Analysis of Association of PTSD symptoms in U.S. population to 9/11 terrorist attack by Region, Gender and Race
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Analysis of Association of PTSD symptoms in U.S. population to 9/11 terrorist attack by Region, Gender and Race
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Journal of Affective Disorders 133 (2011) 477–480Contents .docx
Journal of Affective Disorders 133 (2011) 477–480
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Research report
Exploring the relationship between underlying dimensions of posttraumatic
stress disorder and depression in a national, trauma-exposed
military sample
Jon D. Elhai a,⁎, Ateka A. Contractor a, Patrick A. Palmieri b, David Forbes c, J. Don Richardson d,e
a Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Ohio, United States
b Center for the Treatment and Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Summa Health System, Ohio, United States
c Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
d Operational Stress Injury Clinic, St. Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
e Veterans Affairs Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
a r t i c l e i n f o
⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Psych
Toledo, Mail Stop #948, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toled
United States. Tel.: +1 419 530 2829; fax: +1 419 53
URL: http://www.jon-elhai.com (J.D. Elhai).
0165-0327/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.035
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 March 2011
Received in revised form 25 April 2011
Accepted 27 April 2011
Available online 19 May 2011
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid and
intercorrelated. Yet little research has examined the underlying processes explaining their
interrelationship.
Method: In the present survey study, the investigators assessed the combined symptom
structure of PTSD and depression symptoms, to examine shared, underlying psychopatholog-
ical processes. Participants included 740 Canadian military veterans from a national,
epidemiological survey, previously deployed on peacekeeping missions and administered
the PTSD Checklist and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).
Results: An eight-factor PTSD/depression model fit adequately. In analyses validating the
structure, PTSD's dysphoria factor was more related to depressive affect than to several other
PTSD and depression factors. Somatic problems were more related to dysphoria than to other
PTSD factors.
Limitations: Only military veterans were sampled, and without the use of structured diagnostic
interviews.
Conclusions: Results highlight a set of interrelationships that PTSD's dysphoria factor shares
with specific depression factors, shedding light on the underlying psychopathology of PTSD
that emphasizes dysphoric mood.
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Depression
Confirmatory factor analysis
Military veterans
PTSD Checklist
Center for Epidemiological
Studies-Depression Scale
1. Introduction
Studies demonstrate that major depressive disorder
(MDD) and PTSD are highly comorbid and statistically
correlated, despite some symptom overlap. .
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1 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SEPTEMBER 11TH SURVI.docx
1
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SEPTEMBER 11TH SURVIVORS
9/11 Survivors with or without Injuries and the Severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
STUDENT NAME
University of Massachusetts Boston
Your N. Here
Psychology 100
Fall, 2009
2
Abstract:
This is a proposal for a study to see if the severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
increases in people who sustained an injury in the September 11th attacks compared to those
who did not sustain an injury. The people who participate in this study will be survivors from the
September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and they will be asked if they had obtained an
injury during September 11th or if they did not obtain any injuries, based on their answers they
will be put into one of two groups; those with injuries and those without. Once the participants
are put into their two groups they will be allowed to go about their daily routines. On the last
friday of each month each group will be given a survey and asked questions to see how their
symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder are developing. This will be done over the course of
three years. Previous research by Galea, Ahern, Resnick, Kilpatrick, Bucuvalas, Gold, & Vlahov
(2002) show that some exposure to the attacks was a predictor to PTSD. One study looked at a
sample of adults living in manhattan and asked them about the demographic characteristics and
exposure to the the attacks and looked at how that had affected symptoms of PTSD. They
concluded that exposure to the attacks were predictors of acute PTSD. This study hypothesizes
that the survivors who have sustained injuries from the 9/11 attacks will develop PTSD more
severely then those who did not sustain injuries.
3
9/11 Survivors with or without Injuries and the Severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
The purpose of this study is to see if the severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is
influenced by injuries sustained from the attacks or if injuries are not sustained. The hypothesis
for this study is that people who had obtained injuries during the 9/11 attacks have PTSD on a
more severe level then those who did not sustain injuries. The people who have injuries will have
more severe uncontrollable re-experiences of the traumatic event, sleepiness, irritability, guilt,
emotional numbing and depression. These symptoms will be measured and assessed for the
severity. Prior studies have looked at the rescue and recovery workers and the experience of the
workers in the World Trade Center building and compared it to refugees.
In the article, “September 11th Survivors and the Refugee Model” by Myer, Moore, and
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Hadi Alnasir Research Proposa
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
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This study evaluated the validity of the Suicide Potential Index (SPI) and Violence Potential Index (VPI) from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in assessing risk of harm to self and others. The study compared SPI and VPI scores between 158 psychiatric outpatients with and without histories of suicide attempts, violence, and psychiatric diagnoses. Results supported the validity of the SPI in differentiating groups with and without suicide histories. The VPI differentiated groups with and without violence histories. Both the SPI and VPI scores varied significantly across psychiatric groups and were elevated for patients with executive dysfunction, supporting their use in risk assessment.
Somatic Experiencing: Reduction of Depression and Anxiety in Homeless Adults ...
This is a brief 7 page version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
Journal of Affective Disorders 133 (2011) 477–480Contents .docx
Journal of Affective Disorders 133 (2011) 477–480
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Research report
Exploring the relationship between underlying dimensions of posttraumatic
stress disorder and depression in a national, trauma-exposed
military sample
Jon D. Elhai a,⁎, Ateka A. Contractor a, Patrick A. Palmieri b, David Forbes c, J. Don Richardson d,e
a Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Ohio, United States
b Center for the Treatment and Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Summa Health System, Ohio, United States
c Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
d Operational Stress Injury Clinic, St. Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
e Veterans Affairs Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
a r t i c l e i n f o
⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Psych
Toledo, Mail Stop #948, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toled
United States. Tel.: +1 419 530 2829; fax: +1 419 53
URL: http://www.jon-elhai.com (J.D. Elhai).
0165-0327/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.035
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 March 2011
Received in revised form 25 April 2011
Accepted 27 April 2011
Available online 19 May 2011
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid and
intercorrelated. Yet little research has examined the underlying processes explaining their
interrelationship.
Method: In the present survey study, the investigators assessed the combined symptom
structure of PTSD and depression symptoms, to examine shared, underlying psychopatholog-
ical processes. Participants included 740 Canadian military veterans from a national,
epidemiological survey, previously deployed on peacekeeping missions and administered
the PTSD Checklist and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).
Results: An eight-factor PTSD/depression model fit adequately. In analyses validating the
structure, PTSD's dysphoria factor was more related to depressive affect than to several other
PTSD and depression factors. Somatic problems were more related to dysphoria than to other
PTSD factors.
Limitations: Only military veterans were sampled, and without the use of structured diagnostic
interviews.
Conclusions: Results highlight a set of interrelationships that PTSD's dysphoria factor shares
with specific depression factors, shedding light on the underlying psychopathology of PTSD
that emphasizes dysphoric mood.
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Depression
Confirmatory factor analysis
Military veterans
PTSD Checklist
Center for Epidemiological
Studies-Depression Scale
1. Introduction
Studies demonstrate that major depressive disorder
(MDD) and PTSD are highly comorbid and statistically
correlated, despite some symptom overlap. .
The near death experience scale. Construction, reliability, and validity
En este artículo se expone un criterio de demarcación para las experiencias cercanas a la muerte conocido como “escala de Greyson”: se trata de un cuestionario formado por 16 preguntas agrupadas en cuatro bloques (componentes cognitivo, afectivo, paranormal y trascendental) en las que el entrevistado debe marcar la respuesta que más se acerque a la experiencia vivida (con un 0 si no la ha experimentado, un 1 si lo ha hecho de forma poco intensa, o un 2 si ha sido muy intensa). El análisis de los resultados sirve para evaluar si el sujeto vivió una ECM (alcanzado una puntuación mínima de 7 según los postulados de Greyson), permitiendo descartar un síndrome orgánico del cerebro o una respuesta no específica al estrés sufrido por el “miedo a morir”. Para más detalles visitar: http://www.afanporsaber.es/2014/01/experiencias-cercanas-a-la-muerte-i/
Essay
This document summarizes a study on awareness of domestic violence in North Cyprus. The study involved distributing a questionnaire to 225 people in different regions of North Cyprus. The questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed participants' knowledge and experiences related to domestic violence. The study aimed to evaluate awareness of domestic violence in the community and how it influences individual and community health. Key findings included that over half of respondents were male, most were aged 21-25, and over half had an undergraduate education level. The results will be analyzed to understand awareness and perspectives on domestic violence in North Cyprus.
Running head FIRST RESPONDERS RISK FOR PTSD .docx
This study aimed to determine if first responders have an increased risk of developing PTSD. It utilized a quantitative research design with a sample of over 15,000 first responders from various departments across the US. Participants completed several self-report questionnaires online measuring trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and occupational stress. Preliminary findings suggest first responders do have a higher risk of PTSD compared to the general population. Further research is still needed to better understand PTSD risk factors and inform prevention strategies for this population.
1 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SEPTEMBER 11TH SURVI.docx
1
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SEPTEMBER 11TH SURVIVORS
9/11 Survivors with or without Injuries and the Severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
STUDENT NAME
University of Massachusetts Boston
Your N. Here
Psychology 100
Fall, 2009
2
Abstract:
This is a proposal for a study to see if the severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
increases in people who sustained an injury in the September 11th attacks compared to those
who did not sustain an injury. The people who participate in this study will be survivors from the
September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and they will be asked if they had obtained an
injury during September 11th or if they did not obtain any injuries, based on their answers they
will be put into one of two groups; those with injuries and those without. Once the participants
are put into their two groups they will be allowed to go about their daily routines. On the last
friday of each month each group will be given a survey and asked questions to see how their
symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder are developing. This will be done over the course of
three years. Previous research by Galea, Ahern, Resnick, Kilpatrick, Bucuvalas, Gold, & Vlahov
(2002) show that some exposure to the attacks was a predictor to PTSD. One study looked at a
sample of adults living in manhattan and asked them about the demographic characteristics and
exposure to the the attacks and looked at how that had affected symptoms of PTSD. They
concluded that exposure to the attacks were predictors of acute PTSD. This study hypothesizes
that the survivors who have sustained injuries from the 9/11 attacks will develop PTSD more
severely then those who did not sustain injuries.
3
9/11 Survivors with or without Injuries and the Severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
The purpose of this study is to see if the severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is
influenced by injuries sustained from the attacks or if injuries are not sustained. The hypothesis
for this study is that people who had obtained injuries during the 9/11 attacks have PTSD on a
more severe level then those who did not sustain injuries. The people who have injuries will have
more severe uncontrollable re-experiences of the traumatic event, sleepiness, irritability, guilt,
emotional numbing and depression. These symptoms will be measured and assessed for the
severity. Prior studies have looked at the rescue and recovery workers and the experience of the
workers in the World Trade Center building and compared it to refugees.
In the article, “September 11th Survivors and the Refugee Model” by Myer, Moore, and
Hughes (2003), they compare the experience of the people who worked the Trade Center and the
experiences of refugees. Some of the people saw the first plane crash into the north tower of the
WTC; whereas many saw the second plane hit ...
Age 8 trauma symptom checklist
This document summarizes a study that used the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children - Alternate Version (TSCC-A) to assess trauma symptoms in children ages 8-16 who were part of the LONGSCAN studies. The TSCC-A is a shortened version of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) that excludes questions about sexual issues. Results showed that LONGSCAN children scored higher than norms on clinical scales like anxiety, depression and dissociation. They were also more likely to underreport or overreport symptoms. Hispanic children and those from certain sites tended to score highest clinically. Reliability of the scales was generally good, suggesting the TSCC-A can validly assess trauma symptoms in
Hadi Alnasir Research Proposa
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
Lesson 3 Epi emiologyof Readings Predictors for the Daily Value.docx
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and discusses its importance in studying mental health outcomes. It defines key epidemiological concepts like incidence and prevalence rates. It also summarizes several major epidemiological studies that estimate the prevalence of various mental illnesses in populations globally and in the US. These studies find that anxiety disorders are among the most common illnesses. The document stresses that epidemiological research can help identify at-risk groups, understand the costs of mental illness, and inform health policies and resource allocation.
Final Reserch Paper
This document discusses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and proposes a research study comparing different treatments for PTSD. It provides background on PTSD, including common symptoms, prevalence among different populations, comorbidities, and societal impacts. The document discusses current recommended treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and its limitations. It also reviews research on intranasal oxytocin (OT) and its potential anxiolytic effects for PTSD patients. The proposed longitudinal study aims to compare the short-term and long-term effectiveness of medication-enhanced psychotherapy (MEP), CBT, and OT, and examine how treatment responses may differ based on patients' sex, stress history, and coping style.
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation Develop a PowerPoint Presentat.docx
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
Develop a PowerPoint Presentation about standards/code sets, and include a slide for each topic outlined below:
· Slide 1: Introduction
· Slide 2: ICD 9 Overview
· Slide 3: ICD 10 Overview
· Slide 4: ICD 9 and ICD 10 Compare and Contrast
· Slide 5: Describe a SNOMED-CT Code
· Slide 6: Describe a NDC
· Slide 7: Describe a CDT
· Slide 8: Discuss why code sets are used
· Slide 9: Summary slide
· Slide 10: Reference slide with at least one outside source, not counting the textbook
MUST BE IN APA FORMAT
If you need additional space for a slide, please use the notes section under the slide.
Running head: CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 1
CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 2
Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress
name
school
2 July 2016
Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress
Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International journal of epidemiology, 38(4), 1033-1045.
The study surveyed Rwandese children aged between 8 and 19 to measure traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time encounters and post-traumatic stress reactions against a checklist of symptoms of PTSD. Those who meet the assessed PTSD diagnosis model are categorized as the cases of probable PTSD. In a sample of 1547, the participants were divided into two. The respondents were exposed to horrific experiences during the war including witnessing killings, rape, sexual mutilation, and in some cases hiding under the corpse. In the two groups of respondents, the study has determined that the rate of probable PTSD was 62% and 54% in the first and second samples respectively. Some of the individuals had the rate that is as high as 100%. Besides, the study found out that the rate of probable PTSD was higher in women than in men. Still, the result indicates that the test on age gave inconsistent.
Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Lucas, C. P., Fisher, P., & Santos, L. (2002). The voice DISC-IV with incarcerated male youths: prevalence of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(3), 314-321.
The scholars intended to assess the rate of psychiatric disorder amongst the incarcerated youths. Also, they had the objective of examining the feasibility of applying a self administered and comprehensive structured psychiatric evaluation of the incarcerated juveniles. The youths, parents, and staff tolerated well the assessments with 92% of the approached juveniles agreeing. Above the expectable higher levels of substance use and disruptive disorders, the juveniles indicated high levels of mood and anxiety disorders, with above 3% of th ...
More than 1 in 5 people in conflict areas experience mental health issues
New estimates from the WHO find that some 22% of people in conflict areas around the world suffer from a mental health problem. Here’s more from the report:
•By disease type: 13% of people experienced mild forms of depression, PTSD, and anxiety, while some 5% of people experienced severe forms of those disorders.
•By age: Those over the age of 70 in conflict zones experienced the highest rates of depression and anxiety compared to the general population and those of other ages in conflict areas.
•A takeaway: The global estimates are higher than previously thought, according to the authors, who stress the need for mental health care and intervention in conflict-affected countries.
The Expression of Depression in Asian Americansand European .docx
This study examined ethnic differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder between Asian Americans and European Americans using a nationally representative community sample. Item response theory analyses were used to discern whether differences were due to expression of symptoms or degree of depressive symptomatology. The analyses found more similarities than differences between the groups, and when differences occurred, Asian Americans were less likely to endorse specific somatic and psychological symptoms even when matched for degree of depressive symptoms. The findings indicate depression is more similar between the groups, and differences reflect true differences in symptom expression rather than overall symptom severity.
Carol Lin - SUPC PPT final
The study examined theory of mind (ToM) deficits in patients with adolescent-onset psychosis (AOP) compared to typically developing adolescents. Participants viewed video clips of triangles interacting and were scored on their ability to identify intentionality and appropriateness of interactions. Results showed AOP patients had greater ToM deficits, scoring poorer on identifying mental states and focusing more on factual information. AOP patients also did not differentiate as well between intentional and random interactions. The study provides evidence that AOP is associated with ToM impairments in social cognition.
Proposed StudyAlexander Wenceslao, Briahna Pitts, Shaina.docx
The proposed study aims to examine the relationship between suicidal influences and preemptive measures through a mass survey targeting individuals experiencing or who have experienced suicidal situations. The survey would ask about causes of suicidal ideation and the effects of external factors like media. The researchers hypothesize that preventing suicidal influences through preemptive measures could decrease national suicide rates across demographics.
A Danish study examined suicide risk factors like mental illness, unemployment, income, family history, and their interaction with gender. The strongest risk was history of psychiatric hospitalization. Being single, unemployed, retired, or sick posed higher risks for men while urban living was riskier for women.
One article discusses adjusting media recommendations on reporting suicide to consider new media while
THE UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER.docx
THE UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER
EARLY INTERVENTION FOR OUR SOLDIERS
LESLIE JAYROE
4/25/2011
HPRO 7720
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Our Soldiers- Providing Earlier Intervention
History
There is a significant amount of information out there on post traumatic stress disorder and the
military, and this is mostly due to the fact that our combat soldiers were the ones observed over
time to determine the effects war has had on them. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can
be thought of as a "young" diagnosis. PTSD has been around for centuries, but it was n~t until
1980 that it was made an official disorder. However, throughout history, people have
recognized that exposure to combat situations can have an intensely negative impact on the
people who are involved in these situations. (Mathew Tull, 2009) PTSD has previously been
described ia-410J e ~s "combat fatigue," "shell shock," or "war neurosis," and is defined by the
American Psychiatric Association as an anxiety (emotional) disorder which stems from a
particular incident evoking significant stress. (Bentley, 2005) PTSD is not limited to combat
soldiers but can also be found among survivors of the Holocaust, of car accidents, of sexual
assaults, and of other traumatic experiences. War has always had a severe psychological effect
on people, and with the war our country is currently in, more and more of our soldiers are
suffering from PTSD. After a traumatic experience, the mind and the body are in shock, but as
the victim makes sense of what happened and processes his/her emotions, healing takes place
leading toward normal function once again. With PTSD, one remains in psychological shock.
The memory of what happened and their feelings about it are disconnected. In order to move
on, it's important to face and feel those memories and emotions. One effective approach is
through counseling. (Mathew Tull, 2009)
The symptoms of PTSD can occur all of a sudden, progressively, come and go over time, or
appear out of nowhere. Sometimes, symptoms are triggered by something that reminds a
31 Page
person of the original traumatic event, such as a noise, an image, certain words, or a smell.
While everyone experiences PTSD differently, there are three main types of symptoms:
(Bentley, 2005)
1. Re-experiencing the traumatic event
2. Avoiding reminders of the trauma
3. Increased anxiety and emotional arousal
According to the Graffiti of War Project, in 2007, the number of diagnosed cases in the military
jumped 50%. One in every five military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan has
PTSD, and 20% of the soldiers who've been deployed since 2001 have PTSD which is over
300,000. More troops are serving their second, third or fourth tours of duty, which dramatically
increases stress according to medical heath experts. Also, extended tour lengths from 12
months to 15 months were done to prov ...
Psychological correlates of acute post surgical pain.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines relationships between presurgical psychological factors and acute postsurgical pain (APSP). Fifty-three studies were included. Pain catastrophizing, optimism, expectation of pain, neuroticism, anxiety, negative affect, and depression were found to be likely associated with APSP, while locus of control was unlikely associated. Meta-analyses showed pain catastrophizing had the strongest link to APSP. Patients reporting lower levels of pain catastrophizing and higher optimism/expectations tended to experience less APSP.
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...Wally Wah Lap Cheung
This study used data from the CAMH Monitor survey conducted between 2001-2009 to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) across three age groups (18-30 years old, 31-54 years old, and 55+ years old) in Ontario, Canada. The study found that the prevalence of AMD was highest in the youngest age group (10.8%) and lowest in the oldest age group (6.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that for the youngest group, being female, never married, lower income, and poor physical/mental health increased odds of AMD. For the middle-aged and older groups, the same factors as well as cannabis and alcohol problems increased odds of AMD. The study suggestsWhen Emotional Pain Becomes Physical
1) The study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like abuse and household dysfunction, and painful medical conditions in adulthood.
2) It found that specific ACEs like abuse and parental issues were linked to more reported painful conditions later in life.
3) Anxiety and mood disorders were found to partially explain the relationship, as ACEs increased risks for these disorders, which then increased risks for painful conditions. However, surprisingly the effects of ACEs on painful conditions were stronger in those with lower later-life anxiety/mood issues.
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The Suicide (SPI) and Violence Potential Indices (VPI)from t.docx
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Journal of Affective Disorders 133 (2011) 477–480Contents .docx
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The near death experience scale. Construction, reliability, and validity
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1 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SEPTEMBER 11TH SURVI.docx
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More than 1 in 5 people in conflict areas experience mental health issues
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