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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
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UNIT – I
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Evolution of mobile radio communications; examples of wireless comm. systems; paging systems; Cordless telephone systems; overview of generations of cellular systems, comparison of various wireless systems.
Introduction to Personal Communication Services (PCS): PCS architecture, Mobility management, Networks signaling. A basic cellular system, multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.
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UNIT - II
2G Networks: Second generation, digital, wireless systems: GSM, IS_136 (D-AMPS), IS-95 CDMA. Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) system overview: GSM Architecture, Mobility Management, Network signaling, mobile management, voice signal processing and coding. Spread Spectrum Systems- Cellular code Division Access Systems-Principle, Power Control, effects of multipath propagation on code division multiple access.
UNIT - III 2.5G Mobile Data Networks: Introduction to Mobile Data Networks, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS): GPRS architecture, GPRS Network nodes, EDGE, Wireless LANs, (IEEE 802.11), Mobile IP.
Third Generation (3G) Mobile Services: Introduction to International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT 2000) vision, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), and CDMA 2000, Quality of services in 3G, Introduction to 4G.
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This document provides an overview of mobile computing and mobile communication systems. It discusses various topics including:
- Guided and unguided signal transmission methods. Guided uses wires/fibers while unguided uses wireless electromagnetic signals.
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This document discusses data rate limits in communications. It covers:
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The document provides an introduction to mobile computing, including:
- Mobility and wireless connectivity will enable new applications and markets by making information accessible anywhere.
- Mobile computing allows users to access network services from any location and describes different types of mobile devices and networks.
- Applications of mobile computing are discussed in several fields like vehicles, emergencies, business, and more where mobility is important.
- Limitations of mobile computing include resource constraints, interference, bandwidth limitations, dynamic network changes, and security issues.
- A reference model is presented showing the protocol stack layers needed to support mobile communication between devices.
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Cellular networks use various techniques to expand coverage and increase capacity as needs change over time, including cell splitting, beam tilting, cell sectoring, microcells, and frequency borrowing. Cell splitting involves dividing larger cells into smaller cells served by lower-power base stations to enable more spatial frequency reuse and greater system capacity, though it increases handoffs and costs. Beam tilting reduces interference between cells by tilting antenna beams downward. Cell sectoring divides cells into wedge-shaped sectors each with their own channels to decrease interference while reducing trunking efficiency. Microcells add capacity in hotspot areas without changing reuse factors. Frequency borrowing assigns congested cells frequencies from adjacent cells dynamically.
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The document discusses the GSM protocol stack and frame formatting. It describes the different layers of the protocol stack including the physical layer which handles radio transmission, the data link layer which provides error-free transmission, and the networking layer which is responsible for communication between network resources and mobility. It also discusses the signaling system 7 (SS7) standard and various application protocols used in GSM like BSSAP, BSSMAP, DTAP, ISUP, MAP, and TCAP. Furthermore, it explains the concepts of physical and logical channels in GSM and how logical channels can be mapped to physical channels.
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2.2 frequency division multiple access
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a multiple access technique that assigns individual frequency bands or channels to each user. FDMA avoids interference by ensuring each user is allocated a unique frequency band. While FDMA allows multiple users to access the channel simultaneously and has low inter-symbol interference, it requires tight RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference and duplexers, increasing costs. Non-linear effects from power amplifiers can also cause intermodulation frequencies, interfering with adjacent channels. The capacity of an FDMA system is calculated based on the total spectrum allocation, guard band allocation, and channel bandwidth.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION HANDWRITTEN NOTES FOR IP
UNIT – I
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Evolution of mobile radio communications; examples of wireless comm. systems; paging systems; Cordless telephone systems; overview of generations of cellular systems, comparison of various wireless systems.
Introduction to Personal Communication Services (PCS): PCS architecture, Mobility management, Networks signaling. A basic cellular system, multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.
Introduction to Wireless Channels and Diversity: Fast Fading Wireless Channel Modeling, Rayleigh/Ricean Fading Channels, BER Performance in Fading Channels, Introduction to Diversity modeling for Wireless Communications
UNIT - II
2G Networks: Second generation, digital, wireless systems: GSM, IS_136 (D-AMPS), IS-95 CDMA. Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) system overview: GSM Architecture, Mobility Management, Network signaling, mobile management, voice signal processing and coding. Spread Spectrum Systems- Cellular code Division Access Systems-Principle, Power Control, effects of multipath propagation on code division multiple access.
UNIT - III 2.5G Mobile Data Networks: Introduction to Mobile Data Networks, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS): GPRS architecture, GPRS Network nodes, EDGE, Wireless LANs, (IEEE 802.11), Mobile IP.
Third Generation (3G) Mobile Services: Introduction to International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT 2000) vision, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), and CDMA 2000, Quality of services in 3G, Introduction to 4G.
UNIT – IV
Wireless Local Loop (WLL): Introduction to WLL architecture, WLL technologies. Wireless personal area networks (WPAN): Blue tooth, IEEE 802.15, architecture, protocol stack. Wi-Max, introduction to Mobile Adhoc Networks.
Global Mobile Satellite Systems, Case studies of IRIDIUM and GLOBALSTAR systems.
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This document discusses synchronization in mobile computing systems. It describes how data is replicated and distributed across mobile devices, personal computers, and remote servers. It then discusses various synchronization techniques used to maintain consistency between distributed copies of data, including one-way synchronization initiated by the server or client, two-way synchronization, and refresh synchronization. The document also covers domain-specific rules that govern how data is synchronized across different platforms and data formats.
Features of mobile ip
The document discusses desirable features of mobile IP, including transparency, compatibility, security, and efficiency & scalability. Transparency refers to mobile IP being invisible to higher level protocols and applications. Compatibility means mobile IP should be compatible with existing Internet protocols and support all web browsers. Security involves authenticating mobile IP and protecting against attackers with fake IP addresses. Efficiency & scalability requires mobile IP to not flood the network or compromise efficiency as it supports billions of moving hosts and various devices.
Propagation mechanisms
There are 3 main propagation mechanisms in mobile communication systems:
1. Reflection occurs when signals bounce off surfaces like buildings and earth.
2. Diffraction is when signals bend around obstacles like hills and buildings.
3. Scattering is when signals are deflected in many directions by small obstacles like trees and signs. These 3 mechanisms impact the received power and must be considered in propagation models.
Satellite networks
This document discusses satellite networks and provides information on various types of satellite orbits including GEO, MEO, and LEO. It describes key aspects of different satellite systems such as how GPS uses MEO satellites in six orbits to enable location services through trilateration. The summary also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of using satellite networks for communication.
Module 3 INTERNET OF THINGS
This document provides an overview of optimizing IP for IoT networks. It discusses how IP can be adapted or adopted for devices. It also describes constraints of IoT nodes and networks and how IP is optimized through protocols like 6LoWPAN, 6TiSCH, and RPL. It covers adaptation layers, packet headers, forwarding methods, and scheduling in these protocols. Authentication, application protocols like MQTT and CoAP, and the work of IETF groups on standards for IoT are also summarized.
Localization in WSN
This document discusses localization techniques in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with an introduction to WSNs and their applications that require location information. While GPS could provide location data, it is not practical for WSNs due to cost and physical constraints. The document then categorizes localization methods as range-based, which use distance or angle measurements, and range-free, which do not directly measure distance. Specific techniques like time of arrival, received signal strength, and DV-Hop localization are described. The document concludes with classifications of localization methods and topics for future work.
Energy efficient wireless technology
Green technology is the development of products and systems that minimize environmental impact and conserve resources. It aims to reduce degradation of the environment, greenhouse gas emissions, and efficient use of energy and natural resources. Spectral efficiency refers to the information rate transmitted over a given bandwidth, while energy efficiency is the number of bits transmitted per joule of energy. Techniques like orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, multiple-input multiple-output, and relay transmission can improve the spectral efficiency of wireless networks. Adaptively allocating resources and turning off redundant systems when not in use can enhance both the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency-energy efficiency tradeoff.
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