2. CANCER is the Latin word for crab
It is also called as:
Malignancy
Malignant tumor
Neoplasm(new growth)
3. An abnormal growth of cells which tend to
proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in
some cases ,to metastasize (spread).
These extra cells slowly accumulate to form a
tissue mass ,lump or growth called a tumor.
These abnormal cell can destroy normal
tissue and spread through the blood stream
and lymphatic system
4. Cancer are named for the area in which they
begin and the types of cell they are made of,
even if they spread to other parts of the body
For example:
A cancer that begins in the lungs and spreads
to the liver is still called a lung cancer
There are also several clinical terms used for
certain general types of cancer:
1.carcinoma 2.sarcoma 3.leukemia
4.lymphoma and myeloma
5.brain and spinal cord cancer
5. Cancer that begins in the skin or in the
tissues that line or cover internal organs.
There are different subtypes including
Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamos cell carcinoma
Transition cell carcinoma
6. Cancer that begins in the connective or
supportive tissue such as bone ,cartilage ,fat,
muscle or blood vessels.
7. Cancer that starts in blood forming tissue
such as bone marrow and causes abnormal
blood cells to be produced and go into blood
8. Cancer that begin in the cells of the immune
system.
BRAIN AND SPINALCORD CANCER
These are known as central nervous system
cancers
9. Staging is important because it helps your
treatment team to know which treatments
you need.
There are 2 main types of staging systems for
cancer. These are the
TNM system
number system.
10. TNM stands for Tumor, Node, Metastasis.
This system describes the size of the
initial cancer (the primary tumor), whether
the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes,
and whether it has spread to a different
part of the body (metastasized). The
system uses letters and numbers to
describe the cancer:
11. T refers to the size of the cancer and how far it has spread into
nearby tissue – it can be 1, 2, 3 or 4, with 1 being small and 4 large
N refers to whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes – it can
be between 0 (no lymph nodes containing cancer cells) and 3 (lots of
lymph nodes containing cancer cells)
M refers to whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body
– it can either be 0 (the cancer hasn't spread) or 1 (the cancer has
spread)
12. Stage 1 usually means that a cancer is relatively small and
contained within the organ it started in
Stage 2 usually means that the tumor is larger than in stage
1, but the cancer has not started to spread into the
surrounding tissues. Sometimes stage 2 means that cancer
cells have spread into lymph nodes close to the tumor. This
depends on the particular type of cancer
Stage 3 usually means the cancer is larger. It may have
started to spread into surrounding tissues and there are
cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the area
Stage 4 means the cancer has spread from where it started to
another body organ. This is also called secondary or
metastatic cancer
13. Breast changes
Lump or firm feeling in your breast or under your
arm
Nipple changes or discharge
Skin that is itchy, red, scaly,
Bladder changes
Trouble urinating
Pain when urinating
Blood in the urine
Bleeding or bruising, for no known reason
14. Bowel changes
Blood in the stools
Changes in bowel habits
Eating problems
Pain after eating (heartburn or indigestion that doesn’t go away)
Trouble swallowing
Belly pain
Nausea and vomiting
Appetite changes
Fatigue that is severe and lasts
Fever or night sweats for no known reason
15. Mouth changes
A white or red patch on the tongue or in your mouth
Bleeding, pain, or numbness in the lip or mouth
Neurological problems
Headaches
Seizures
Vision changes
Hearing changes
Drooping of the face
Skin changes
16. A new mole or a change in an existing mole
A sore that does not heal
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of
the eyes)
Swelling or lumps anywhere such as in the
neck, underarm, stomach, and groin
Weight gain or weight loss for no known
reason
17. When cancer cells brake away from a tumor
,they can travel to other parts of the body
through the bloodstream or the lymph
system. many of these cells die ,but some
settle in a new area ,start to grow and form
new tumour.
This spread of cancer to a new part of the
body is called metastatis.
18.
19. 1. A direct cause of cancer is changes to the
DNA in your cells. genetic mutations can be
inherited.
2.exposure to cancer causing chemicals
called carcinogens
3.exposure to radiation
4.unprotected exposure to sun
5.certain virus such as human papilloma virus
6.smoking
7.lifestyle choices such as type of diet and
level of physical activity
20. Surgery
When used to treat cancer, surgery is a procedure
in which a surgeon removes cancer from your
body.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that
uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells .
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that
uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
21. Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer
Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps your immune
system fight cancer.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the
changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread.
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of
breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow.
22. Stem Cell Transplant
Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore
blood-forming stem cells in cancer patients who
have had theirs destroyed by very high doses of
chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Precision Medicine
Precision medicine helps doctors select
treatments that are most likely to help patients
based on a genetic understanding of their
disease.
23. A biopsy is the diagnostic procedure that can
definitely determine if the suspicious area is
cancerous.
APPROXIMATELY:10,000 – 30,000 rs.
estimated cost
25. Anxiety
Depression
Hopelessness
Fear
Loss of independence
Low self esteem
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
acceptance
26. When cancer enters an individual’s life, it also enters
the lives of family members and close friends.
Research clearly indicates that cancer enters the
emotional, social, physical, and spiritual well-being
of patients and their family members
(Northouse,2005).
It presents a major crisis for them as well as the
patient .
Walking the illness journey with a loved one can
contribute to many reactions, including feelings of
loss of control, disrupted family organization, and
altered relationships .
27. The strain of feeling continuously “on duty” to
provide physical and emotional support, on
top of dealing with their own fears, adds to
the pressures of family members. They also
may need to conceal their own feelings and
fears of what will be expected of them in the
future if the disease progresses.
Some family members may assume the role
of cheerleader to remain upbeat
andencourage the patient to remain
optimistic.
28. The Patient’s Response to the Diagnosis Whether a
person anticipates the diagnosis, his or her initial
response usually is disbelief, numbness, and anxiety.
Receiving a cancer diagnosis is associated with a peak
of negative mood and distress for many .
similar to a grief reaction with periods of calmness are
common.
Generally, following
the initial days after receiving the diagnosis, most
individuals are able to develop a constructive plan of
action.
Healthcare professionals must remember that no
matter how compassionate and skilled the person is in
giving the bad news, patients still may Experience
extreme emotional reactions .
29. Some individuals initially respond with denial. They
cannot allow themselves to think about what will
happen if the treatment does not work or how this
will affect the family.
Denial is a protective mechanism from this
tremendous threat. It is a common initial reaction
to the overwhelming threat but generally decreases
over time.
Some individuals are able to forestall any emotional
reaction to the news as they research the disease,
consider treatment options, and interview
physicians. This allows patients to remain more
focused on the decision making. However, an
emotional reaction can surface at any time.
