The document discusses Cape Town's water crisis from 2015-2017 due to a severe drought. Some key points:
- Cape Town's population grew 79% from 1995 to 2018, straining water supplies. Water levels dropped to 10% capacity by May 2017.
- Strict water restrictions were implemented from 2016-2017 as the crisis worsened, limiting usage to 50 liters/person/day by September 2017. "Day Zero" was set for April 2018 when taps would be shut off.
- While the intense drought has ended, Cape Town is not yet free from water scarcity issues due to population growth. Desalination plants and more efficient dam systems are proposed solutions.
Bill Cesanek, co-chair of the APA Water and Planning Network, discusses the value of land use planning in achieving improved water efficiency for the 2020 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium hosted by the Texas Living Waters Project.
Bill Cesanek, co-chair of the APA Water and Planning Network, discusses the value of land use planning in achieving improved water efficiency for the 2020 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium hosted by the Texas Living Waters Project.
The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
Come September. Lined up events for TERRE -Global and Local . TERRE is invited for UN Secretary General's Climate Summit and UNEP's Climate and Clean Air Coalition meetings in New York . But equally important for us is the community dialogue at KAAS plateau-World Natural Heritage. This issue highlights these events and presents interesting articles.
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
Address to the Global Water Partnership (GWP)'s Consulting Partners Meeting 2009, on the theme of "One Last Chance" - demonstrating how IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management" is critical to Africa's future. Presentation by Alex Simalabwi.
CAPS794 Presentation RubricLearning Outcome Assess the leader.docxhacksoni
CAPS794 Presentation Rubric
Learning Outcome: Assess the leadership, human resources and organizational development needs associated with a firm’s strategic goals.
Presentation Content:
Your presentation is based on Greenwood Resources, Case #8 and should include:
· A Power Point presentation MUST also be included in conjunction with your Video
· An introduction and conclusion/recommendations must be included
· A brief overview of the case
· Applying concepts from Chapter 7 analyze their international strategy (reason for international expansion, entry mode, international strategy, etc.)
· Integrating concepts from chapter 8 discuss how Greenwood Resources adopted entrepreneurial strategies in its quest for growth.
· Must include references and citations when the thoughts or ideas are not your own
APA format
Add recording notes in the note section of the powerpoint below each slide, explaining in detail what the slide is explain.
This is not just SLIDES…. There has to be details that I will read on video explaining the context.. and it should flow as if you were giving a presentation in person
Levels of Achievement
Criteria
Does Not Meet Expectations or Missing
Needs Improvement
Meets Expectations
Demonstrates Mastery
Introduction and Conclusion
Weight 5%
0 to 72%
Introduction or Conclusion were missing.
73 to 79%
Failed to introduce self or purpose. Abrupt ending with no referencing.
80 to 93%
Introduced topic, purpose and self. General summary with appropriate referencing.
94 to 100%
Introduced topic, purpose and self along with an effective attention getter. Conclusion reinforced main points, appropriate referencing.
Body of the Presentation
Weight 50.00%
0 to 72 %
Several content areas are missing OR content areas are not addressed at the level of detail required.
73 to 79 %
A required content area may be missing OR some content demonstrates weak understanding of concepts being assessed and could be expanded upon.
80 to 93 %
Adequately addresses all required content areas (case overview, international strategies, and entrepreneurial strategies) in detail demonstrating a basic understanding of the concepts being assessed.
94 to 100 %
Addresses all required content areas (case overview, international strategies, and entrepreneurial strategies) in great detail demonstrating a strong understanding of the concepts being assessed.
Presentation Design
Weight
15%
0 to 72 %
Several content areas are not supported with information from the sim or textbook
73 to 79 %
Information from the simulation or the text is barely used or not used appropriately.
80 to 93%
Information from the simulation and the textbooks is used appropriately to support discussion and decisions.
94 to 100 %
Information from the simulation and the textbook is always used appropriately to support discussion and decisions with a high level of application to sim results.
Organization and Flow
Weight 10%
0 to 72 %
Information is not organized in a cl.
CAPSTONE CASE The Student will be required to read the Capstone.docxhacksoni
CAPSTONE CASE:
The Student will be required to read the Capstone Case (page 476 of the course text) and respond to the 15 questions on page 483 & 484. Each question will require no less than a one-page response with appropriate references in APA format double-spaced, Times New Roman 12point font. Capstone case is due December 5, 2018, @ 9:00AM.
476
Presented here is the description of a serial homicide investigation in the 1960s that involved
the sexually motivated murders of seven mostly college-aged women in Michigan. The
discussion provided here draws primarily on Edward Keyes’s, The Michigan Murders.1 The
case is longer and more detailed than the other From the Case File chapter introductions.
It can serve as a capstone discussion of many of the issues covered in Criminal Investigation,
including the basic problems of criminal investigation, the value of eyewitness identifica-
tions, the value of other evidence, the potential value of DNA evidence, how proof can be
established, and the impact of technology on investigations. Questions for discussion and
review are presented at the conclusion of the case.
Appendix
Capstone Case
Capstone CASE
The Coed Murders
The nightmare began on the evening of July 10, 1967,
when nineteen-year-old Mary Fleszar did not return
to her apartment, which was located just a few
blocks from the Eastern Michigan University (EMU)
campus in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Mary was a student at
the university. As is the case in most missing person
investigations, the first task for investigators was to
determine when and where she was last seen. In
reconstructing the last known whereabouts of Mary,
an EMU police officer recalled seeing a girl matching
her description walking near campus at about
8:45 p.m. the night before she was reported missing.
She was alone. Another witness reported he had seen
the girl at about 9:00 p.m. that same night in the same
area, walking on the sidewalk. The witness reported
that a car had driven up next to her and stopped.
According to report the witness gave, the only person
in the vehicle was a young man, and the vehicle was
bluish-gray in color, possibly a Chevy. The witness said
it appeared that the young man inside the car said
something to Mary, she shook her head, and the car
drove off. Shortly thereafter, the same car passed the
witness’s house again and pulled into a driveway in
front of Mary, blocking her path. Mary walked around
the back of the car and continued down the sidewalk.
The car pulled out of the driveway and, tires squealing,
drove down the street. At this point the witness lost
sight of Mary and the vehicle. Mary was never again
seen alive.
On August 7, 1967, a heavily decomposed nude body
was found on farmland two miles north of Ypsilanti.
The body was identified as Mary Fleszar through
dental records. It was clear to investigators that the
cause of death was certainly not natural, accidental,
or suicide, given the area.
More Related Content
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The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
The Nile River Basin: Public Participation Challenges and Opportunities (Shad...Iwl Pcu
Presentation Outline of Africa: Population, Natural Environment and Water Resources. Nile River Basin: Features, Challenges and Opportunities. The Big Picture: Multi-tracks Hydro Diplomacy. Public Participation: The Realities on the Ground. Concluding Remarks: Prospects, Potentials and Conclusions.
Come September. Lined up events for TERRE -Global and Local . TERRE is invited for UN Secretary General's Climate Summit and UNEP's Climate and Clean Air Coalition meetings in New York . But equally important for us is the community dialogue at KAAS plateau-World Natural Heritage. This issue highlights these events and presents interesting articles.
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
Address to the Global Water Partnership (GWP)'s Consulting Partners Meeting 2009, on the theme of "One Last Chance" - demonstrating how IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management" is critical to Africa's future. Presentation by Alex Simalabwi.
CAPS794 Presentation RubricLearning Outcome Assess the leader.docxhacksoni
CAPS794 Presentation Rubric
Learning Outcome: Assess the leadership, human resources and organizational development needs associated with a firm’s strategic goals.
Presentation Content:
Your presentation is based on Greenwood Resources, Case #8 and should include:
· A Power Point presentation MUST also be included in conjunction with your Video
· An introduction and conclusion/recommendations must be included
· A brief overview of the case
· Applying concepts from Chapter 7 analyze their international strategy (reason for international expansion, entry mode, international strategy, etc.)
· Integrating concepts from chapter 8 discuss how Greenwood Resources adopted entrepreneurial strategies in its quest for growth.
· Must include references and citations when the thoughts or ideas are not your own
APA format
Add recording notes in the note section of the powerpoint below each slide, explaining in detail what the slide is explain.
This is not just SLIDES…. There has to be details that I will read on video explaining the context.. and it should flow as if you were giving a presentation in person
Levels of Achievement
Criteria
Does Not Meet Expectations or Missing
Needs Improvement
Meets Expectations
Demonstrates Mastery
Introduction and Conclusion
Weight 5%
0 to 72%
Introduction or Conclusion were missing.
73 to 79%
Failed to introduce self or purpose. Abrupt ending with no referencing.
80 to 93%
Introduced topic, purpose and self. General summary with appropriate referencing.
94 to 100%
Introduced topic, purpose and self along with an effective attention getter. Conclusion reinforced main points, appropriate referencing.
Body of the Presentation
Weight 50.00%
0 to 72 %
Several content areas are missing OR content areas are not addressed at the level of detail required.
73 to 79 %
A required content area may be missing OR some content demonstrates weak understanding of concepts being assessed and could be expanded upon.
80 to 93 %
Adequately addresses all required content areas (case overview, international strategies, and entrepreneurial strategies) in detail demonstrating a basic understanding of the concepts being assessed.
94 to 100 %
Addresses all required content areas (case overview, international strategies, and entrepreneurial strategies) in great detail demonstrating a strong understanding of the concepts being assessed.
Presentation Design
Weight
15%
0 to 72 %
Several content areas are not supported with information from the sim or textbook
73 to 79 %
Information from the simulation or the text is barely used or not used appropriately.
80 to 93%
Information from the simulation and the textbooks is used appropriately to support discussion and decisions.
94 to 100 %
Information from the simulation and the textbook is always used appropriately to support discussion and decisions with a high level of application to sim results.
Organization and Flow
Weight 10%
0 to 72 %
Information is not organized in a cl.
CAPSTONE CASE The Student will be required to read the Capstone.docxhacksoni
CAPSTONE CASE:
The Student will be required to read the Capstone Case (page 476 of the course text) and respond to the 15 questions on page 483 & 484. Each question will require no less than a one-page response with appropriate references in APA format double-spaced, Times New Roman 12point font. Capstone case is due December 5, 2018, @ 9:00AM.
476
Presented here is the description of a serial homicide investigation in the 1960s that involved
the sexually motivated murders of seven mostly college-aged women in Michigan. The
discussion provided here draws primarily on Edward Keyes’s, The Michigan Murders.1 The
case is longer and more detailed than the other From the Case File chapter introductions.
It can serve as a capstone discussion of many of the issues covered in Criminal Investigation,
including the basic problems of criminal investigation, the value of eyewitness identifica-
tions, the value of other evidence, the potential value of DNA evidence, how proof can be
established, and the impact of technology on investigations. Questions for discussion and
review are presented at the conclusion of the case.
Appendix
Capstone Case
Capstone CASE
The Coed Murders
The nightmare began on the evening of July 10, 1967,
when nineteen-year-old Mary Fleszar did not return
to her apartment, which was located just a few
blocks from the Eastern Michigan University (EMU)
campus in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Mary was a student at
the university. As is the case in most missing person
investigations, the first task for investigators was to
determine when and where she was last seen. In
reconstructing the last known whereabouts of Mary,
an EMU police officer recalled seeing a girl matching
her description walking near campus at about
8:45 p.m. the night before she was reported missing.
She was alone. Another witness reported he had seen
the girl at about 9:00 p.m. that same night in the same
area, walking on the sidewalk. The witness reported
that a car had driven up next to her and stopped.
According to report the witness gave, the only person
in the vehicle was a young man, and the vehicle was
bluish-gray in color, possibly a Chevy. The witness said
it appeared that the young man inside the car said
something to Mary, she shook her head, and the car
drove off. Shortly thereafter, the same car passed the
witness’s house again and pulled into a driveway in
front of Mary, blocking her path. Mary walked around
the back of the car and continued down the sidewalk.
The car pulled out of the driveway and, tires squealing,
drove down the street. At this point the witness lost
sight of Mary and the vehicle. Mary was never again
seen alive.
On August 7, 1967, a heavily decomposed nude body
was found on farmland two miles north of Ypsilanti.
The body was identified as Mary Fleszar through
dental records. It was clear to investigators that the
cause of death was certainly not natural, accidental,
or suicide, given the area.
Capitalism emphasizes fostering individualism while socialism emphas.docxhacksoni
Capitalism emphasizes fostering individualism while socialism emphasizes collectivism. A major criticism of capitalism is that it creates an unequal distribution of resources and income within society because of its focus on individualism over collectivism. However, a major criticism of socialism is that it lacks the incentives necessary for greater innovation thus preventing an economy from achieving a level of productivity to adequately support society.
Questions:
A. Why do socialist countries typically have difficulty keeping up with the technological innovations of capitalist countries?
B. Would a society that emphasized a capitalist mode of production benefit by a moral framework that emphasized collectivism (i.e., emphasized greater consideration of others and society)? Why or why not?
Source: Copied & Paraphrased from Colander (2010): Macroeconomics, 8th edition
NOTE: Write your initial response with separate paragraph of no more than 5-7 complete, non-compound sentences for each part. Put each part into a separate paragraph. Subsequent responses must be no more than 10 complete, non-compound sentences.
All sources must be cited. Information should not be copied directly from any source.
.
Capitão et al. Translational Psychiatry ( 2019) 930 httpsdoi.docxhacksoni
Capitão et al. Translational Psychiatry ( 2019) 9:30
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0332-2 Translational Psychiatry
ARTICLE
Open Access
A single dose of fluoxetine reduces neural limbic responses to anger in depressed adolescents
Liliana P. Capitão1,2, Robert Chapman1,2, Susannah E. Murphy1,2, Christopher-James Harvey1, Anthony James1,2,
Philip J. Cowen1,2 and Catherine J. Harmer1,2Abstract
Depression in adolescence is frequently characterised by symptoms of irritability. Fluoxetine is the antidepressant with the most favourable benefit:risk ratio profile to treat adolescent depression, but the neural mechanisms underlying antidepressant drugs in the young brain are still poorly understood. Previous studies have characterised the neural effects of long-term fluoxetine treatment in depressed adolescents, but these are limited by concurrent mood changes and a lack of placebo control. There is also recent evidence suggesting that fluoxetine reduces the processing of anger in young healthy volunteers, which is consistent with its effect for the treatment of irritability in this age group, but this remains to be investigated in depressed adolescents. Here we assessed the effects of a single, first dose of 10 mg fluoxetine vs. placebo on neural response to anger cues using fMRI in a sample of adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who had been recently prescribed fluoxetine. As predicted, adolescents receiving fluoxetine showed reduced activity in response to angry facial expressions in the amygdala-hippocampal region relative to placebo. Activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was also increased. No changes in symptoms were observed. These results demonstrate, for the first time in depressed adolescents, that fluoxetine has immediate neural effects on core components of the cortico-limbic circuitry prior to clinical changes in mood. The effect on anger is consistent with our previous work and could represent a key mechanism through which fluoxetine may act to alleviate irritability symptoms in adolescent depression.
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Introduction
Adolescence is a developmental period in which the risk of experiencing psychological disorders increases significantly. Depression is common during this age period, being associated with a high rate of recurrence and significant risk of suicide1,2. Clinically, adolescents with depression display the same symptoms as seen in adulthood, but there are some key differences: depressed youth often exhibit irritability rather than (or in addition to) low mood. This is reflected in the high rates of irritability reported in community and clinical youth samples with depression, varying between 30 and 85%3–5. For this
reason, irritability is included as a cardinal symptom in the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) among children and adolescents but not adults6. More recently, irritability has also been recognised as a core.
Capital-Equipment BudgetingCapital-equipment budgeting is typica.docxhacksoni
Capital-Equipment Budgeting
Capital-equipment budgeting is typically related to the expansion of current services. This type of budget must be justified and requires a viability or return on investment analysis. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of financing options (e.g., mortgages and loans; lines of credit, leases; bond financing) for a specified capital improvement or equipment project.
Resources
Readings
1. Textbook:
Dropkin, M., Halpin, J., & LaTouche, B. (2007).
The budget-building book for nonprofits
(2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Chapter 16: Allocating Administrative, Overhead, and Shared Costs
Chapter 17: Revising Draft Operating Budgets
Chapter 18: Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)
Chapter 19: Capital Budgeting
2. Video:
Rae, W, [ehowfinance]. (2009, February 6). Making a Budget: How to Create a 0-Based Budget [Video File]. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/4HNFnNrSNjA (Links to an external site.)
Recommended Readings
1. Websites:
SAMHSA. (n.d.) Grants. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from
https://www.samhsa.gov/Grants (Links to an external site.)
National Institute of Health (NIH). (2015). Grants and funding: NIH's central resource for grants and funding information. National Institute of Health (NIH). Retrieved from
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/oer.htm
.
Capital StructureCreate an argument for a publically traded heal.docxhacksoni
Capital Structure
Create an argument for a publically traded health care organization to issue stocks or bonds as part of its capital structure. Provide support for your position.
Imagine that a publicly traded health care organization has just experienced a downgrade in its credit rating from a rating agency, such as Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s. Determine the most likely impact that this event would have on the publically traded health care organization. Indicate an approach that management could take to minimize the impact that you have determined. Provide support for your rationale.
Use at least one reference:
.
Capital RationingCompare and contrast the Internal Rate of Retur.docxhacksoni
Capital Rationing
Compare and contrast the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback approaches to capital rationing. Which do you think is better? Why? Provide examples and evidence from two articles from ProQuest to support your position. Your post should be 200-250 words in length.
.
Capital Investment EvaluationSelect one of the capital investmen.docxhacksoni
Capital Investment Evaluation
Select one of the capital investment evaluation methods described in Chapter 10 of your text. Fully explain the capital evaluation method’s strengths and weaknesses. Take a position and defend the use of your selected method. Be sure to use at least two scholarly sources to support your position. Your initial post should be 200-250 words.
.
Capital Investment 5Sources of Finance for the Proposed .docxhacksoni
Capital Investment 5
Sources of Finance for the Proposed CI Project and the Gap between the Theory and Practice of Capital Budgeting
By
Course
Tutor
University
City/State
Date
Introduction Comment by Ufuk Misirlioglu: No need along introduction, and add a very limited contribution.
Capital budgeting is one of the key processes businesses use to determine the potential of projects succeeding or failing to recuperate the initial financial investments. The process is very critical when large companies want to expand or introduce huge assets, which probably require colossal amounts of first cash investment as well as maintenance. These investments and projects can range from constructing massive new production plants to other long-term schemes. In such instances, business capital investment managers often spend a significant amount of time assessing the new project’s prospective lifetime success, including the cash outflows and inflows. This investment appraisal process is important in evaluating whether the potential outcomes or revenues generated can meet the target benchmark.
After achieving a successful capital budgeting plan, it is critical that a firm evaluates its prospective financial sources to fund the proposed projects. For example, based on its financial position, the projected amount of investment capital, and the repayment duration, an organization can either opt for a bank loan or sells its equity to other potential investors. That being said, Foster Construction Ltd needs to assess a wide range of possible financiers to support the purchase of the new ALII. This paper, therefore, mainly discusses some of these capital financing proposals the company can explore, with the last section detailing the existing gap between theory and practice of capital budgeting.
Discussion
A. Sources of Finance for the Proposed CI Project
Foster is a reputable company and boasts of a sizeable annual revenue-meaning that the firm cannot struggle to pay its debts. We truly have quite a range of options that can assist us to fund the new ALII capital project as a private firm. The following are some of the two most viable financial alternatives for the organization:
Firstly, I propose we obtain a short-term loan, probably payable within four years, from a renowned financial institution or commercial bank. I strongly believe a short-term loan can assist the Foster Construction Ltd to buy and maintain the modern ALII crane and restore the old one for the next four years. However, there are critical factors that must be considered before identifying the right financier and the amount we can apply. Current and projected inflation rates in the country will definitely play a central role. We must also consider the interest rates offered by each particular organization to determine the lowest repayable amount within the four years. Comment by Ufuk Misirlioglu: Mismatch. Comment by Ufuk Misirlioglu: This is not a short-term. Comment by .
Capital Investment Case Waterways Corporation is a private.docxhacksoni
Capital Investment Case
Waterways Corporation is a private company providing irrigation and drainage products
and services for residential, commercial, and public sector projects, including farms,
parks, and sports fields. It has a plant located in a small city north of Toronto that
manufactures the products it markets to retail outlets across Canada. It also maintains a
division that provides installation and warranty servicing in the Greater Toronto Area.
The mission of Waterways is to manufacture quality parts that can be used for effective
water management, be it drainage or irrigation. The company hopes to satisfy its
customers with its products, provide rapid and responsible service, and serve the
community and the employees who represent it in each community.
Waterways puts much emphasis on cash flow when it plans for capital investments. The
company chose its discount rate of 8% based on the rate of return it must pay its
owners and creditors. Using that rate, Waterways then uses different methods to
determine the best decisions for making capital outlays.
In 2020 Waterways is considering buying five new backhoes to replace the backhoes it
now has at its installation and training division. The new backhoes are faster, cost less
to run, provide for more accurate trench digging, have comfort features for the
operators, and have associated one-year maintenance agreements. The old backhoes
are working well, but they do require considerable maintenance. The operators are very
familiar with the old backhoes and would need to learn some new skills to use the new
equipment.
The following information is available to use in deciding whether to purchase the new
backhoes.
Old Backhoes New Backhoes
Purchase cost when new $90,000 $200,000
Salvage value now $42,000 None
Investment in major overhaul needed in next year $55,000 None
Salvage value in 8 years None $ 50,000
Remaining life 8 years 8 years
Net cash flow generated each year $25,250 $ 41,000
Instructions
a. Using the following methods, evaluate whether to purchase the new equipment or
overhaul the old equipment. (Hint: For the old machine, the initial investment is the cost
of the overhaul. For the new machine, subtract the salvage value of the old machine to
determine the initial cost of the investment.) Ignore income taxes in your analysis.
1. Use the net present value method for buying new or keeping the old.
2. Use the payback method for each choice. (Hint: For the old machine, evaluate the
payback of an overhaul.)
3. Compare the profitability index for each choice.
4. Compare the internal rate of return for each choice to the required 8% discount rate.
b. Are there any intangible benefits or negatives that would influence this decision?
c. What decision would you make and why?
Capital Investment CaseInstructions
quality
Quality management
principles
http://www.iso.org
This document introduces seven quality .
Capital Budgeting ProcessComplete an APA-formatted two-page paper .docxhacksoni
Capital Budgeting Process
Complete an APA-formatted two-page paper (not including the title and reference pages) answering the following questions.
Organizations that decide to issue bonds generally go through a series of steps. Discuss the six steps.
An alternative to traditional equity and debt financing is leasing. Leasing is undertaken primarily for what purposes?
Discuss the two major types of leases.
Discuss the terms short-term borrowing and long-term financing.
What are the primary sources of equity financing for not-for-profit healthcare organizations?
The capital budgeting process occurs in several stages, but generally includes what?
Discuss and list the three discounted cash flow methods.
.
Can We Know the Universe The following excerpt was publ.docxhacksoni
Can We Know the Universe?
The following excerpt was published in Broca's Brain (1979).
by Carl Sagan
"Nothing is rich but the inexhaustible wealth of nature. She shows us only
surfaces, but she is a million fathoms deep." — Ralph Waldo Emerson
Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.
Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities
there may be, to penetrate the connections of things—from subnuclear
particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living
organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a
whole. Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide. Our
perceptions may be distorted by training and prejudice or merely
because of the limitations of our sense organs, which, of course,
perceive directly but a small fraction of the phenomena of the world.
Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction
a pound of lead falls faster than a gram of fluff was answered
incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of
Galileo. Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge
old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.
Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage—at the very least the
courage to question the conventional wisdom.
Beyond this the main trick of science is to really think of something: the
shape of clouds and their occasional sharp bottom edges at the same
altitude everywhere in the sky; the formation of the dewdrop on a leaf;
the origin of a name or a word—Shakespeare, say, or "philanthropic";
the reason for human social customs—the incest taboo, for example;
how it is that a lens in sunlight can make paper burn; how a "walking
stick" got to look so much like a twig; why the Moon seems to follow us
as we walk; what prevents us from digging a hole down to the center of
the Earth; what the definition is of "down" on a spherical Earth; how it
is possible for the body to convert yesterday's lunch into today's muscle
and sinew; or how far is up—does the universe go on forever, or if it
does not, is there any meaning to the question of what lies on the other
side? Some of these questions are pretty easy. Others, especially the
last, are mysteries to which no one even today knows the answer. They
are natural questions to ask. Every culture has posed such questions in
one way or another. Almost always the proposed answers are in the
nature of "Just So Stories," attempted explanations divorced from
experiment, or even from careful comparative observations.
But the scientific cast of mind examines the world critically as if many
alternative worlds might exist, as if other things might be here which
are not. Then we are forced to ask why what we see is present and not
something else. Why are the Sun and the Moon and the planets
spheres? Why not pyramids, or cubes, or dodecahedra? Why not
irregular, jumbly shapes? Why so sym.
Capital Budgeting and Dividend PolicyWe examined two very import.docxhacksoni
Capital Budgeting and Dividend Policy
We examined two very important topics in finance this week; Capital Budgeting and Dividend Policy.
Critically reflect on the importance of selecting the right projects in which to invest capital. Do we always select those projects that have the highest return on investment? What other factors play into capital budgeting decisions?
We also looked at dividend policy. What incentive is there for a company to pay dividends? What signals does dividend policy provide to investors?
.
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docxhacksoni
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century
By Derek Van Dam, CNN Meteorologist
Updated 1:35 PM ET, Thu June 1, 2017
(CNN)The worst drought in a century is forcing the most stringent water restrictions ever implemented
for South Africa's second largest city.
Cape Town has less than 10% of its useable water remaining for its nearly 4 million residents. The city
is implementing Level 4 water restrictions, which ask residents to limit daily usage to 100 liters (26
gallons) per person. The measure is meant to reduce demand and conserve what little water is still
available and means significant sacrifices for residents.
http://www.capetown.gov.za/media-and-news/Water%20resilience%20a%20heightened%20approach%20to%20avoiding%20water%20shortages%20and%20achieving%20long-term%20water%20security
For Cape Town resident Suzanne Buckley, the restrictions mean adapting to a new lifestyle.
"We have buckets in our shower and bathroom sink to save excess water," Buckley said. "The gray
water is then used to flush our toilets."
The restrictions are in effect across the city in an aggressive effort to preserve its remaining drinking
water, but it may not be enough. South Africa ranks as the 30th driest country in the world and is
considered a water-scarce region. A highly variable climate causes uneven distribution of rainfall,
making droughts even more extreme.
Speaking to CNN, Cape Town Executive Mayor Patricia de Lille explained her concerns about the
growing water crisis. "Climate change is a reality and we cannot depend on rainwater alone to fill our
dams but must look at alternative sources like desalination and underground aquifers."
The Western Cape, one of the country's nine provinces and home to Cape Town, experiences its
annual rainy season during the winter months (June-September). Capetonians are likely several weeks
away from any substantial, drought-relieving rainfall. Even then, predictions are dire for this winter as a
potential El Niño develops off the west coast of South America, according to the Climate Prediction
Center. If El Niño does materialize, it would have a negative effect on rainfall across the Western Cape.
Severe water restrictions
The average American uses between 80 and 100 gallons (302-378 liters) of water per day. This
includes flushing toilets, taking showers or baths, brushing teeth, running dishwashers and
watering lawns.
Imagine restricting daily water use to 25 gallons. Some of the most basic tasks involving water that
we take for granted would be eliminated or severely restricted.
For Cape Town resident Kathy Basso, saving water has meant adopting the "if it's yellow let it mellow, if
it's brown flush it down campaign," a simple and effective measure that saves nearly 10 liters of water
per flush, and has been promoted by city officials.
Hotels across the city are closing their pools and asking patrons to be water .
Cape Cod Wind project Please respond to the followingThe Cape.docxhacksoni
"Cape Cod Wind project" Please respond to the following:
The Cape Cod Wind Project is not only an important environmental issue, but also an important political one. From the e-Activity, either justify or challenge the appropriateness of the government's influence. Provide an argument to justify your position.
"Cape Cod Town Upset About Planned Wind Farm." WCVBtv. 1 October 2010. YouTube. (2 min 54 s), Then use the Internet or the Strayer Library to research the government's role in the Cape Cod Wind Project. Be prepared to discuss.
.
Capella Career Center Last updated 62216 1 COMPE.docxhacksoni
Capella Career Center | Last updated: 6/22/16 1
COMPETENCY TRANSLATOR
FROM THE CAPELLA CAREER CENTER
COMPETENCY TRANSLATOR
This resource provides a format for capturing what you learn throughout your program and documenting how you have demonstrated
the skills required for your positions of interest. Possible uses for this information include: resume accomplishment statements,
interview responses, performance review conversations, promotion proposals, and salary negotiations.
View the Competency Translator Example to see sample language.
The purpose of Chart 1 below is to encourage you to reflect on and record what you’ve learned and how you might apply it in your
career. Start early in your program so you can easily refer to the information throughout (and after) your program!
Course name
(Optional:
Include
description
from catalog)
List of required
competencies
(From competency
map in course)
Key project/
Demonstration of
learning/Skills acquired
(Be specific as this could be
included in resume and
performance review)
Possible application
of learning
(Where and how could
you apply this
learning?)
Actual
application of
learning
(Where and how
did you apply
this)?
Artifact
example
(I.e. proposal,
lesson plan, or
budget)
Career goal
check in
(How has
this class
influenced your
career goal?)
http://assets.capella.edu/campus/career-center/competency-translator.pdf
Capella Career Center | Last updated: 6/22/16 2
COMPETENCY TRANSLATOR
FROM THE CAPELLA CAREER CENTER
Chart 2 prompts you to research the skills required for specific jobs and identify how you demonstrate those skills.
Job or career goal
of interest
Requisite skill
(Find on job posting,
LinkedIn profiles, and
networking)
Best demonstration of
each skill
(Reflect on degree
program, volunteer and
work experience)
CARD example
(Write specific example in bullet or narrative form
using CARD format)
Challenge – Problem, goal, or requirement in the
example
Action – Specific actions you took to resolve the challenge, solve the
problem or meet the requirement
Result –Benefit resulting in specific and measurable terms
Details* - Clarifying details to provide context, consider these
questions: how many, how much, how long, and how often.
Artifact example
(List tangible item such as
proposal, lesson plan, or
budget) to highlight on
LinkedIn, website, or
portfolio
Refer to the following resources for more information on how to leverage your academic learning to reach your career goals!
Please help us: Share your quick feedback on this tool!
Competencies in Action Resumes Cover letters Portfolio and Work Samples Interviewing
https://capellauniversity.co1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_d0uqwTRLcoq6kS1
http://assets.capella.edu/campus/career-center/competencies-in-action.pdf
https://campus.capella.edu/web/career-center/job-search-tools/resumes
https://campus.
Cantu was hired as a special education teacher by the San Benito Con.docxhacksoni
Cantu was hired as a special education teacher by the San Benito Consolidated Independent School District under a one-year contract for the 1990–91 school year. On August 18, 1990, shortly before the start of the school year, Cantu hand-delivered to her supervisor a letter of resignation, effective August 17, 1990. In this letter, Cantu requested that her final pay- check be forwarded to an address in McAllen, Texas, some 50 miles from the San Benito office where she tendered the resignation. The San Benito superinten- dent of schools, the only official authorized to accept resignations on behalf of the school district, received Cantu’s resignation on Monday, August 20. The superintendent wrote a letter accepting Cantu’s resig- nation the same day and deposited the letter, properly stamped and addressed, in the mail at approximately 5:15 pm that afternoon. At about 8:00 am the next morning, August 21, Cantu hand-delivered to the superintendent’s office a letter withdrawing her res- ignation. This letter contained a San Benito return ad- dress. In response, the superintendent hand-delivered that same day a copy of his letter mailed the previous day to inform Cantu that her resignation had been ac- cepted and could not be withdrawn. The dispute was taken to the state commissioner of education, who concluded that the school district’s refusal to honor Cantu’s contract was lawful, because the school district’s acceptance of Cantu’s resignation was ef- fective when mailed, which resulted in the formation of an agreement to rescind Cantu’s employment con- tract. Cantu argued that the mailbox rule should not
apply because her offer was made in person and the superintendent was not authorized to accept by using mail. Is this a good argument
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Cape Town Water Crisis and the Efficient Use of Scarce Water B.docx
1. Cape Town Water Crisis and the Efficient Use of Scarce Water
By: Peter Ferrara
Cape Town Water Crisis Overview
As far back as 1990, water scarcity was talked about in South
Africa, with an article in the Cape Times predicting the city
would run out of water in 2007
Since then rapid population growth has played a role in the
water conversation
From 1995 to 2018 Cape Town’s Population grew 79%
Population not sits at close to 4 million people including the
greater metropolitan area
2014: cities water supply is 71.9%
2015: dropped all the way to 50% total capacity
May 2017: water levels reach low of 10% capacity
2. Water Restriction Timeline
South Africa experienced a once in a century drought from
2015-late 2017
Water restrictions
Jan. 1, 2016- level 2
Nov. 1, 2016- level 3, no use of hoses or sprinklers in
residential areas
Jun. 1 2017- level 4, water usage limited to 100L/person/day
Sep. 3, 2017- level 5, water usage limited to 50L/person/day
By Christmas Day 0 was set for April 21 2018
> Day 0 is the day when municiple water supplies would largely
be shut off and residents would have to rely on 140 water
collection points throughout the city to collect their water ration
of 25 L/person/day
> Day 0 was eventually moved back to May, then June, then
July and eventually postponed to an undisclosed date in 2019
> while the intense drought has largely finished Cape town in
not yet free of water scarcity
Tourism
According to the Tourism Satellite Account for South Africa
report, tourism directly contributed to 2.9% of GDP in 2016
This may seem small however, the tourism sector is now a
larger GDP driver than Agriculture
Despite pressure from the drought, the tourism sector saw a net
gain of 40,000 jobs from 2012 to 2016
Additionally it is hard to fully estimate how much revenue
tourism generates because certain actions by tourists are
categorized differently in GDP (buses and trains fall under
3. transportation)
Where does Cape Town go from here?
While the drought may be considered over, Cape Town and
South Africa in general most take further precautions to prevent
a crisis like this happening again
Recognizing that tourism is an essential driver of South Africa’s
GDP, Cape Town must include its water usage in any and all
water conservation methods moving forward.
Possible solutions
Desalination Centers
Cape Town has already released funding to build 3 emergency
desalination plants
More Efficient Dam Drainage Systems
Roughly 10% of their main water supply is unusable because it
is too difficult to drain from the dam
References
Flynn, Jaqueline. “How Cape Town Defeated Day Zero-for
Now.” Pulitzer Center, 23 Oct. 2018
4. “Chapter 9.” Environmental and Natural Resource Economics,
by Thomas H. Tietenberg, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018, pp.
208–212.
Africa, Statistics South. “How Important Is Tourism to the
South African Economy?” Statistics South Africa, 26 Mar.
2018, www.statssa.gov.za/?p=11030.
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Weimer Cost-Benefit Analysis
Boyer
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Macroeconomic Theory and Policy
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and Pay
Holt
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Economics* Money and Banking*
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Introduction to Economic Reasoning
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14. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-139257-1 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-13-139257-3 (alk. paper)
1. Environmental economics. 2. Environmental policy. 3.
Natural resources—
Government policy. 4. Raw materials—Government policy. I.
Lewis, Lynne.
II. Title. III. Title: Environmental and natural resource
economics.
HC79.E5T525 2011
333.7—dc23
2011017669
ISBN-10: 0-13-139257-3
ISBN-13: 987-0-13-139257-1
v
Contents in Brief
Preface xxi
1 Visions of the Future 1
2 The Economic Approach: Property Rights, Externalities,
and Environmental Problems 16
3 Evaluating Trade-Offs: Benefit–Cost Analysis and Other
Decision-Making Metrics 46
4 Valuing the Environment: Methods 74
5 Dynamic Efficiency and Sustainable Development 102
6 Depletable Resource Allocation: The Role of Longer Time
Horizons, Substitutes, and Extraction Cost 118
7 Energy: The Transition from Depletable to Renewable
15. Resources 140
8 Recyclable Resources: Minerals, Paper, Bottles, and E-Waste
180
9 Replenishable but Depletable Resources: Water 204
10 A Locationally Fixed, Multipurpose Resource: Land 237
11 Reproducible Private Property Resources: Agriculture
and Food Security 262
12 Storable, Renewable Resources: Forests 293
13 Common-Pool Resources: Fisheries and Other Commercially
Valuable Species 320
14 Economics of Pollution Control: An Overview 359
15 Stationary-Source Local and Regional Air Pollution 397
16 Climate Change 424
17 Mobile-Source Air Pollution 442
18 Water Pollution 471
19 Toxic Substances and Environmental Justice 508
20 The Quest for Sustainable Development 538
21 Population and Development 564
22 Visions of the Future Revisited 589
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 600
Glossary 623
Name Index 635
Subject Index 642
vi
Contents
Preface xxi
16. 1 Visions of the Future 1
Introduction 1
The Self-Extinction Premise 1
EXAMPLE 1.1 Historical Examples of Societal Self-Extinction
2
Future Environmental Challenges 3
Climate Change 3
Water Accessibility 4
Meeting the Challenges 5
How Will Societies Respond? 6
The Role of Economics 6
DEBATE 1.1 Ecological Economics versus Environmental
Economics 7
The Use of Models 8
EXAMPLE 1.2 Experimental Economics: Studying Human
Behavior in a Laboratory 9
The Road Ahead 9
The Issues 10
DEBATE 1.2 What Does the Future Hold? 11
An Overview of the Book 11
Summary 13 ● Discussion Questions 14 ● Self-Test Exercise 14
● Further Reading 14
2 The Economic Approach: Property Rights,
Externalities, and Environmental Problems 16
Introduction 16
The Human–Environment Relationship 17
The Environment as an Asset 17
17. The Economic Approach 19
EXAMPLE 2.1 Economic Impacts of Reducing Hazardous
Pollutant
Emissions from Iron and Steel Foundries 20
Environmental Problems and Economic Efficiency 20
Static Efficiency 20
Property Rights 22
Property Rights and Efficient Market Allocations 22
Efficient Property Rights Structures 23
Producer’s Surplus, Scarcity Rent, and Long-Run Competitive
Equilibrium 24
Externalities as a Source of Market Failure 25
The Concept Introduced 25
Types of Externalities 26
EXAMPLE 2.2 Shrimp Farming Externalities in Thailand 27
Improperly Designed Property Rights Systems 28
Other Property Rights Regimes 28
Public Goods 31
Imperfect Market Structures 33
EXAMPLE 2.3 Public Goods Privately Provided: The Nature
Conservancy 34
Government Failure 35
DEBATE 2.1 How Should OPEC Price Its Oil? 36
The Pursuit of Efficiency 38
18. Private Resolution through Negotiation 38
The Courts: Property Rules and Liability Rules 39
Legislative and Executive Regulation 41
An Efficient Role for Government 42
Summary 43 ● Discussion Questions 43 ● Self-Test Exercises
44
● Further Reading 45
3 Evaluating Trade-Offs: Benefit–Cost Analysis
and Other Decision-Making Metrics 46
Introduction 46
Normative Criteria for Decision Making 46
Evaluating Predefined Options: Benefit–Cost Analysis 46
EXAMPLE 3.1 Valuing Ecological Services from Preserved
Tropical Forests 48
Finding the Optimal Outcome 48
Relating Optimality to Efficiency 50
Comparing Benefits and Costs Across Time 52
Dynamic Efficiency 53
Applying the Concepts 54
Pollution Control 54
EXAMPLE 3.2 Does Reducing Pollution Make Economic
Sense?
Evidence from the Clean Air Act 54
Preservation versus Development 56
EXAMPLE 3.3 Choosing between Preservation and
Development in Australia 57
Issues in Benefit Estimation 57
viiContents
19. Approaches to Cost Estimation 58
The Treatment of Risk 59
Distribution of Benefits and Costs 61
Choosing the Discount Rate 62
EXAMPLE 3.4 The Importance of the Discount Rate 63
Divergence of Social and Private Discount Rates 64
A Critical Appraisal 65
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 66
EXAMPLE 3.5 NO2 Control in Chicago: An Example of
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 68
Impact Analysis 68
Summary 69 ● Discussion Questions 70 ● Self-Test Exercises
71
● Further Reading 71
Appendix: The Simple Mathematics of Dynamic Efficiency 73
4 Valuing the Environment: Methods 74
Introduction 74
Why Value the Environment? 75
DEBATE 4.1 Should Humans Place an Economic Value
on the Environment? 76
Valuing Environmental Services: Pollination as an Example 76
EXAMPLE 4.1 Valuing Ecosystem Services: Pollination,
Food Security, and the Collapse of Honeybee Colonies 77
Valuation 78
20. Types of Values 79
EXAMPLE 4.2 Historical Example: Valuing the Northern
Spotted Owl 81
Classifying Valuation Methods 82
Stated Preference Methods 83
DEBATE 4.1 Willingness to Pay versus Willingness to Accept:
Why So
Different? 86
EXAMPLE 4.3 Leave No Behavioral Trace: Using the
Contingent Valuation
Method to Measure Passive-Use Values 89
Revealed Preference Methods 90
Travel Cost Method 90
Hedonic Property Value and Hedonic Wage Methods 91
Averting Expenditures 92
Using Geographic Information Systems for
Economic Valuation 92
EXAMPLE 4.4 Valuing Damage from Groundwater
Contamination Using
Averting Expenditures 92
EXAMPLE 4.5 Using GIS to Inform Hedonic Property Values:
Visualizing the Data 94
DEBATE 4.2 Is Valuing Human Life Immoral? 95
Summary: Nonmarket Valuation Today 98 ● Discussion
Questions 99
● Self-Test Exercises 99 ● Further Reading 100
viii Contents
21. 5 Dynamic Efficiency and Sustainable Development 102
Introduction 102
A Two-Period Model 103
Defining Intertemporal Fairness 107
Are Efficient Allocations Fair? 108
EXAMPLE 5.1 The Alaska Permanent Fund 110
Applying the Sustainability Criterion 110
EXAMPLE 5.2 Nauru: Weak Sustainability in the Extreme 112
Implications for Environmental Policy 113
Summary 114 ● Discussion Question 115 ● Self-Test Exercises
115
● Further Reading 116
Appendix: The Mathematics of the Two-Period Model 117
6 Depletable Resource Allocation: The Role of Longer
Time Horizons, Substitutes, and Extraction Cost 118
Introduction 118
A Resource Taxonomy 119
Efficient Intertemporal Allocations 123
The Two-Period Model Revisited 123
The N-Period Constant-Cost Case 124
Transition to a Renewable Substitute 125
Increasing Marginal Extraction Cost 127
Exploration and Technological Progress 129
EXAMPLE 6.1 Historical Example of Technological Progress in
the Iron
Ore Industry 130
Market Allocations of Depletable Resources 131
Appropriate Property Rights Structures 131
22. Environmental Costs 132
Summary 134 ● Discussion Question 135 ● Self-Test Exercises
135
● Further Reading 136
Appendix: Extensions of the Constant Extraction cost
Depletable
Resource Model: Longer Time Horizons and the Role of an
Abundant Substitute 137
7 Energy: The Transition from Depletable to Renewable
Resources 140
Introduction 140
EXAMPLE 7.1 Hubbert’s Peak 141
Natural Gas: Price Controls 142
Oil: The Cartel Problem 146
Price Elasticity of Oil Demand 147
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Income Elasticity of Oil Demand 148
Non-OPEC Suppliers 148
Compatibility of Member Interests 149
Fossil Fuels: Climate Considerations and National Security 151
The Climate Dimension 151
The National Security Dimension 152
DEBATE 7.1 How Should the United States Deal with the
Vulnerability
of Its Imported Oil? 154
23. EXAMPLE 7.2 Strategic Petroleum Reserve 156
The Other Depletable Sources: Unconventional Oil and Gas,
Coal,
and Nuclear Energy 157
Unconventional Oil and Gas Sources 157
EXAMPLE 7.3 Fuel from Shale: The Bakken Formation 158
Coal 159
Uranium 159
Electricity 163
EXAMPLE 7.4 Electricity Deregulation in California: What
Happened? 166
EXAMPLE 7.5 Tradable Energy Credits: The Texas Experience
167
EXAMPLE 7.6 Feed-in Tariffs 168
Energy Efficiency 169
Transitioning to Renewables 170
Hydroelectric Power 170
Wind 171
Photovoltaics 171
DEBATE 7.2 Dueling Externalities: Should the United States
Promote Wind Power? 172
Active and Passive Solar Energy 172
Ocean Tidal Power 173
Liquid Biofuels 173
Geothermal Energy 174
x Contents
Hydrogen 174
Summary 176 ● Discussion Questions 177 ● Self-Test Exercises
24. 177
● Further Reading 178
8 Recyclable Resources: Minerals, Paper, Bottles,
and E-Waste 180
Introduction 180
An Efficient Allocation of Recyclable Resources 180
Extraction and Disposal Cost 180
Recycling: A Closer Look 182
Recycling and Ore Depletion 183
Factors Mitigating Resource Scarcity 184
Exploration and Discovery 184
EXAMPLE 8.1 Lead Recycling 185
Technological Progress 186
Substitution 186
EXAMPLE 8.2 The Bet 188
Market Imperfections 188
Disposal Cost and Efficiency 189
The Disposal Decision 189
Disposal Costs and the Scrap Market 191
Subsidies on Raw Materials 191
Corrective Public Policies 192
EXAMPLE 8.3 Pricing Trash in Marietta, Georgia 192
DEBATE 8.1 “Bottle Bills”: Economic Incentives at Work? 194
EXAMPLE 8.4 Implementing the “Take-Back” Principle 196
Markets for Recycled Materials 197
E-Waste 197
Pollution Damage 200
25. Summary 201 ● Discussion Questions 202 ● Self-Test Exercises
202
● Further Reading 203
9 Replenishable but Depletable Resources: Water 204
Introduction 204
The Potential for Water Scarcity 205
The Efficient Allocation of Scarce Water 208
Surface Water 209
Groundwater 211
The Current Allocation System 212
Riparian and Prior Appropriation Doctrines 212
Sources of Inefficiency 214
DEBATE 9.1 What Is the Value of Water? 218
Potential Remedies 219
Water Transfers and Water Markets 219
EXAMPLE 9.1 Using Economic Principles to Conserve Water in
California 220
EXAMPLE 9.2 Water Transfers in Colorado: What Makes a
Market
for Water Work? 221
EXAMPLE 9.3 Water Market Assessment: Austrailia, Chile,
South Africa, and the United States 222
Instream Flow Protection 223
Water Prices 223
EXAMPLE 9.4 Reserving Instream Rights for Endangered
Species 224
EXAMPLE 9.5 Water Pricing in Canada 229
Desalination 230
Summary 231
26. DEBATE 9.2 Should Water Systems Be Privatized? 232
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GIS and Water Resources 233
Summary 233 ● Discussion Questions 234 ● Problems 234
● Further Reading 235
10 A Locationally Fixed, Multipurpose
Resource: Land 237
Introduction 237
The Economics of Land Allocation 238
Land Use 238
Land-Use Conversion 239
Sources of Inefficient Use and Conversion 240
Sprawl and Leapfrogging 240
Incompatible Land Uses 242
Undervaluing Environmental Amenities 242
The Influence of Taxes on Land-Use Conversion 243
DEBATE 10.1 Should Landowners Be Compensated for
“Regulatory Takings”? 244
Market Power 245
Special Problems in Developing Countries 246
DEBATE 10.2 What Is a “Public Purpose”? 247
Innovative Market-Based Policy Remedies 249
Establishing Property Rights 249
Transferable Development Rights 249
Wetlands Banking 250
EXAMPLE 10.1 Controlling Land Development with TDRs 250
27. Conservation Banking 251
EXAMPLE 10.2 Conservation Banking: The Gopher Tortoise
Conservation Bank 252
Safe Harbor Agreements 252
Grazing Rights 253
Conservation Easements 253
Land Trusts 254
EXAMPLE 10.3 Using a Community Land Trust to Protect
Farmland 255
Development Impact Fees 256
Property Tax Adjustments 256
DEBATE 10.3 Does Ecotourism Provide a Pathway to
Sustainability? 257
EXAMPLE 10.4 Trading Water for Beehives and Barbed Wire
in Bolivia 258
EXAMPLE 10.5 Tax Strategies to Reduce Inefficient Land
Conversion:
Maine’s Open Space Program 259
xii Contents
Summary 258 ● Discussion Questions 260 ● Self-Test Exercises
260
● Further Reading 261
11 Reproducible Private Property Resources:
Agriculture and Food Security 262
Introduction 262
Global Scarcity 263
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28. Formulating the Global Scarcity Hypothesis 264
Testing the Hypotheses 266
Outlook for the Future 267
EXAMPLE 11.1 Can Eco-Certification Make a difference?
Organic
Costa Rican Coffee 277
DEBATE 11.1 When Organic Goes Mainstream:
Do You Get What You Pay For? 278
The Role of Agricultural Policies 278
Summing Up: Agriculture in the Industrialized Nations 280
DEBATE 11.2 Should Genetically Modified Organisms
Be Banned? 281
EXAMPLE 11.2 Are Consumers Willing to Pay a Premium
for GMO-Free Foods? 282
Distribution of Food Resources 282
Defining the Problem 283
Domestic Production in Developing Countries 283
Climate Change 286
Feast and Famine Cycles 286
Summary 290 ● Discussion Questions 291 ● Self-Test Exercises
291
● Further Reading 292
12 Storable, Renewable Resources: Forests 293
Introduction 293
Characterizing Forest Harvesting Decisions 294
Special Attributes of the Timber Resource 294
29. The Biological Dimension 295
The Economics of Forest Harvesting 296
Extending the Basic Model 299
Sources of Inefficiency 301
Perverse Incentives for the Landowner 301
Perverse Incentives for Nations 304
Poverty and Debt 305
Sustainable Forestry 306
Public Policy 307
EXAMPLE 12.1 Producing Sustainable Forestry through
Certification 308
EXAMPLE 12.2 Conservation Easements in Action: The
Blackfoot
Community Project 310
Royalty Payments 311
Carbon Sequestration Credits 311
EXAMPLE 12.3 Does Pharmaceutical Demand Offer Sufficient
Protection to Biodiversity? 312
EXAMPLE 12.4 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest
Degradation (REDD): A Twofer? 313
EXAMPLE 12.5 Trust Funds for Habitat Preservation 314
Summary 314 ● Discussion Questions 316 ● Self-Test Exercises
316
● Further Reading 317
Appendix: The Harvesting Decision: Forests 318
30. 13 Common-Pool Resources: Fisheries and
Other Commercially Valuable Species 320
Introduction 320
Efficient Allocations 321
The Biological Dimension 321
Static Efficient Sustainable Yield 323
Dynamic Efficient Sustainable Yield 325
Appropriability and Market
Solution
s 327
EXAMPLE 13.1 Open-Access Harvesting of the Minke Whale
330
EXAMPLE 13.2 Harbor Gangs of Maine and Other Informal
Arrangements 331
Public Policy toward Fisheries 332
Aquaculture 332
DEBATE 13.1 Aquaculture: Does Privatization Cause More
Problems than It Solves? 335
Raising the Real Cost of Fishing 336
Taxes 338
Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) and Catch Shares 339
31. EXAMPLE 13.3 The Relative Effectiveness of Transferable
Quotas and
Traditional Size and Effort Restrictions in the
Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery 344
Subsidies and Buybacks 345
Marine-Protected Areas and Marine Reserves 345
The 200-Mile Limit 347
The Economics of Enforcement 347
Preventing Poaching 349
DEBATE 13.2 Bluefin Tuna: Is Its High Price Part of the
Problem
or Part of the