Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By Derek Van Dam, CNN Meteorologist Updated 1:35 PM ET, Thu June 1, 2017 (CNN)The worst drought in a century is forcing the most stringent water restrictions ever implemented for South Africa's second largest city. Cape Town has less than 10% of its useable water remaining for its nearly 4 million residents. The city is implementing Level 4 water restrictions, which ask residents to limit daily usage to 100 liters (26 gallons) per person. The measure is meant to reduce demand and conserve what little water is still available and means significant sacrifices for residents. http://www.capetown.gov.za/media-and-news/Water%20resilience%20a%20heightened%20approach%20to%20avoiding%20water%20shortages%20and%20achieving%20long-term%20water%20security For Cape Town resident Suzanne Buckley, the restrictions mean adapting to a new lifestyle. "We have buckets in our shower and bathroom sink to save excess water," Buckley said. "The gray water is then used to flush our toilets." The restrictions are in effect across the city in an aggressive effort to preserve its remaining drinking water, but it may not be enough. South Africa ranks as the 30th driest country in the world and is considered a water-scarce region. A highly variable climate causes uneven distribution of rainfall, making droughts even more extreme. Speaking to CNN, Cape Town Executive Mayor Patricia de Lille explained her concerns about the growing water crisis. "Climate change is a reality and we cannot depend on rainwater alone to fill our dams but must look at alternative sources like desalination and underground aquifers." The Western Cape, one of the country's nine provinces and home to Cape Town, experiences its annual rainy season during the winter months (June-September). Capetonians are likely several weeks away from any substantial, drought-relieving rainfall. Even then, predictions are dire for this winter as a potential El Niño develops off the west coast of South America, according to the Climate Prediction Center. If El Niño does materialize, it would have a negative effect on rainfall across the Western Cape. Severe water restrictions The average American uses between 80 and 100 gallons (302-378 liters) of water per day. This includes flushing toilets, taking showers or baths, brushing teeth, running dishwashers and watering lawns. Imagine restricting daily water use to 25 gallons. Some of the most basic tasks involving water that we take for granted would be eliminated or severely restricted. For Cape Town resident Kathy Basso, saving water has meant adopting the "if it's yellow let it mellow, if it's brown flush it down campaign," a simple and effective measure that saves nearly 10 liters of water per flush, and has been promoted by city officials. Hotels across the city are closing their pools and asking patrons to be water .

1. Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century
By Derek Van Dam, CNN Meteorologist
Updated 1:35 PM ET, Thu June 1, 2017
(CNN)The worst drought in a century is forcing the most
stringent water restrictions ever implemented
for South Africa's second largest city.
Cape Town has less than 10% of its useable water remaining for
its nearly 4 million residents. The city
is implementing Level 4 water restrictions, which ask residents
to limit daily usage to 100 liters (26
gallons) per person. The measure is meant to reduce demand
and conserve what little water is still
available and means significant sacrifices for residents.
http://www.capetown.gov.za/media-and-
news/Water%20resilience%20a%20heightened%20approach%20
to%20avoiding%20water%20shortages%20and%20achieving%2
0long-term%20water%20security
For Cape Town resident Suzanne Buckley, the restrictions mean
adapting to a new lifestyle.
"We have buckets in our shower and bathroom sink to save
excess water," Buckley said. "The gray

2. water is then used to flush our toilets."
The restrictions are in effect across the city in an aggressive
effort to preserve its remaining drinking
water, but it may not be enough. South Africa ranks as the 30th
driest country in the world and is
considered a water-scarce region. A highly variable climate
causes uneven distribution of rainfall,
making droughts even more extreme.
Speaking to CNN, Cape Town Executive Mayor Patricia de Lille
explained her concerns about the
growing water crisis. "Climate change is a reality and we cannot
depend on rainwater alone to fill our
dams but must look at alternative sources like desalination and
underground aquifers."
The Western Cape, one of the country's nine provinces and
home to Cape Town, experiences its
annual rainy season during the winter months (June-September).
Capetonians are likely several weeks
away from any substantial, drought-relieving rainfall. Even
then, predictions are dire for this winter as a
potential El Niño develops off the west coast of South America,
according to the Climate Prediction
Center. If El Niño does materialize, it would have a negative
effect on rainfall across the Western Cape.
Severe water restrictions
The average American uses between 80 and 100 gallons (302-
378 liters) of water per day. This
includes flushing toilets, taking showers or baths, brushing
teeth, running dishwashers and

3. watering lawns.
Imagine restricting daily water use to 25 gallons. Some of the
most basic tasks involving water that
we take for granted would be eliminated or severely restricted.
For Cape Town resident Kathy Basso, saving water has meant
adopting the "if it's yellow let it mellow, if
it's brown flush it down campaign," a simple and effective
measure that saves nearly 10 liters of water
per flush, and has been promoted by city officials.
Hotels across the city are closing their pools and asking patrons
to be water conscious during their
stay.The Radisson Blu Hotel Waterfront has placed signs in
guest rooms asking guests to "choose
showers over baths and to close the tap while brushing teeth."
javascript:void(0)
javascript:void(0)
http://www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/freshwater/

4. http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lan
ina/enso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.pdf
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lan
ina/enso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.pdf
https://www.facebook.com/CityofCT/posts/1361371987233050
https://www.facebook.com/CityofCT/posts/1361371987233050
What's causing the drought?
Several factors are to blame for Cape Town's stressed water
supply, including a growing population,
ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and a rapidly changing
climate.
A long-term drying trend (also known as desertification) is
evident in the decreasing levels of Cape
Town's parched reservoirs, which are intended to supply the
city's water. The Theewaterskloof Dam,
which creates the largest water reservoir supplying the Western
Cape, is at 13.7% capacity and shows
extreme signs of water depletion.
Winter cold fronts driven by strong westerly winds typically
bring replenishing rains to Cape Town. But
these rainfalls are become less and less frequent as part of a
troubling trend attributed to climate
change. An expansive area of high pressure in the Atlantic
Ocean frequently acts as a barrier to these
weather systems.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Fifth Assessment Report, long-term
climate models indicate a significant drying trend that could
reduce annual rainfall by up to 40%. "The
South Atlantic high pressure is a key factor in governing the

5. winter rainfall and shows signs of
strengthening," said Bruce Hewitson, director of the Climate
Systems Analysis Group at the University
of Cape Town, who participated in the IPCC report.
Hewitson went on to explain that while there are many factors
that play into the complex climate of
western South Africa, there is increasing evidence that rainfall
intensity and distribution will change as a
result of a warming climate.
The reality is that the current water crisis in Cape Town
shouldn't be treated as a short-term
occurrence, but rather as a long-term problem. It requires strong
governance to sustain the city's limited
water resources into the future. "We can only save water while
we have it," de Lille said.
Ultimately, though, water conservation begins at home.
https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-
drought/index.html
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-
report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf
https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-
drought/index.html
In less than 3 months, a major international city will likely run
out of water

6. By Paul P. Murphy, CNN
Updated 2:35 PM ET, Wed January 31, 2018
(CNN)In Cape Town, South Africa, they're calling it "Day
Zero" -- the day when the taps run dry.
City officials had recently said that day would come on April
22. They have since moved up the date to
April 12. Cape Town is South Africa's second-largest city and a
top international tourist draw. Now,
residents play a new and delicate game of water math each day.
They're recycling bath water to help flush toilets. They're being
told to limit showers to 90 seconds. And
hand sanitizer, once somewhat of an afterthought, is now a big
seller.
"Unwashed hair is now a sign of social responsibility," resident
Darryn Ten told CNN.
The genesis of the crisis
So how did this happen? How does a major city in the
developed world just run dry?
It's been a slow-motion crisis, exacerbated by three factors:
Even with the predicament they find themselves in, residents
haven't dropped their water use
significantly, Cape Town Mayor Patricia de Lille said. The city
has lowered the water pressure in its
mains to help stretch the water supply. But usage is still 86
million liters above its target goal. "It is quite
unbelievable that a majority of people do not seem to care and
are sending all of us headlong towards
Day Zero," a statement from the mayor's office said. "We can

7. no longer ask people to stop wasting
water. We must force them."
Starting February 1, residents will only be allowed to use 50
liters, or a little over 13 gallons, of water
per person, per day.
A campaign to help Cape Town avoid "Day Zero" offers
residents some water-saving tips.
https://www.cnn.com/profiles/paul-p-murphy
http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Non-water
https://www.westerncape.gov.za/110green/news/day-zero-now-
likely-happen-new-emergency-measures
Coping with the shortage

8. The shortage is forcing some residents to get creative.
Many residents are reusing bucket water, such as Anne Verbist,
who recycles her tap water to tend to
her plants. "We catch all water from the tap to wash hands and
dishes and use it for the plants," she
said.
But creativity is also creating problems.
"People (are) buying anything that can hold water," resident
Richard Stubbs said. "No buckets, no (gas
cans) or drums (are) in stock. So people (are) buying bins, vases
and large storage boxes."
Some then fill up these containers with water from the city
supplies -- further feeding the crisis.
Worries about drinking water
Verbist and some other residents said that while they use tap
water for household needs, they are
reluctant to drink it. "They claim it is fine to drink, but the kids
were having tummy issues," she said. So
now, she and her family trek to the Newlands Spring to get their
allotted liters of water twice a month.
They tried to replenish their drinking water reserves Monday,
but the line was too long. They went back
the next day.
Lincoln Mzwakali said his tap water "tastes funny" as well, so
he relies on the same spring. "Many
neighboring communities have started depending on it," he said.
CNN asked the city of Cape Town about the water quality
concerns that some residents reported but
has not received a response. The massive influx of Capetonians

9. collecting water at the spring has led
to issues within the normally quiet neighborhood. Now, the
government is stepping in to help manage
the queues and congestion at the spring. The site will only be
accessible during certain times of the day
and will be managed by city officials. In the coming months,
city officials say they will be diverting the
flow to a nearby swimming pool to speed up queues and manage
congestion.
Long lines and bare essentials
It's not lost on residents that "Day Zero" is fast approaching.
"It's frightening, especially when you
actually see the dams where we get our water from," Verbist
said.
Some who have money to leave Cape Town until the crisis
subsides are doing so. Darryn Ten plans on
doing just that. "Basically, everyone I know who is in the
position to be able to leave is doing so," he
said. "The consensus is that everyone who can get out of town
should do so in order to help lessen the
burden."
But there are those who can't -- the elderly, disabled and the
impoverished.
"They don't have the money to buy water," Verbist told CNN.
There's even a shortage of bottled water.
The stores that do have water sell out fast and are unable to
replenish their stock for days. Those that
can afford water are queuing at stores before they open. At one
local chain grocery store, video shows
shoppers swarming pallets of bottled water, clearing them in

10. just minutes.
"People were already rushing in and out of the shop to buy
water," Adele van der Spuy told CNN.
"Some actually went in several times as we were only allowed
to buy five boxes at a time."
Van der Spuy said she has never witnessed anything like it
before.
"It is eye-opening, and an indication of the panic and also what
lies ahead," she said.
"It's been a hard transition because a lot of Capetonians aren't
understanding how we got to this point
when the municipality was well-informed that we would
experience a drought," Mzwakali said.
"There are a lot of angry people and not enough answers on how
this is going to be resolved."
https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/24/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-
trnd/index.html
https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/24/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-
trnd/index.html
Water crisis spurs new breed of criminal in Cape Town

11. CBS NEWS February 14, 2018, 6:45 AM
CAPE TOWN, South Africa -- Drastic efforts are underway in
South Africa to save a
major, modern city from running out of water for the first time
ever. Cape Town's water
crisis was declared a national disaster on Tuesday by South
Africa's government. A
three-year drought has dropped the water level behind the
crucial Voëlvlei Dam to
dangerously low levels, and city officials say they'll be forced
to shut off most water taps
by June 4.
As CBS News correspondent Debora Patta reports, it's easy to
see why so many of
Cape Town's 4 million residents live in denial about the water
crisis; it is a city
surrounded by spectacular coastline. Everywhere you look there
is water -- but none of
it is drinkable.
Cape Town inhabitants have already been limited to just 13
gallons of water per day per
person -- compare that to the average American who uses more
than 100 gallons per
day.
The severe restrictions have forced police to target a new breed
of criminal; serial
abusers of the city's dwindling water supplies.
On patrol in a residential area, Officer Marco Boer spots an
offender and introduces

12. himself, before getting right to the business at hand.
"I notice that your sprinkler is on," he tells the homeowner.
"Yes I have my sprinkler on. Tuesday, I run my sprinkler," she
replies. But the lady is
breaking the law.
"You must use the water before nine (a.m.), not after nine,"
Boer informs her.
Police say the biggest offenders are often in the most affluent
areas. The water
restrictions are so severe, they have spawned a growing market
in illegal water
supplies.
A shop owner, who has already been fined twice, is now having
his business closed
down.
"This is the 3rd time," explains a police officer. "It must close
down."
He has been illegally using the city's water supply, purifying it
and then selling it to
customers. He argues with the police, saying all he is doing is
trying to run a business.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cape-town-drought-water-
shortage-south-africa/
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cape-town-drought-water-
shortage-south-africa/
"It's a temporary problem," he tells the police. "So you want

13. myself and my brothers to
close 11 businesses, get the people on the streets and no more
jobs, say 'come back
when it starts raining?'"
But others have found innovative ways -- legal ones -- to deal
with the restrictions,
including restaurant owner Alistair Wilson.
"We are going 100-percent biodegrable for cutlery, crockery,
glassware," he says. In
other words, everything will be disposable, thrown away rather
than washed.
Already he recycles water from the melting ice in his bar, and
he is looking at only
offering a cold menu, so his kitchen doesn't need to boil water.
South African musicians are also doing their bit. At least nine
popular acts have
recorded remixes of their hit songs, with exactly two-minute
durations -- the maximum
time allotted for a shower. When the song is over -- so is your
shower.
The water restrictions are clearly having some effect. Day Zero
has been pushed back
by a month -- that's the day the government predicts Cape Town
will run out of water.
If Day Zero is reached, the government will set up water
distribution points across the
city where residents can come to collect an allotted amount. To
avoid scuffles over the
limited resource, South African soldiers will guard the water
collection points.

14. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-water-shortage-
cape-town-drought-water-
restrictions-patta/
https://www.sanlam.co.za/campaigns/2minuteshowersongs/Page
s/default.aspx
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-water-shortage-
cape-town-drought-water-restrictions-patta/
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-water-shortage-
cape-town-drought-water-restrictions-patta/
There’s a crazy plan to tow an iceberg from Antarctica to
fix Cape Town’s water crisis
WRITTEN BY
Yomi Kazeem
July 04, 2018 Quartz Africa
An improbable idea is being floated to solve Cape Town’s water
crisis: towing an iceberg
from Antarctica over 2,000 kilometers to the South African city.
For much of the past year, Day Zero—when Cape Town, a city
of 3.7 million will run out of
water—has loomed but with restrictions such as two-minute
showers and only using 50 liters
of water daily, Day Zero has been temporarily postponed

15. without a date. Officials say Day
Zero could still happen in 2019.
But to prevent that reality, Nick Sloane, a marine salvage expert
says towing an iceberg from
Antarctica could solve the problem. The ideal iceberg would
need to be one kilometer in
length, 500 meters across and 250 meters deep with a flat
surface. If successfully towed,
melted water from the iceberg can potentially provide 150
million liters of freshwater every
day for a year. While it won’t solve all of Cape Town’s water
problems, it could make a huge
dent and supply up to 30% of the city’s annual needs, Sloane
estimates.
It’s not the first major marine project Sloane has been involved
in. Back in 2013, Sloane’s
team salvaged the wrecked Costa Concordia cruise ship in one
of the largest maritime
salvage operations ever.
To prevent premature melting while being towed, the iceberg
will be wrapped in a textile
insulation skirt while being dragged across the 2,000 kilometer
distance over a three-month
period.
But it won’t be cheap as towing the iceberg alone could cost up
to $100 million—a steep price
for an operation with several questions remaining over its
viability. However, Sloane says his
team will undertake all the risk if the move is approved by Cape
Town. “We’ve got private
investors standing by on the wings to fund it,” he tells Quartz.
Under that arrangement,

16. Sloane and his partners will only charge a delivery fee if the
operation is successful.
So far though, the project is yet to get the green light from the
city. “At the moment, they’re
monitoring the winter rainfall figures,” Sloane tells Quartz.
“They will decide in August if this is
required or not.”
https://qz.com/1321034/cape-town-day-zero-expert-proposes-
towing-iceberg-from-antarctica/
https://qz.com/author/ykazeem/
https://qz.com/africa/
https://qz.com/1272589/how-cape-town-delayed-its-water-
disaster-at-least-until-2019/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24123251
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24123251
http://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/2153541/titanic
-plan-floated-ease-cape-town-drought-towing-iceberg
https://qz.com/1321034/cape-town-day-zero-expert-proposes-
towing-iceberg-from-antarctica/
A massive freshwater reservoir at the bottom of the ocean
could solve Cape Town’s drought — but it’s going
untapped
By Evan Lubofsky Feb 15, 2018, 9:53am EST
Photo by Per-Anders Pettersson
On June 4th — a date that has become nervously known as “Day
Zero” — it’s expected that Cape
Town, South Africa, a city of 4 million, will run dry in the wake

17. of what could arguably be the most
alarming and severe water shortage a modern city has ever
experienced. But research suggests that
a solution to Cape Town’s looming crisis — quadrillions of
liters of fresh water — may be sitting
practically beneath the city’s feet, and it’s going entirely
untapped.
The current historic drought began after Cape Town experienced
an unseasonably dry winter in 2015.
The lack of rainfall that year caused water levels in the city’s
dams to plummet by 20 percent, only to
be followed by two more dry winters. A changing climate has
made drought conditions worse,
and poor water management exacerbated the situation, bringing
the city’s water supply to the critically
low level it sits at today.
In response, the Cape Town government is calling on
inhabitants to curb water use: the city rolled out
social media campaigns around messages such as “We Can Beat
Day Zero” to curb water use to 50
liters or less per person per day versus the more typical 80 to
100 liters. Advice includes one load of
laundry per week, using hand sanitizer instead of soap and
water, and not washing your hair as often
as you might like. For residents like Joe Appel, who lives in a
Cape Town suburb called Ottery, the
crisis has prompted him to carry out a simulated “dry run” in
preparation for Day Zero.
“I decided to limit myself to 25 liters per day, which is what the
ration will be after Day Zero,” he said.
“It was very funny, as I had to use a very small basin to wash
myself.”

18. It’s a dire state of affairs, and one that may have been
avoidable: more than a mile below the seafloor
off the coast of South Africa lies a vast sea of fresh water that,
if tapped, could serve as a backup
water supply for the water-starved city.
This hidden subsea water supply sits at the very southern tip of
the continent in an 18,000-square-
mile basin that shares its name with the South Africa town of
Bredasdorp. The Bredasdorp basin,
along with similar offshore aquifers found along portions of
every other continent, was documented in
a 2013 paper in Nature by scientists from Flinders University
and the National Centre for Groundwater
Research and Training.
The study put the phenomenon in a global context, but it wasn’t
the first time subsea fresh water was
reported. In 1976, scientists with the US Geological Survey
found subsea freshwater reserves
extending roughly 60 miles off the New Jersey coast during a
scientific drilling expedition in the
Atlantic.
While geoscientists have been able to estimate how far offshore
aquifers extend in different
continents through well sampling, they haven’t been able to
determine the absolute sizes of offshore
aquifers in different regions. This is mainly due to the fact that
the technology required to map them in
3D — Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) surveying —
has only been recently applied to the
study of offshore aquifers. The technique, which the oil industry
has traditionally used to detect the

19. presence of offshore oil and gas, works by beaming
electromagnetic signals into the ocean, typically
https://www.theverge.com/users/Evan%20Lubofsky
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/world/africa/cape-town-
day-zero.html
https://newswise.com/articles/cape-town-water-crisis-reflects-
poor-water-allocation,-not-just-drought
https://xplorio.com/bredasdorp/en/about/history/
https://go.redirectingat.com/?id=66960X1514734&xs=1&url=htt
ps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature12858
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/206/4418/515
http://www.emgs.com/content/639/Controlled-source-
electromagnetic-CSEM-surveying
by a transmitter draped off a ship. The signals diffuse down
through the seafloor and into the
subsurface, where pockets of fresh water fill porous sandstone,
sandwiched in between layers of
marine clay. As the electromagnetic signals penetrate the
subsurface, their intensity changes
depending on how easy or hard it is for the fluids to transmit an
electrical current. Since fresh water is
a poor conductor of current, the technology is able to
distinguish it from salt water (which is an
effective conductor) and thereby determine its presence.
Even though the fresh water is largely kept isolated from
seawater by the layers of clay, some
seawater salts can permeate the sediment over time through
diffusion. This can make some of the
fresh water slightly salty, or brackish.
According to the 2013 study, there’s an estimated 120,000 cubic
miles of subsea fresh water globally

20. — roughly 1,000 to 1,200 times the amount of water used in the
US annually.
That would be more than enough to provide backup water
supplies to other cities facing water
shortages beyond Cape Town, like São Paulo, Brazil and
Mexico City. To date, however, none of it
has been pumped up for public use.
But why?
“It’s complicated,” says Brandon Dugan, a geophysicist and
associate professor with the Colorado
School of Mines, who has been studying offshore freshwater
aquifers since 2002. “We don’t exactly
understand the plumbing of the system or the precise volume of
fresh water that’s down there. So that
makes it difficult to devise a pumping strategy to maximize use
of the resource.”
In order to extract the water, Dugan explains, geoscientists must
understand how the reserves were
generated in the first place. If the water was originally
deposited by a melted freshwater glacier during
the ice ages — when the sea level was hundreds of feet lower
than it is today — then it’s an
exhaustible supply that would run out once depleted. But if the
fresh water seeped its way down there
from land-based water supplies, the reservoirs could prove to be
massive renewable resources.
Then, there’s the question of legal rights. According to Renee
Martin-Nagle, an aquifer law expert, if
subsea freshwater reserves lie within a country’s 200-mile
exclusive economic zone, as defined under

21. the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, it belongs to that
country. Because the Cape Town-
adjacent underwater reserves sit just 50 to 75 miles offshore,
accessing and developing it would be
within the city’s legal right. “However, if the aquifer straddles
another country’s exclusive economic
zone, the law is silent and the parties would have to work out an
understanding between themselves,”
she said.
Accessing the reserve also poses a problem. Mark Willett, an
engineer and director of the
Wannacomet Water Company in Nantucket, Massachusetts, says
the cost of accessing the reserve
could be staggering. “Offshore fresh water would be a great
option for regions that don’t have a good
water supply, but there are several challenges in getting it to
shore,” he said. “You’d need an offshore
rig to drill the well, and divers would have to go down and weld
or fuse the pipe to the well. If the pipe
was laid on a rocky bottom, it would have to be engineered to
withstand the shifting ocean currents. It
could be $4 to $7 million in well construction and
approximately $100,000 per mile of pipe plus the
cost of any water treatment that is needed.”
Chris Hartnady, research and technical director of the Cape
Town-based environmental consultancy
Umvoto Africa, notes that there had been local interest in
offshore freshwater aquifers a decade ago
after drillers struck fresh water several hundred miles east of

22. Cape Town during offshore oil
exploration. But he says it was never pursued, presumably due
to costs. “It is considerably less
expensive to develop onshore wellfields,” he said.
While the costs of tapping offshore aquifers would likely dwarf
the expense of traditional water well
drilling, they would arguably be a small price to pay compared
to the financial blow the region could
face on Day Zero.
No one knows how the crisis will play out, but as devastating as
the situation is for Cape Town, Dugan
sees an upside. “When a developed city that has a high respect
level around the world all of a sudden
runs out of water, it’s going to drive innovation and creativity
that will help prevent this from happening
in the future. It makes the idea of tapping offshore reserves
seem more viable than ever.”
https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/15/17012678/cape-town-
drought-water-solution
https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/15/17012678/cape-town-
drought-water-solution