CARBOHYDRATES -IMPORTANCE-FUNCTION

1. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES.
SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES.
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES.
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS.
CARBOHYDRATES

2. CARBOHYDRATES
• CARBOHYDRATES FORM THE MAJOR PART OF THE DIET AND
PROVIDE 60-70% OF THE ENERGY.
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE SYNTHESIZED BY THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF SUNLIGHT.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON
THE NUMBER OF SACCHARIDE UNIT AS :
• MONOSACCHARIDES / SIMPLE SUGARS – GLUCOSE,
FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE.
• DISACCHARIDES / COMPOUND SUGARS - SUCROSE,
MALTOSE, LACTOSE.
• POLYSACCHARIDES / COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES –
STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEXTIN, CELLULOSE, PECTIN.

5. MONOSACCHARIDES
• GLUCOSE : IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS DEXTROSE /
GRAPE SUGAR.
• SOURCES : FRUITS, HONEY, VEGETABLES, CORN
SYRUP.
• IT IS FOUND I THE BLOOD OF ALL ANIMALS WHERE IT
SERVES AS SOURCE OF INSTANT FUEL OR ENERGY OF
THE BODY.
• THE NORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL SHOULD BE
80-100mg/dl.

6. MONOSACCHARIDES
• FRUCTOSE :
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS LEVULOSE/FRUIT SUGAR.
• SOURCES: FRUITS AND HONEY.
• FRUCTOSE IS COSUMED IN DIET IS RAPIDLY CONVERTED
INTO GLUCOSE IN THE BODY.

7. SOURCES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

8. MONOSACCHARIDES
• GALACTOSE :
• DOES NOT OCCUR IN FREE STATE.
• OCCURRED IN THE COMBINATION WITH GLUCOSE IN
LACTOSE PRESNT IN MILK.
• WHEN MILK IS MADE TO CURD ..THEN GLUCOSE IS
CONVERTED INTO LACTIC ACID AND GALACTOSE IS LEFT
BEHIND. GALACTOSE IS CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE IN THE
BODY AND VICE VERSA.

9. DISACCHARIDES
• SUCROSE :
• OCCURS LARGE AMOUNT IN SUGAR CANE, PALM JUICE
AND BEET ROOT .
• ON HYDROLYSIS, MIXTURE OF GLUCOSE AND
FRUCTOSE KNOWN AS INVERT SUGAR.

10. DISACCHARIDES
• LACTOSE :
• IT OCCURS IN HUMAN MILK ABOUT 7%.
• COW AND BUFFALO MILK CONTAIN ABOUT 4%.
• GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE.
• LACTOSE IS HYDROLYSED IN DIGESTIVE TRACT INTO
GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE.

11. DISACCHARIDES
• MALTOSE :
• OCCURS IN MALT PREPARED FROM GERMINATED CEREAL
GRAINS.
• ON HYDROLYSIS IT GIVES 2 MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE.

12. POLYSACCHARIDES
• STARCH :
• PLANTS STORE CARBOHYDRATES IN THE FORM OF STARCH.
• SOURCES: CEREAL GRAINS, SEEDS, ROOTS LIKE POTATO,
YAM ,ETC .,.
• SOURCES OD STARCH BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY.MAIZE STARCH
AND CORN FLOUR ARE BETTER THICKENING AGENTS THAN
RICE OR WHEAT STARCH.

13. POLYSACCHARIDES
• DEXTRIN :
• STARCH IS PARTIALLY BROKEN INTO FRAGMENTS EITHER BY
DIGESTION OR BY ACIDS THOSE COMPOUNDS ARE CALLED
DEXTRINS.
• ON HYDROLYSIS IT BROKE DOWN INTO MALTOSE.

14. POLYSACCHARIDES
• PECTIN :
• IT HAVE NO NUTRITIONAL VALUE / SIGNIFICANCE.
• IT HAS JELLY CHARACTERISTIC AND USEFUL IN
PREPARATION OF JAM AND JELLY.

15. POLYSACCHARIDES
• GLYCOGEN :
• ANIMAL STORE CARBOHYDRATES IN THE FORM OF
GLYCOGEN.
• STORED IN LIVER AND MUSCLES.
• IMMEDIATE FORM OF ENERGY IN OUR BODY.

16. POLYSACCHARIDES
• CELLULOSE :
• IT IS AN INSOLUBLE AND INDIGESTABLE POLYSACCHARIDE.
• MORE THAN 3000 UNITS OF GLUCOSE IN CELLULOSE BUT IT
IS NOT OF HUMAN UTILIZATION.
• CATTLE CAN DIGEST CELLULOSE.

17. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
• CARBOHYDRATES HAVE MANY IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
IN THE BODY. THEY ARE :
• ENERGY SUPPLY. 1 gm OF CARBOHYDRATE=4 Kcals OF ENERGY.
• CARBOHYDRATES AS RESERVE FUEL.
• PROTEIN SPARING ACTION.
• CARBOHYDRATE FOR FAT METABOLISM.
• CARBOHYDRATES FOR NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
SYNTHESIS.
• CARBOHYDRATES FOR IMMUNITY.
• CARBOHYDRATES IN NUCLEIC AND OTHER COMPOUNDS.

18. CONTD….
• DETOXIFYING FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES.
• LACTOSE AS PROBIOTICS.
• LACTOSE – CALCIUM ABSORPTION.
• CARBOHYDRATES IN DIET.
• BENEFITS OF CARBOHYDRATES:
• THEY ARE HIGH IN FIBRE.
• LOW IN FAT.
• GOOD SOURCES OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS.

19. CARBOHYDRATES DEFICIENCY
• SYMPTOMS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF
CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY:
• ACIDOSIS.
• KETOSIS.
• HYPOGLYCEMIA.
• FATIGUE AND DECREASED ENERGY LEVELS.
• MUSCLE WASTING.
• UNHEALTHY WEIGHT LOSS.
• DEHYDRATION AND REDUCED BODY SECRETIONS.

20. CONTD…
• LOSS OF SODIUM .
• WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM.
• CONSTIPATION.
• MOOD SWINGS.
• KALYANI ANNAREDDY.
• UID :111718012003.
• SECTION : NAG -A.