day by day. Despite of this increased rate of exposure, little
is known about the disease, treatments available for
preventing/relieving PTSD symptoms. As research is a
continuous process and huge body of evidence is being
added to the existing literature, it is very important to
update ourselves. All the conclusions made by various
researchers are the result of experiments performed in
their set up which is different from ours. The applicability
of those conclusions in our kind of population has to be
evaluated and build our own body of evidence.
A critique of outcome research in psychotherapy, and a proposal that more weight should be put on the ability fo therapists and clients to continue in relationships for as long as therapy remains active and mutative
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Pain and Opioids: damage and danger, mechanism and meaningMark Sullivan
In this presentation, I argue that pain exists more to protect than to inform, so survival implications affect pain processing. The salience and valence of pain are continually adjusted to promote survival. For humans, physical survival depends on social survival, so our brains have evolved to make both physical and social injury painful, with our endogenous opioid system modulating both forms of pain to promote both forms of survival.
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
Presentation slides of a research proposal for using simple eye-tracking system for diagnosis of ADHD.
In collaboration with Hossein Razbarry in the university of Trento. Affective Computing project.
The Reduction of Anxiety on the Ability to Make DecisionsAbbie Frank
A research study I had done in my Cognition psychology class to look at the reduction of anxiety using yoga and animal assisted therapy and the affects they can have on decision making.
Running Head: DEPRESSION 1
DEPRESSION 3
Lana Eliot
Depression
Psychology 630
Professor Benton
August 25, 2018
Many people throughout the world experience some type of depression in their lives and it is one of the most common mental disorders. The current statistic show that depression is linked to genetic, environmental, biological and is also psychological. Depression can ben found with any age person. A small child or an adult may have to deal with the depression that is affecting them. Chemical imbalances in the brain is the leading cause for a person dealing with the depressive order. The neurotransmitter is the what we call the communicator between the brain and the limbic system. Researchers study the limbic system in the brain as this is where depression starts; especially for anxiety and stress. The 3 major neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine all have direct relations with a persons’ depression and anxiety.
Serotonin plays a crucial role in our brain. It is associated with many physical actions that we may portray. The actions associated with serotonin are mood altering, sleeping patterns, eating disorders, and aggression. If a persons’ serotonin levels decrease, they may experience these depressive symptoms. This can also make persons have a feeling of self-worth and suicidal feelings.
Another transmitter in the brain which is associated with the depressive disorder is dopamine. This is the part of the brain that deals with our motivation and how we gain the feeling of self-worth and self-pleasure. Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. One main cause of depression is the reduction in the concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. The decrease in the concentration of these neurotransmitters leads to disturbed neuronal signal processing which leads to alterations in the structure of the neuronal networks. These basic changes are accepted to be one of the fundamental purposes behind sorrow. The emergence of neuroimaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional fMRI, established the importance of the ‘neurocircuit of emotion’ which has been expanded to include other important brain areas and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These brain sites and their connections, which have been widely studied, are responsible for maintaining emotional stability and their malfunction is considered central to the pathophysiology of depression (Palazidou, E., 2012).
Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison,.
Most people with dementia undergo behavioral changes during the course of the disease. They may become anxious or repeat the same question or activity over and over. The unpredictability of these changes can be stressful for caregivers. As the disease progresses, your loved one's behavior may seem inappropriate, childlike or impulsive. Anticipating behavioral changes and understanding the causes can help you deal with them more effectively.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Mind wandering and happiness
“In conclusion, a human mind is a wandering
mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy
mind. The ability to think about what is not
happening is a cognitive achievement that
comes at an emotional cost.”
Killingsworth MA, Gilbert DT. A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind.
Science 12 November 2010: Vol. 330. no. 6006, p. 932 DOI:
10.1126/science.1192439
3. Attention Deficit Trait
Newly recognized neurological phenomenon:
attention deficit trait (ADT)
Response to hyperkinetic environment
Trying to deal with too much input, results in:
Black-and-white thinking; perspective and shades of
grey disappear
Difficulty staying organized, setting priorities, and
managing time
Feel a constant low level of panic and guilt
Hallowell EM. Overloaded circuits: why smart people
underperform. Harv Bus Rev. 2005 Jan;83(1):54-62, 116.
4. “The body is the shadow of the soul.”
Marsilio Ficino (1433-99)
5. Allostatic load
Prolonged stress leads to wear-and-tear on
the body (allostatic load)
Mediated through the Sympathetic Nervous System
Allostatic load leads to:
Impaired immunity, atherosclerosis, metabolic
syndrome, bone demineralization
Atrophy of nerve cells in the brain
Hippocampal formation: learning and memory
Prefrontal cortex: working memory, executive function
Growth of Amygdala mediates fear response
Many of these processes are seen in
chronic depression and anxiety
McEwen BS. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1032:1-7.
6. “Man is not disturbed by
events, but by the view
he takes of them.”
Epictetus
7. Current trends in happiness
In developed
countries depression
is currently
overtaking heart
disease as the
leading burden of
disease
8. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease
from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442.
9. Burnout and psychiatric morbidity in
new medical graduates
8 months into internship: 75% interns
had burnout
73% (of interns) met criteria for
psychiatric morbidity on at least one
occasion
Willcock SM et al. Burnout and psychiatric
morbidity in new medical graduates. Med J
Aust. 2004;181(7):357-60.
10. Antidepressants and placebo
Antidepressants no
different to placebo for
mild-moderate
depression, and a
relatively small difference
for patients with severe
depression
Kirsch I et al. PLoS Medicine 2008
Feb;5(2):e45
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD,
et al. Antidepressant drug effects and
depression severity: a patient-level
meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Jan
6;303(1):47-53.
11. Albert Einstein
“Any man who can drive safely while
kissing a pretty girl is simply not
giving the kiss the attention it
deserves.”
11
12. Mobile phone use and motor vehicle
accidents
Passenger carriage increased the likelihood of a
crash (odds ratio 1.6)
Carrying two or more passengers twice as likely
to crash as unaccompanied drivers (OR 2.2)
Driver's use of a mobile phone within 5 min
before a crash associated with fourfold
increased likelihood of crashing (OR 4.1)
McEvoy SP, Stevenson MR, Woodward M.The contribution of passengers versus
mobile phone use to motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance by the
driver. Accid Anal Prev. 2007 Nov;39(6):1170-6. Epub 2007 Apr 9.
13. Multitasking or task-switching?
Multitasking is an illusion (misnomer)
Switching happens so fast that it appears we
are performing multiple tasks simultaneously
like the concurrent performance of several
jobs by a computer
Reality is that we are switching back and
forth between tasks
http://ucsdcfm.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/our-brains-
are-evolving-to-multitask-not-the-ill-usion-of-
multitasking/
14. Multi-tasking
On the performance levels of extreme multi-
taskers: “These are kids who are doing 5, 6, or
more things at once all the time. ... It turns out
multi-taskers are terrible at every aspect of
multitasking! They get distracted constantly. Their
memory is very disorganized. Recent work we’ve
done suggests that they’re worse at analytic
reasoning. We worry that it may be we’re creating
people who may not be able to think well, and
clearly.”
Dr. Clifford Nass on his studies at Stanford University from
Dretzin, Rachel. Rushkoff, Douglas. “digital_nation life on the
virtual frontier.” pbs.org Frontline. Feb. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.
15. Multitasking
“In 2005, the BBC reported on a research
study, funded by Hewlett-Packard, and
conducted by the Institute of Psychiatry at the
University of London, that found, workers
distracted by e-mail and phone calls suffer a
fall in IQ more than twice that found in
marijuana smokers.”
Christine Rosen, “The Myth of Multitasking.” The New
Atlantis thenewatlantis.com. Spring 2008. Web. 14 Apr.
2011.
16. Simple and Complex Multitasking
(Continuous Partial Attention)
Simple multitasking: each task given the same priority
(e.g. stirring pasta while talking to spouse)
Aim to be more productive
Complex multitasking: two activities which demand
cognition (e.g. driving while speaking on phone)
Aim not to miss anything by maintaining CPA
Continuous overstimulation and lack of fullfilment
“When we do this, we may have the feeling that our
brains process multiple activities in parallel. Researchers
say that while we can rapidly shift between activities, our
brains process serially.”
Stone, Linda. “Beyond Simple Multi-Tasking: Continuous Partial
Attention.” Lindastone.net. Nov. 2009. Wen. 14 Apr. 2011.
17. Multitasking
“Heavy media multitaskers performed worse
on a test of task-switching ability, likely due to
reduced ability to filter out interference from
the irrelevant task set.”
Ophir, Eyal. Nass, Clifford. Wagner, Anthony D.
“Cognitive control in media multitaskers.” PNAS.org.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, Jul. 2009. Web. 15 Apr. 2011.
18. Three regions of the brain
Corresponding areas in the
brain
Frontal lobes – reasoning and
emotional regulation
Higher reasoning (buddhi)
Emotional regulation
Left (positive) vs. right
(negative)
Appetite regulation
Directs immune system
Limbic system – emotion and
courage
Mesolimbic reward system –
appetites
20. Doctor health and medical errors
Study determined prevalence of depression
and burnout among residents medical staff in
3 US hospitals
20% of residents met criteria for depression
74% met the criteria for burnout
Depressed residents made 6.2 times as many
medication errors as residents who were not
depressed
Fahrenkopf AM, Sectish TC, Barger LK, et al. Rates of
medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents:
prospective cohort study. BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.39469.763218.BE (published 7 February
2008)
21. “The faculty of voluntarily
bringing back a wandering
attention over and over
again, is the very root of
judgment, character, and
will. No one is compos sui
if he have it not. An
education which should
improve this faculty would
be the education par
excellence.”
William James, Principles of
Psychology, 1890
What is mindfulness?
22. Mindfulness
Mindfulness is a mental discipline involving
training attention
It is not a method of distracting ourselves or
tuning out, it is about tuning in – hence people
perform better when mindful (in the zone/flow)
The anxious, stressed or depressed state of
mind is the distracted state
Hence the negative impact upon performance
23. Applications of mindfulness
Mental health
E.g. depression relapse prevention, anxiety, panic disorder, stress,
emotional regulation, addiction, psychosis
Neuroscience
E.g. structural and functional changes in the brain, neurogenesis,
dementia prevention, amygdala, executive function, working memory
Clinical
E.g. pain management, symptom control, cancer, metabolic,
hormonal, genetic function and repair
Performance
E.g. sport, academic, leadership
Spiritual
E.g. deep peace, insight, oneness
23
Results suggest that MBSR
may help a broad range of
individuals to cope with their
clinical and non-clinical
problems. Grossman P. J
Psychosomatic Research.
2004;57(1):35-43.
24. Meditation and cognition
Study on brief meditation training effects on cognition
and mood
Four sessions of either meditation training
Participants were assessed with measures of mood,
verbal fluency, visual coding, and working memory
Mindfulness training improved mindfulness, mood, and
reduced fatigue, anxiety, and increased visuo-spatial
processing, working memory, and executive
functioning
Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness
meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn.
2010 Jun;19(2):597-605. Epub 2010 Apr 3.
26. Mindfulness and mental health
Meta-analysis on 39 studies totaling 1,140 participants receiving
mindfulness-based therapy for conditions, including cancer,
generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and other psychiatric or
medical conditions
Effect size estimates show mindfulness-based therapy
moderately effective for improving anxiety (Hedges's g = 0.63)
and mood symptoms (Hedges's g = 0.59) in general population
In patients with anxiety and mood disorders mindfulness
associated with effect sizes (Hedges's g) of 0.97 and 0.95
Effect sizes were robust, unrelated to publication year or number of
treatment sessions, and maintained over follow-up.
Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy
on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010
Apr;78(2):169-83.
27. Mindfulness and depression
Patients with 3 or more previous episodes of
depression
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
reduced relapse from 78% (what you would
expect with usual treatment) to 36%
Ma SH, Teasdale JD. J Consult Clin Psychol.
2004;72(1):31-40.
28. Mindfulness, depression and the
stress response
Mindfulness negatively correlates with
depressive symptoms and reactivity of the
amygdala
Way BM., Creswell JD., Eisenberger, NI., Lieberman MD.
Dispositional mindfulness and depressive
symptomatology: Correlations with limbic and self-
referential neural activity during rest. Emotion. Vol 10(1),
Feb 2010, 12-24.
29. Mindfulness and craving
Study on the effectiveness of suppression vs.
mindfulness-based strategy for coping with cigarette
cravings
Both groups reported significantly reduced amount
of smoking and increased self-efficacy in coping with
smoking urges
Only participants in the mindfulness group
demonstrated reductions in negative affect (mood),
depressive symptoms, and marginal reductions in
their level of nicotine dependence
Rogojanski J, Vettese LC, Antony MM. Coping with Cigarette Cravings: Comparison
of Suppression Versus Mindfulness-Based Strategies. Mindfulness 2011;2(1):14-26.
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-010-0038-x
30. The ESSENCE of health
Education
Stress management
Spirituality
Exercise
Nutrition
Connectedness
Environment
31. HEP and student wellbeing
Study of 2006 cohort of medical students found
that 90.5% of students personally applied
strategies
Improved student wellbeing noted on all
measures of wellbeing even in the pre-exam
period
Reduced depression, hostility and anxiety subscale
Improved psychological and physical quality of life
Hassed C, de Lisle S, Sullivan G, Pier C. Adv Health
Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2008 May 31. [Epub ahead
of print]
32. Mindfulness and doctor wellbeing
An 8-week mindfulness program: improvements on all
measures of wellbeing including:
Mindfulness
Burnout (emotional exhaustion; depersonalization;
personal accomplishment)
Empathy and responsiveness to psychosocial aspects
Total mood disturbance
Personality (conscientiousness; emotional stability)
Improvements in mindfulness correlated with
improvements on other scales
Krasner MS, Epstein RM, Beckman H, et al. JAMA. 2009;302(12):1338-40.
33. Mindfulness and the workplace
8 week mindfulness program for ANU staff
Key findings include:
Increased self-rated performance (ECDP)
Improved wellbeing (PANAS)
Improved eudaimonic wellbeing (meaningfulness) (PWB)
Increase in 2 subscales of work engagement (vigour and
dedication) (UWES)
Increased authenticity (self-awareness, authentic
behaviour, open relationships) (AI3)
Increased satisfaction with life (SWLS)
Improvements sustained at 6 month f/up
Atkins P, Hassed C. Unpublished data.
34. Mindful practice
Mindfulness is essential underpinning for
self-monitoring
“Mindful practice is conscious and intentional
attentiveness to the present situation – the
raw sensations, thoughts, and emotions as
well as the interpretations, judgments and
heuristics that one applies to a particular
situation.”
Avoids automatic pilot
Epstein R, Siegel D, Silberman J. Self-monitoring in clinical
practice: a challenge for medical educators. J Cont Educ Health
Prof 2008;28(1):5-13.
Epstein RM. Mindful practice in action (II): Cultivating habits of
mind. Fam Syst Health . 2003;21: 11-17.
35. Roots of Diagnostic Errors
“Cognitive dispositions to respond that influence
the diagnostic process are characterized by a
lack of awareness and responsiveness by the
individual to his or her own cognitive and
affective processes.”
Confirmation bias: the pursuit of data that support
a diagnosis over data that refute it
Anchoring bias: a resistance to adapting
appropriately to subsequent data that suggest
alternative diagnoses
Sibinga EM, Wu AW. Clinical Mindfulness and Patient Safety.
JAMA 2010;304(22):2532-3.
36. Self-monitoring leads to;
1. Early recognition of cognitive biases
2. Avoidance of technical errors
3. Awareness of emotional reactions
4. Facilitation of self-correction
5. Development of therapeutic relationships
Epstein R et al, 2008
37. Mindfulness and the brain
Brain scans on long-term
meditators
Regions associated with attention,
self-awareness and sensory
processing thicker in meditators
(E.g. prefrontal cortex)
Offset age-related cortical thinning:
“evidence for … cortical plasticity”
Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et
al. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1893-1897.
“The regular practice of meditation
may have neuroprotective effects
and reduce the cognitive decline
associated with normal aging.”
Pagnoni G. Cekic M. Neurobiology of
Aging. 2007;28(10):1623-7.
38. Meditation and compassion
Limbic brain regions implicated in empathic
response to another's pain
Meditators have more active empathic response
Activation in insula greater in expert than novices
Empathy w/o stress reduces carer fatigue
Lutz A, Brefczynski-Lewis J, Johnstone T, Davidson RJ.
PLoS ONE. 2008 Mar 26;3(3):e1897.
39. Emotional Intelligence & mindfulness
Mindfulness related to
aspects of personality
and mental health
Lower neuroticism,
psychological symptoms,
experiential avoidance,
dissociation
Higher emotional
intelligence and
absorption
Baer RA, et al.
Assessment.
2004;11(3):191-206.
EI Definition
Self-
awareness
Ability to recognise and
understand emotions,
drives and effects
Self-
regulation
Can control or redirect
disruptive impulses, can
think before acting
Motivation Passion for work that goes
beyond money or status,
energy and persistence
Empathy Ability to understand
emotions of others, skill in
interacting with others
Social skill Can manage relationships
and build networks, can
find common ground,
rapport
40. Genetic ageing and pessimism
The combination of lower optimism and higher
pessimism increases risk for disease and early
mortality
Sample of healthy post-menopausal women
Pessimism is independently associated with
over10 years accelerated ageing
Shorter Telomere length and higher Interleukin-6
concentrations
Lin J,Dhabhar FS, Wolkowitz O, Tillie JM, Blackburn E, Epel
E.Pessimism correlates with leukocyte telomere shortness and
elevated interleukin-6 in post-menopausal women. Brain Behav
Immun. 2009 May;23(4):446-9.
41. Mindfulness and cellular ageing
Meditation may slow genetic
ageing and enhance genetic
repair
“...we propose that some forms
of meditation may have
salutary effects on telomere
length by reducing cognitive
stress and stress arousal and
increasing positive states of
mind and hormonal factors that
may promote telomere
maintenance.”
Epel E, Daubenmier J, Moskowitz JT, Folkman
S, Blackburn E. Can meditation slow rate of
cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness,
and telomeres. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009
Aug;1172:34-53.