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Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?

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Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition
Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition

Are we Losing the Fight & What Can We Do to Change the Outcomes Through Diet, Daily Activities, & Environmental Changes

Health & Medicine
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Integrative Health Version 20.14 Cancer Why We Are Losing the Fight & What Can We Do to Change the Outcomes Through Diet, Daily Activities, & Environmental Changes Presented By: Dr Don E. Harris
Dr. Don E. Harris Memberships and Associations: • American Academy of Anti Aging Medicine (A4M) • American Academy of Environmental Medicine(AAEM) • American College for Advancement in Medicine (ACAM) • American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) • American Nutraceutical Association (ANA) • American Nutrition Association (ANA) • American Society for Nutrition (ASN) • American Society of Clinical Oncologists (ASCO) • IDEA Health and Fitness Association • Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) • International and American Society of Clinical Nutritionists ( IAACN) • Society for Nutrition Education (SNE) Post Doctural Education: • Post Doc Fellowship: Integrative Cancer Therapy (Current) • Certified Clinical Nutritionist 2014 • Certified Health Trainer • Certified Cancer Exercise Trainer Employment: • University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Oral Biology • Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition, President 25 Years in Practice Specializing in Clinical Nutrition with Emphasis on Integrative Cancer Therapies Education: •Bridgewater State College 1986 BS Biology BS Psychology •National University of Health Science 1992 BS Human Biology Doctor of Chiropractic •University of South Florida MS Integrative Cancer Therapy 2014
Disclaimer The information given and discussed at this workshop is for information and research purposes only and is not intended to prescribe treatment.
Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition An Integrative Health Care/Clinical Nutrition practice dedicated to assisting clients learn how each individual can alter their Lifestyle to live a L o n g e r / H e a l t h i e r life.
The Goal of Today's Workshop 1) Understand the principles behind health issues facing our lives today and our future . 2) How these principles can positively affect our health and well being. 3) Prepare you to make informed decisions concerning your health 4) Not to put you to sleep.
Common Conditions 2014 Neurococognitive Disorders Alzheimer's Attention Deficient Disorder Parkinson’s ALS Dementia Stroke Infectious Disorders Viral Bacterial Fungal Parasitic Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Insulin Resistance Thyroid Hormone Replacement Adrenal Dysfunction Hormone Dysfunction Gastro-Intestinal Disorders Crohn's IBS Leaky Gut Dysbiosis Esophageal Reflux Disease Ulcers/Ulcerative Colitis Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis Heart Attack Stroke Systemic Disease Chronic Fatigue Fibromyalgia Autoimmune Arthritis Inflammation Sexual Dysfunction Metabolic Syndrome Cancer
Etiology for Most Diseases •Infections •Inflammation •Hypercoagulation •Dysbiosis •Maldigestion •Immune Dysfunction •Hyperglycemia •Allergies •Hormone Imbalances •Oxidative Stress •Angiogenisis, Apoptosis, Immune Function, Inflammation, pH, Free Radicals, Genetics, Altered Detoxification, Hormone Control, Energy Metabolism, Dysbiosis, Cellular Communication , Genetics •Acidosis Physiology Related to the Development of Cancer
Linear Approach to Healthcare Symptom Treatment We must begin to approach health care as a web-like environment, and not just a single cause mentality.
Web-Like Design Digestion/Absorption Endocrine Dysfunction Immune/Inflammatory Imbalance Detoxification/Elimination
Symptom Treatment Symptom Symptom Cause Treatment Treatment Cause and Effect
Refined CHO Ingestion Plasma Glucose Insulin Secretion Insulin Receptor Down Regulation Early Death MI Blindness Limb Amputation Inter-Relationships of Disease Blood Lipids Pain CV Risk Insulin Resistance Hypoglycemia HyperInsulinemia Syndrome X Kidney Failure Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Resistance PPAR gamma “thrifty gene Arthritis Serotonin/ Endorphin Receptors Weight Gain Kidney Na Retention Stress CHO Hunger Inflammation Fatigue Depression Hypertension AGE Cancer Dysbiosis
Refined CHO Ingestion Plasma Glucose Insulin Secretion Insulin Receptor Down Regulation Early Death MI Blindness Limb Amputation Insulin Resistance Hypoglycemia HyperInsulinemia Syndrome X Kidney Failure Diabetes Mellitus
Refined CHO Ingestion Weight Gain Fatigue Depression
Refined CHO Ingestion Insulin Resistance PPAR gamma “thrifty gene Arthritis Inflammation Pain Cancer Early Death
Toxins 1LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Symptoms Balanced Illness Health
Toxins 2LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 2LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 3LB Symptoms Balanced Illness Health
Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 4LB Anti- Inflammation Symptoms Pro-Balanced Illness Health
More People are Going to Doctors Than Ever Before More people are getting X-rays, diagnostic testing than ever before More people are taking prescription and nonprescription drugs than ever before More surgeries are being performed than ever before
More People get Colds and flues than ever before More people have diabetes than ever before More people have pre-diabetic conditions than ever before More people have heart disease than ever before More people have multiple sclerosis, lupus, crohns, RA , IBS, colitis, (auto-immune), than ever before More people have acid reflux ulcers, and stomach problems than ever before More women have menopause problems than ever before More women have more frequent PMS and more severe PMS than ever before More kids have attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity than ever before More people have chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia than ever before More people have insomnia than ever before More people have skin problems than ever before More people suffer from depression, anxiety, and stress than ever before More men and women suffer from sexual dysfunction and infertility than ever before More people suffer from allergies, asthmas, arthritis, migraine headaches than ever before More men suffer from prostate problems and more women get yeast infections than ever before
Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900 Infectious Illness Life Expectancy 47 Life Expectancy 78 1.Pneumonia/Flu 2. Tuberculosis 3. Dysentery 4.Heart Disease 5. Stroke 6. Kidney Infections 7. Accidents 8. Cancer 9. Senility 10. Diphtheria 2011 Chronic Inflammation 1.Heart Disease 2.Cancer 4. Stroke 5. Accidents 6. Alzheimer’s 7. Diabetes 8. Pneumonia/Flu 9. Kidney Infection 70% 55% 2.2% 3.Chronic Lower Respiratory Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, 10. Self Harm
65 % of Deaths are Related to Poor Diet, Lifestyle, Environment •Heart Disease 25.6% •Cancer 23.3% •Chronic Lower Respiratory 5.6% •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) 5.3% •Accidents 4.8% •Alzheimer’s 3.2% •Diabetes 2.8% •Pneumonia/Flu 2.2% •Kidney Disease 2.0% •Self Harm 1.5% 54.5%
Most Expensive Drugs (Billions) Chronic Disorders • Lipitor $7.20 Cholesterol • Nexium $6.3 Heartburn • Plavix $6.1 Blood Clots • Advair $4.7 Asthma • Abilify $4.6 Antipsychotic • Seroquel $4.4 Antipsychotic • Singulair $4.1 Asthma • Crestor $3.8 Cholesterol • Actos $3.5 Diabetes • Epogen $3.3 Anemia 48 Billion 250 Billion
Most Prescribed Drugs (Millions) Chronic Disorders • Hydrocodone (with acetaminophen) 131.2 Pain • Zocor 94.1 Cholesterol • Lisinopril (BP) 87.4 BP • Synthroid 70.5 Thyroid • Norvasc (BP) 57.2 BP • Prilosec (not OTC) 53.4 Antacid • Z-Pak/Zithromax 52.6 Antibiotic • Amoxicillin 52.3 Antibiotic • Glucophage (metformin) 48.3 Diabetes • Hydrochlorothiazide (BP) 47.8 BP 694 Million
- The age of a person expressed in terms of the period elapsed from the time of birth. - The age of a person expressed in terms of the physiological maturity of organs and systems. Chronological Age Biological Age
10 Biomarkers of Aging Tufts University Strength Muscle Mass Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR/REE) Fat Percentage Aerobic Capacity Blood Sugar Tolerance Cholesterol/HDL Ratio Blood Pressure Bone Density Temperature Regulation
Heredity Heredity accounts for one - quarter of the variation in human life expectancy. The other three quarters of this variation are based on the fact that, after the age of 50 , genetic expression is influenced by lifestyle, environmental, and nutritional factors.
The heritability of life span is relatively minor. Our genes alter how our metabolism functions in response to certain environmental and lifestyle factors, which control our disease patterns and and our life expectancy. We Inherit Genetic Tendencies, Not Genetic Certainties. Heredity
Organ Reserve: At a younger age organ reserve provides a margin of defense to people exposed to various stress related factors As individuals age they lose organ reserve. A stress related factor can now exceed the ability of the organ to maintain homeostasis. This loss of organ reserve can develop into a pathological process. Organ Reserve Biological Aging
Contributing Factors that can Modify Organ Reserve 1 Diet: A) Most RDA’s for vitamins and minerals (cofactors), are inadequate for maintaining organ reserve in today’s environment. B) Proper glucose regulation is a key factor in determining enhanced organ reserve. C) Antioxidants are crucial in preventing free radical oxidative damage especially to mitochondrial DNA. 2 Environment: A) Stress increases production of hormones which can lead to altered cell physiology. B) Anxiety is physiologically similar to stress in it’s response. 3 Daily Activities: A) Increases in muscle mass and aerobic respiration are the two most important controllable biomarkers related to organ reserve. 1) Increase in bone density 2) Decrease in blood pressure 3) Better control of glucose and cholesterol 4) Increase in strength and REE
Altered Terrain Two individuals are exposed to the exact same stimulus; bacteria, virus, toxin One individual may develop an adverse response Infection Disease Inflammation One individual may not be affected at all
World Health Organization Disability-Adjusted Life Years “The United States spends 3X more per person on health care than any other country, yet in DALE its care ranks in the world.” 24th •WHO scientists have developed a new way of calculating the number of years that a person can be expected to live in full health. •It is known as the DALE (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) system, and gives a truer picture of the health of a country than simply studying death rates. •To calculate DALE, the years of ill-health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from the expected overall life expectancy to give the equivalent years of healthy life. "Basically, you die earlier and spend more time disabled if you're an American rather than a member of most other advanced countries."
The Cost of Health Care in the United States Overall Male Female Japan 74.5 71.9 77.2 Australia 73.2 70.8 75.5 France 73.1 69.3 76.9 Sweden 73.0 71.2 74.9 Spain 72.8 69.8 75.7 Italy 72.7 70.0 75.4 Greece 72.5 70.5 74.6 Switzerland 72.5 69.5 75.5 Monaco 72.4 68.5 76.3 Andorra 72.3 69.3 75.2 San Marino 72.3 69.5 75.0 Canada 72.0 70.0 74.0 Netherlands 72.0 69.6 74.4 United Kingdom 71.7 69.7 73.7 Norway 71.7 68.8 74.6 Belgium 71.6 68.7 74.6 Austria 71.6 68.8 74.4 Luxembourg 71.1 68.0 74.2 Iceland 70.8 69.2 72.3 Finland 70.5 67.2 73.7 Malta 70.5 68.4 72.5 Germany 70.4 67.4 73.5 Israel 70.4 69.2 71.6 United States of America 70.0 67.5 72.6
The Cost of Health Care in the United States GDP of the United States 14.3 Trillion United States spends 16% of GDP on health care annually United States spends 2.1 TRILLION on health care annually United States spends $7,900/person on health care annually 78%, or $2.1 trillion annually – are for the treatment of preventable, lifestyle related conditions such as type II diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Japan spends 8.2% of GDP on health care annually Australia spends 8.8% of GDP on health care annually France spends 11.2% of GDP on health care annually Sweden spends 9.2% of GDP on health care annually Spain spends 8.2% of GDP on health care annually Obesity $92 Billion 128 million 5.9 trillion/8.2% 483 billion $3,800/person 22.3 million 1.5 trillion/8.8% billion $/person 65 million 2.8 trillion/11.2% billion $/person 10 million 539 billion/9.2% billion $/person 47 million 1.6 trillion/8.2% billion $/person Diabetes $180 Billion Heart Disease $445 Billion Cancer $125 Billion
By the Numbers Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 Definitions: Obesity: Having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher. •Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure of an adult’s weight in relation to his or her height, specifically the adult’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her height in meters. •In 1990, among states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 10 states had a prevalence of obesity less than 10% and no states had prevalence equal to or greater than 15%. •By 1998, no state had prevalence less than 10%, seven states had a prevalence of obesity between 20-24%, and no state had prevalence equal to or greater than 25%. •In 2007, only one state (Colorado) had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Thirty states had a prevalence equal to or greater than 25%; three of these states (Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee) had a prevalence of obesity equal to or greater than 30%.
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person) 1998 2007 1990 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) Before1990 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 1991 - 1998 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 1999 - 2007 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
By the Numbers Approximate Grams Potential Calories Carbohydrate Glucose in Blood and Interstitial Fluids 20 Glycogen Liver 85 Muscles 350 80 1,820 340 1,400 Fat (Assuming 15% Body Fat) 10,500 94,500 Protein 10,500 42,000 TOTAL 138,320
Height/Weight Based on the North American Association for the Study of Obesity Males 5’ 00” 122 5’ 01” 126 5’ 02” 131 5’ 03” 135 5’ 04” 139 5’ 05” 144 5’ 06” 148 5’ 07 152 5’ 08” 157 5’ 09” 161 5’ 10” 166 5’ 11” 171 6’ 00” 175 6’ 01” 179 6’ 02” 184 6’ 03” 189 6’ 04” 195 Females 4’ 10” 114 4’ 11” 118 5’ 00” 121 5’ 01” 124 5’ 02” 128 5’ 03” 131 5’ 04” 134 5’ 05” 137 5’ 06” 140 5’ 07 144 5’ 08” 147 5’ 09” 150 5’ 10” 153 5’ 11” 157 6’ 00” 161 15%-20% 20%-25%
By the Numbers How Many Calories 175 10 1,750 1. _____________ X __________ = ___________________ Unhealthy Weight 10(F) 11(M) Basic Calorie Needs (REE) (B) 1,750 20% 350 2. ____________________ X______________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) % Activity Level Activity Calorie Needs (A) 1,750 350 2100 3. _________________ + ___________________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) Activity Calorie Needs (A) (C) 2100 210 4. ___________X .1 =________________ (C) Digestion Cal (D) 1,750 350 210 2,310 5. ________ + ________ + ________ = ___________________________ (B) (A) (D) TOTAL DAILY CALORIE NEEDS Activity Level Sedentary (20%) Sit, Drive, Stand Light Active (30%) Light Walking Moderately Active (40%) Dance, Exercise 3-4/Wk Very Active (50%) Exercise 4-6/Wk
By the Numbers How Many Calories Do You Need? 130 10 1300 1. _____________ X __________ = ___________________ Healthy Weight 10(F) 11(M) Basic Calorie Needs (REE) (B) 1300 20% 260 2. ____________________ X______________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) % Activity Level Activity Calorie Needs (A) 1300 260 1560 3. _________________ + ___________________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) Activity Calorie Needs (A) (C) 1560 156 4. ___________X .1 =________________ (C) Digestion Cal (D) 1300 260 156 1716 4. ________ + ________ + ________ = ___________________________ (B) (A) (D) TOTAL DAILY CALORIE NEEDS Activity Level Sedentary (20%) Sit, Drive, Stand Light Active (30%) Light Walking Moderately Active (40%) Dance, Exercise 3-4/Wk Very Active (50%) Exercise 4-6/Wk
By The Numbers How Many Calories Do You Need? 1716 Total Daily Calorie Needs (A) __________ 1716 686 171 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 4 = __________________ (A) Calories/Carbs/Day(40%) Grams/Carbs 1716 514 128 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 4 = __________________ (A) Calories/Protein/Day(30%) Grams/Protein 1716 514 57 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 9 = __________________ (A) Calories/Fat/Day(30%) Grams/Fat
Sarcopenia •Muscle Loss “ No decline with age is as dramatic or potentially more significant than the decline in Lean Body Mass . In fact, there may be no single feature of age-related decline more striking than the decline in Lean Body Mass in affecting ambulation, mobility, energy intake, intestinal function, overall nutrient intake and status, immune function, inflammatory control.”
Health Care Professional Vs. Over the Counter Weight Loss Programs Total Weight Loss Lean Body Mass DSP OTC -11 -13 +4 -11
Inflammation •Cancer Inflammation •Chronic Lower Respiratory •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) •Skin problems •Diabetes •Autoimmune Disease •Arthritis •Fatigue •Alzheimer’s Disease •Heart Disease
Digestion & Absorption Detox & Elimination INFLAMMATION Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune INFLAMMATION Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction DIET Daily Activities Environment Immune Imbalances Endocrine Imbalances
Inflammation Chronic Inflammation Systemic inflammation and the presence of pro-inflammatory proteins circulating in the blood stream, exerting their effects on tissues of the body generally. Acute Local Systemic Chronic
Inflammation Definition: a protective response to injury in which blood vessels facilitate accumulation of fluid and leukocytes in extravascular tissue
Inflammation Inflammation is divided into acute inflammation, which occurs over seconds, minutes, hours, and days, and chronic inflammation, which occurs over longer times. Acute inflammation is a quick natural response of the host to tissue injuries and certain foreign injurious agents. The response is mediated by neutrophils and certain plasma proteins and other chemicals. The response is aimed at containing the injurious insult and repairing the damage. Neutrophils are recruited from blood to the site of injury in a series of steps beginning with the release of certain substances at the site of injury that help guide the neutrophils exodus. Acute inflammation may last for hours to several days
Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Acute Short duration (minutes-days) with emigration of fluid, plasma proteins, and into tissue. Chronic Longer duration (days-months) with tissue accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, & macrophages plus variable proliferation of
Inflammatory Markers Chemical messengers that coordinate and mediate the body’s response to injury and foreign invaders. These initial effects of the innate immune system are highly protective and necessary for survival. Chemokines: Chemokines help immune system cells coordinate an attack against a foreign substance (such as a virus) that enters the body. Once a foreign substance has been identified in the body, white blood cells called macrophages release chemokines. The chemokines signal immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes and macrophages, to travel towards the infection and destroy the invading substance. Interferons: Interferons help prevent viruses from replicating inside the body. Interferons stimulate natural killer (NK) T-cells to destroy body cells that have become infected with viruses or cancer. The NK T-cells have pouches, called granules, which are filled with chemicals that destroy infected cells on contact. Interleukins: Interleukins are proteins that help regulate the inflammatory and immune responses by activating the body's white blood cells, such as T-lymphocytes. There are more than 20 known types of interleukins, which each have a unique functio Tumor necrosis factor (TNF): Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a protein that stimulates the destruction of some types of cancer cells in the body. While macrophages are the primary producers of TNF, other cells, including red and white blood cells and cells that line the blood vessels, also release TNF. When cancer cells are detected in the body, TNF is released into the blood. The TNF then binds to the cancer cell, causing changes in the cell that ultimately lead to cell death.
Inflammatory Markers
Chronic Inflammation •Heart Disease 25.6% 54.5% •Cancer 23.3% •Chronic Lower Respiratory 5.6% •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) 5.3% •Accidents 4.8% •Alzheimer’s 3.2% •Diabetes 2.8% •Pneumonia/Flu 2.2% •Kidney Disease 2.0% •Self Harm 1.5%
Inflammation Your Diet, Lifestyle, and Environment can affect many aspects of your health but most importantly it increases INFLAMMATION in your body
Inflammation Show Animation on Bamboo Pad
Inflammation Bacteria and other pathogens enter the wound Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at the site Mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodialation and vascular constriction. Delivery of blood plasma, and cells to the injured area increases Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade patogens Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair The inflammatory response continues the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired.
Chronic Inflammatory Disease Digestion & Absorbtion Detoxification & Elimination Endocrine Imbalances Immune/Inflammatory Imbalances Mouth Stomach Sm/Lg Intestines Liver Pancreas/Gall Bladder Liver & Kidneys Skin Small Intestines Bladder Colon Pituitary Thyroid /Adrenals Testes/Ovaries Pancreas Thymus Lymph Nodes White Blood Cells Macrophages T-Cells Minimal Chewing Digestive Enzyme Deficiency Dysbiosis/Periodontal Disease Leaky Gut Increased Sugar Intake Increased Free Radicals Toxins Decreased EFA’s Stress Exo/Endo Toxins Decrease Vitamin Intake Decreased Mineral Intake Depression/Anxiety Obesity Sexual Dysfunction Kidney/Liver Disease Bowel Dysfunction/Inflammation Cognitive Disorders Arthritis Neuro-Cognitive Disorders Allergies Environment Genetics Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Lung Disease/Pulmonary Dysfunction Diabetes/Metabolic Syndrome Cognitive Disorders Chronic Fatigue/Fibromyalgia Auto-Immune Disease Reproductive Disorders Skin Disorders Osteoporosis Viral/Bacterial Infections
Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
Common GI Disorders • Acid Reflux (GERD) • Bowel Obstruction • Celiac Disease • Constipation • Crohn’s Disease • Diarrhea • Diverticulitis • Gallstones • Gastritis • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Pancreatitis • Peptic Ulcer • Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract • Aging also decreases the amount of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach • By the age of 35 most people produce 1/3 the amount of hydrochloric acid • Improperly digested food exists the stomach in an unusable form and can cause bowel dysfunction and dysbiosis DYS ALTERED BIO LIFE
Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract • Decreased Digestive Enzymes •Lipase •Protease •Amylase •Altered Gastric pH •Dysbiosis •Bacterial •Parasitic •Yeast •Excitotoxins •Leaky Gut If Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates aren’t broken down properly by digestive enzymes, opportunistic bacteria will benefit
Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract •NSADs •Food Allergens •Intestinal Infection •Parasites •Maldigestion •Malabsorbtion •Ingestion of Chemicals •Trauma •Alcohol •Radiation Therapy •Aging
Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract •Processed Foods •High Glycemic Foods •Decreased Protein Intake •Pesticides •Herbicides •Saturated Fats •Essential Fatty Acids •Caloric Intake
Trans Fatty Acids Found In: French Fries Cookies Candy Cakes Potato Chips Mayonnaise Corn Chips Tortilla Chips Doughnuts Margarine Salad Dressing Deep Fried Chicken •Trans Fatty Acids find there way into brain tissue competing with the essential fatty acid DHA. •Trans Fatty Acid inhibits the brain from producing DHA Schmidt, M., Smart Fats, 2000
Partially Hydrogenated Fats •Hydrogenation is the process of forcing hydrogen atoms into the holes of unsaturated fatty acids. •Vegetable oil is too soft for margarine because it is a liquid. Saturated fat is too hard. Margarine requires something in the middle. “ So many different compounds can be made during the partial hydrogenation that they stagger the imagination. The end result is that many of these compounds are toxic to our systems.”
Dysbiosis
Digestive Enzymes Protease Digestive Enzyme that breaks down protein Amylase Digestive Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates Lipase Digestive Enzyme that breaks down fat Pepsinogin, HCL, IF, Mucin, Lysozyme, Secretin, CCK
Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
For the first time in the history of the world, percent human beings are now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death. In the less than two decades of their use, the synthetic chemicals have been so thoroughly distributed throughout the animate and inanimate world that they occur virtually everywhere. 100
Disorders Linked To Toxicant Exposure • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Fibromyalgia • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity • Allergies, Asthma • Atherosclerosis
Disorders Linked To Toxicant Exposure • Autoimmune Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases • Endocrinopathies (Hypothyroid) • Reproductive Disorders • Chronic Dermatitis • Neurodegenerative Disorders • Autism • Cancer
Common Signs & Symptoms Linked to Chronic Toxicant Exposure • Recurrent headaches • Muscle aching & weakness • Paresthesias and neuropathic pain • Recurrent infections • Infertility
Common Signs & Symptoms Linked to Chronic Toxicant Exposure • Marked sensitivity to environmental chemicals, odors, medications, and/or nutritional supplements • Chronic, debilitating fatigue & lethargy • Depression, anxiety &/or mood swings • Cognitive dysfunction (poor memory and concentration; learning disorders)
Amount of Toxic Chemicals Released into the Environment Through 1994 •On-Site Land 4 Million Pounds •Surface Water 25 Million Pounds •Air 42 Million Pounds •On-site Deep -well 40 Million Pounds •Total Reported Release 111Million Pounds •Total Estimated Release 2.2Billion Pounds
Xenobiotic Exposure • Since WWII, between 75,000 to 80,000 new synthetic chemicals have been released into the environment; less than half have been tested for potential toxicity to adult humans • Over 4 billion pounds of pesticides are used annually in the U.S. This amounts to 8 pounds for every man, woman, and child (EPA’s Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, 1999) • Current law allows 350 different pesticides to be used on the food we eat • The average home contains 3-10 gallons of hazardous materials • 400 synthetic chemicals can be found in the average human body
Xenobiotics & Toxicity Center for Children’s Health & the Environment, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine • Drugs are assumed to be toxic & must be proven safe (by FDA standards) before they can be marketed. • There is no single regulatory agency that oversees industrial chemicals to ensure their safety: industrial chemicals are presumed safe until proven hazardous, even though they may have physiological effects that are almost identical to a drug and are often manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. • Any toxicity testing that is done typically involves individual compounds in highly controlled settings and almost never investigates effects of complex mixtures. • Very little post-release safety monitoring occurs.
Phase I (Bioactivation) • It is potentially more toxic than the parent toxin and therefore must be converted to a non-toxic, water–soluble molecule as soon as possible. • In addition, this reaction also generates ROS directly as a spin-off product; therefore, dietary antioxidants can help protect tissue from damage that may occur by this reaction.
Phase II (Conjugation) • In Phase II the biotransformed toxin is attached to a water soluble moiety via sulfation, glucuronidation, methylation, amino acid conjugation, glutathione conjugation, and acetylation. • These reactions require an adequate amount of cofactors be continually replenished, since they are attached to a toxin and excreted. • A great deal of energy is used and also must be replenished.
Balanced & Healthy Detoxification • These two activities (Phase I and Phase II) work in concert, and must be balanced. In particular, Phase II must be able to keep up with Phase I generation of reactive intermediates. • If a reactive intermediate is not immediately conjugated and removed it can act as a ROS and bind DNA, proteins, and RNA, causing irreversible damage to a cell.
Detoxification Enzyme Capacity is Highly Variable • Many phase 1 enzymes are induced by their substrates. • These are often xenobiotics. • This leads to more rapid production of reactive intermediates. • Many substances including xenobiotics, drugs and even nutrients (grapefruit) can inhibit some phase 1 enzymes. • This inhibition leads to an accumulation of their substrates in the bloodstream and increased storage in fatty tissues.
Phase 2 • Phase 2 enzymes are highly dependent on energy and on adequate dietary protein. • Phase 2 enzymes can be induced by numerous substances found in fruits, vegetables, spices and herbs. • Both phase 1 and 2 are highly dependent on adequate nutritional status for their activity.
Causes of Impaired Detoxification: Summary • Overwhelming toxic load exogenous + endogenous) • Impaired excretion (constipation or increased transit time; renal dysfunction) • Inefficient fuels (macronutrient imbalance) • Deficiency of detoxifying substances (antioxidants, cofactors, conjugating agents) • Genetic Variation
Why not just fast? • Breakdown of adipose tissue (lipolysis) results in surge of toxins into the circulation further overloading already impaired liver function • Lack of fiber impedes fecal excretion and increases enterohepatic recirculation • Insufficient calories impairs biotransformation (detoxification is highly energy dependent)
The Problem with Fasting • Fasting induces phase I enzymes--leading to overproduction of toxic intermediates • Lack of exogenous antioxidants + depletion of endogenous glutathione = inadequate quenching of free radicals • Lack of cofactors impairs phase II conjugation • End result: oxidative stress, inflammation, aggravation of symptoms
Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
Characteristics that Identify Insulin Resistance •Tendency to gain fat in the upper body •Menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovaries. •Marginally elevated LDL cholesterol. •Marginally elevated blood fats (triglycerides). •Marginally elevated blood pressure •A “sweet tooth.” •Symptoms that resemble hypoglycemia. •A family history of maturity - onset diabetes.
Characteristics that Identify Insulin Resistance •Tendency to gain fat in the upper body •Menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovaries. •Marginally elevated LDL cholesterol. •Marginally elevated blood fats (triglycerides). •Marginally elevated blood pressure •A “sweet tooth.” •Symptoms that resemble hypoglycemia. •A family history of type II diabetes.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Whenever we're angry, scared, anxious, or tense, the brain produces cortisol and adrenaline: hormones specifically designed to incite the fight-or- flight response that was once crucial to our survival. Adrenaline's main role is to make you alert and focused, with exceptional concentration and memory. Cortisol helps increase heart and respiratory rates and getting your muscles tensed and ready. Since, physiologically speaking, your body thinks you've run a mile or two or done something active in response to the 'threat', the hormone sends signals to refuel the body as soon as possible. It's a biological green light to indulge in foods loaded with carbs and fat that leads to weight gain in the chronically stressed. It's a vicious cycle of stress, followed by elevated cortisol, followed by that foods you don't need.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation While those physiological processes worked well for our prehistoric ancestors, they're not as useful in a world where physical dangers are seldom. The trouble is, whenever we're stressed these hormones are released into your system. Though adrenaline levels plummet as the stress subsides, cortisol remains in the body much longer. Your liver and muscles are not able to remove the increased blood sugar due to the increased cortisol. This also increases the output of insulin causing a condition known as insulin resistance. Research has found that fat cells deep inside the belly are especially good at attracting cortisol. Simply put, the cascade of responses caused by stress encourages the accumulation of excess 'stress fat', the layer of fat below the abdominal muscle. 'This creates "toxic weight" - or extra fat inside the abdomen - which is the only type of fat on the body associated with death. This type of fat has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and diabetes.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Your liver and muscles are not able to remove the increased blood sugar due to the increased cortisol. This also increases the output of insulin causing a condition known as insulin resistance. Research has found that fat cells deep inside the belly are especially good at attracting cortisol. Simply put, the cascade of responses caused by stress encourages the accumulation of excess 'stress fat', the layer of fat below the abdominal muscle. 'This creates "toxic weight" - or extra fat inside the abdomen - which is the only type of fat on the body associated with death. This type of fat has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and diabetes.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Metabolic Syndrome This state of persistent increased levels of cortisol leads into insulin resistance. This is usually called metabolic syndrome, although some experts call it Syndrome X or prediabetes. Metabolic syndrome begins years before obesity appears; millions of people who are not obese have metabolic syndrome, while nearly everyone who is obese or diabetic has metabolic syndrome.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Insulin resistance occurs when cells become insensitive to the insulin message. When cells don’t respond effectively to insulin, blood sugar is not properly managed, and the pancreas is required to secrete more insulin. When insulin levels in the blood become very high, they influence gene expression, altering cellular effects and promoting accelerated aging. The connection between life span and the hormone insulin is extraordinary. Control of blood sugar and its companion hormone insulin is a major point of investigation because insulin plays a principal role in communicating with the genes and altering their expression
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation •36% of HMO expenditures are related to diabetes •Insulin Resistance may affect as many as 25% of the non obese, non diabetic population. 60 million Americans •Annual Morbidity and Mortality of Diabetes in the US •12,000-24,000 new cases of blindness •54,000 amputations •178,000 deaths
Carbohydrates and Inflammation How Cellular Energy Comes From Food Carbohydrates Simple (Mono) Simple/Complex (Di) Complex (Poly) Fiber (Cellulose) Energy Glycogen (stored) Triglycerides (liver) VLDL’s Adipose Glucose
Carbohydrates and Inflammation Glycemic Index Sugar Fruits Veggies Breads/Cer Beans 20m 30m 40-50m 45m-90m 90m-180m
Carbohydrates and Inflammation Types of Food Food Preparation Interfering Factors Inadequate Supply of Dietary Nutrients Depletion of Body Stores of Nutrients Biochemical Abnormalities Pathological Changes in Cells and Tissues
Carbohydrates and Inflammation Excess intake of food Increase in blood sugar Increase in insulin production Insulin Resistance ( Syndrome X ) Switched Metabolism Obesity, Fatigue, Cognitive Problems, Diabetes, Cancer, Cardiovascular, AD/HD CHILDHOOD RELATED DISORDERS
Carbohydrates and Inflammation Over Consumption of Sugar •Sugar is one of the most important nutrients for bacteria. •If levels of sugar are increased in the GI tract, unfriendly bacteria feast off the sugar which can lead to increased levels of “unfriendly” bacteria in the intestines •Increased bacteria release excess byproducts which can cause gastrointestinal problems and systemic illnesses such as: Heart Disease Arthritis Neurocognitive Disorders Allergies Cancer
Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
Top Hormones Hormones are chemical substances, produced in the body by an organ or cells of an organ which has a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. •TSH, T3, T4 •Insulin •Glucagon •DHEA •Cortisol •Human Growth Hormone •Testosterone •Estrogen •Progesterone
Top Hormones Estrogen Produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands. Stress Adrenal glands stop producing estrogen and produce the stress hormone cortisol. More difficult transition into menopause. May require more medications and early hormone replacement therapy.
What Constitutes “Stress? • “Fight or flight” responses; fear, anxiety, worry • •Depression, feelings of defeat or helplessness • •Pain syndromes • •Infection, inflammation • •Hypoglycemia • •Inadequate sleep • •Disrupted light cycles • •Toxic exposure
The Stress Response “Overwhelmingly, it is psychological rather than physiologic stress which has the capacity to elevate and maintain the stress response chronicallycausing disease consequences.” Sapolsky, R.M., Stress, Stress related Disease, and Emotional Regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Hand Book of Emotional Regulation. (pp. 606-615).New York, Guilford, 2007
The Stress Response • Disruptions in homeostasis (i.e., stress) place demands on the body that are primarily met by the activation of 2 systems:  the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA/HPT) axis  the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) •Stressor-induced activation of the HPA axis and the SNS results in a series of neural and endocrine adaptations known as the “stress response” or “stress cascade.”
The Stress Response “Every stress leaves an indelible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a stressful situation by becoming a little older.” Hans Selye, MD, PhD
The Stress Response Rapid Pulse Sexual Response/Reproduction General Irritability Dryness of the Throat & Mouth Inability to Concentrate Sleep Disturbances Increase Cholesterol Headaches Decreased Immune Response Fatigue of Unknown Origin Anxiety/Depression Weakness/Dizziness Diarrhea/Indigestion Decreased Testosterone/Estrogen Trembling/Nervous Ticks
Stress Response Flight or Fight Syndrome Stress (emotional/Physical) Fight Flight General Adaptation Syndrome
Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
Sex Hormones It is questionable whether the decline in these hormones to levels that reduce quality of life and functional ability is a natural consequence of aging or as a result of altered gene expression through poor choices in lifestyle, diet and environment.
Sex Hormones Estrogen Dominance Cervical Dysplasia Thyroid Dysfunction Uterine Fibroids Fat Gain Risk of Endometrial Cancer Fibrocystic Breast Disease Water Retention Fatigue Risk of Breast Cancer Headaches Depression with Anxiety or Agitation
Sex Hormones Why Estrogen Dominance Exists Pesticides Aromatase Hormones in Meat Plastics Premarin Lifetime Estrogen Exposure
Sex Hormones Balance Each woman is an individual and hormonal balance must be the ultimate goal. All three major hormones, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone need to be in balance in order for menopause to be a healthy transition rather than a debilitating struggle.
Sex Hormones Adrenopause Symptoms Women Versus Men Reduced Libido Reduced Libido Disturbed Sleep Disturbed Sleep Depression Depression Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Irritability Irritability Heart Disease Atherosclerosis Heart Disease Athero Thinning Skin Thinning Skin Fatigue Fatigue Slow Wound Healing Slow Wound Healing Reduced Estrogen/Progesterone Reduced Testosterone Irregular Menstruation Erectile Dysfunction Hot Flashes Ejaculatory Problems
Sex Hormones •Like testosterone, estrogens are also growth promoting hormones. •One of estrogens primary roles is the stimulation of growth and proliferation of the endometrial lining of the uterus and cells of the breast in preparation for pregnancy and lactation. •Estrogens accomplish this by stimulating estrogen receptors located on cells at these sites…Estrogens enlarge the pool of target cells that may become cancerous. •Estrogens may also promote the growth of already established cancer
Sex Hormones Estrogen Functions Progesterone Functions Secondary Sex Development Prevents Osteoporosis Reduces Hot Flashes Reduces Vaginal Dryness/Thinning Maintains Muscle Mass Maintains Strength Prevents Heart Disease Prevents Stroke Reduces Cholesterol Feeling of Well Being Improves Sleep Improves Concentration and Memory Prevents Alzheimer’s Improves Libido Buttresses the effects of Estrogen Precursor of Sex Hormones Maintains Uterine Lining Embryo/Fetal Survival Protects Against Fibrocystic Breast Diuretic Fat Burning Thermogenisis Antidepressant Facilitates Thyroid Hormone Normalizes Blood Clotting Sex Drive Blood Sugar Support Cancer Protection Endometrial Breast Promotes Osteoblastic Bone
Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
Adrenal Dysfunction: The Role of Stress
Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation • Challenge the body to increase hormones by the use of precursors to increase functional organ reserve. • Depending on what we are thinking or feeling or feeling our mind can change our hormones. • According to Dr. Sears, Control of hormones equates to control of Aging.
Adrenal Dysfunction: Pathophysiology • The adrenal glands produce the hormones cortisol and DHEA. • Over secretion of cortisol triggered by daily stress from work, family or other sources can wear down the internal system and • During this process DHEA may be compromised, causing other functions to suffer. cause fatigue.
General Adaptation Syndrome Stress controls the release of cortisol Alarm Corticosteroids Resistance Corticosteroids Altered Glucose Tolerance Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Adrenal/Thyroid Dysfunction Sex Hormone Alterations Cholesterol Catabolism Exhaustion The Stress Response
HPA/HPT Axis
THE STEROIDOGENIC PATHWAYS
THE STEROIDOGENIC PATHWAYS STRESS Cortisol & DHEA derive from the same precursors
“Cortisol Steal” When you’re continuously making stress hormones your body will decrease production of sex hormones, as well as aldosterone, this is called cortisol steal. Lower sex hormones will lead to hormonal imbalances such as irregular menstrual cycles, infertility and low libido. Lower aldosterone levels will prevent your kidneys from absorbing sodium and therefore spilling sodium into the bladder. Wherever sodium goes, water follows. This will cause dilute urine and frequent urination, as well as the craving of salt. Higher cortisol levels also block the 5’ deiodinase enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 which is made in the thyroid, to T3, which is converted primarily in the liver and kidneys. When this enzyme is blocked it will increase the production of reverse T3. T3 is the thyroid hormone which has the most effect on the body. Therefore, when cortisol blocks this enzyme it will lower thyroid function, which leads to lower metabolism and weight gain. This could be one of the reasons people have symptoms of a low thyroid, but their TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is normal, as well as T4. The T3 and reverse T3 levels are rarely checked. Stress will also have effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It will decrease hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) and mucus production, slow the motility of the small intestine and increase the motility of the large intestine. When you have a decrease in stomach acid and mucus production, this will decrease the amount of gastric protection of the stomach. The high cortisol levels from stress will decrease immune function, therefore making it a favorable environment for Helicobacter Pylori to proliferate, and causing a gastric ulcer. If the small intestine is slower to recover from stress the motility is impaired and constipation results. When the large intestine is slower to recover from stress, motility is increased and diarrhea results.
Adrenocorticol Hyperactivity • Life-saving in the short-term! (catabolism frees up energy reserves) • Persistent cortisol production immune • suppression, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, • central adiposity, hypertension, memory • impairment (hippocampal damage), • hyperlipidemia, impaired hepatic T4 T3 • conversion
Adrenal Dysfunction: Pathophysiology Corticosteroids are group of natural and synthetic analogues of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, more commonly referred to as the pituitary gland. These include glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory agents with a large number of other functions; mineralocorticoids, which control salt and water balance primarily through action on the kidneys; and corticotropins, which control secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland.
Adrenal Dysfunction: The principal glucocorticoid hormone is cortisol, which regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Specifically, it increases the catabolism or breakdown of protein in bone, skin, muscle, and connective tissue. Cortisol also diminishes cellular utilization of glucose and increases the output of glucose from the liver. Because of their effects on glucose levels and fat metabolism, all the glucocorticoids are referred to as anti-insulin diabetogenic hormones. They increase the blood sugar level, raise the concentration of plasma lipids, and, when insulin secretion is insufficient, promote formation of ketone bodies, thus contributing to ketoacicidosis. Other physiologic processes within the body can occur only in the presence of or with the “permission of€” the glucocorticoids. For example, the secretion of digestive enzymes by gastric cells and the normal excitability of myocardial and central nervous system neurons require a certain level of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids also promote transport of amino acids into the extracellular compartment, making them more readily available for the production of energy. In times of stress the glucocorticoids influence the effectiveness of the catecholamines, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. For example, the presence of cortisol is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress. This particular property of cortisol demonstrates the one identifiable relationship between hormones from the adrenal cortex and those from the adrenal medulla. One of the medullary hormones is norepinephrine, which is secreted in large quantities when the gland is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. Another effect of cortisol is that of dampening the body's inflammatory responce to invasion by foreign agents. When present in large amounts, cortisol inhibits the release of histamine and counteracts potentially destructive reactions, such as increased capillary permeability and the migration of leukocytes. Since the immune responce can damage body cells as well as those of foreign agents, the antiinflammatory protective mechanisms of cortisol help preserve the integrity of body cells at the site of the inflammatory response.
Actions of Cortisol – Catabolic • Maintains blood glucose levels during stress reactions (gluconeogenesis) additional glucose to brain, heart, lungs, skeletal muscle. • Promotes hepatic protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis; stimulates protein catabolism elsewhere in body. • Stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis • Participates with aldosterone in Na reabsorption • Anti-inflammatory – downregulates phospholipase A2, inflammatory cytokines • Inhibitory feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary downregulation of CRH and ACTH • Cortisol highest in a.m., with gradual decline over course of day; normal diurnal curve indicates healthy adaptation to stress
Actions of DHEA – Anabolic • Prohormone for sex steroids • • Anti-glucocorticoid • • Immune supporting • • Anti-atherogenic, lowers serum triglycerides • • Enhances insulin sensitivity; anti-obesity effect • • Maintains tissue strength and repair, supports • bone density • • Neuroprotective; enhances memory • • Promotes sense of well-being
Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
Thyroid Dysfunction: The Role of Stress
HPA/HPT Axis
Signs of Low Thyroid Function • Dry skin, elbow keratosis, brittle nails • Diffuse hair loss • Puffy face, swollen eyelids; edema in legs, feet, hands • Elevated cholesterol, generally LDL • Easy bruising • Prolonged Achilles tendon reflex • Keratoderma • Enlarged thyroid gland
Symptoms of Low Thyroid Function • Fatigue, usually persistent, especially on waking; less toward the evening • Cold intolerance, with cold extremities • Slow speech, movement, heart rate • Morning stiffness, arthralgias, muscle pain/cramps, particularly in calves, thighs, and upper arms
Symptoms of Low Thyroid Function • Memory concentration problems • Diffuse headache, migraines • Depression; melancholia • Constipation: hard bowel movements and decreased frequency • Low libido • Reactive hypoglycemia
Top 10 Signs and Symptoms when Suspecting Suboptimal Thyroid Function • 1. Fatigue • 2. Weight Gain • 3. Feeling Cold • 4. Dry Hair and Skin • 5. Hair Loss • 6. Menstrual Irregularities • 7. Edema • 8. Muscle Aches and Joint Pain • 9. Constipation • 10. Depression
Hypothalamus HPA/HPT Axis Liver/Kidney TRH Pituitary TSH 95% T4 Thyroid Gland 5%T3 rT3 T3 85% Cell Nucleus (Inactive) (Active) (5 Deidodinase)
Hypothalamus HPA/HPT Axis Liver/Kidney TRH Pituitary TSH 95% T4 Thyroid Gland 5%T3 Stress rT3 T3 85% Cell Nucleus (Inactive) (Active)
Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
Causes of a Dysfunctional Immune System •Free Radical Damage •Stress •Too Much or Too Little Exercise •Poor Nutrition •Medications •Toxins •External •Poor Liver Detoxification
Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Serum proteins which are induced following contact with antigen. They Antibody bind specifically to the antigen which induced the formation. Are any molecules which are recognized by the immune system and Antigen induce an immune response. In a healthy immune system antibodies are produced in response to antigens entering the body via lungs, digestive tract and skin, or are produced by contact with internal invaders such as cancer cells. In an unhealthy immune system antigens are not fought off and are free to cause damage and cancer cells are not destroyed and could lead to cancer.
Auto Immune Allergies Hyper Active Internal Hyper Active External Hypo Active Internal Hypo Active External Cancer Colds/Infections
Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Many Autoimmune Diseases are rare, but together they affect 24 million people in the United States More than 40 autoimmune conditions have been identified. Together they constitute the third leading cause of sickness and death after Heart disease and cancer. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis
Free Radicals and Autoimmunity If the organs of your body are not defended by sufficient anti-oxidants against oxidative stress, they lose function over time, and their ability to produce hormones or control immune function is lost. After several years , free radical-induced organ damage can result in the appearance of “twisted molecules”. These unnatural twisted molecules can activate the body’s immune system to combat misidentified foreign invaders, resulting in damage to organs like the thyroid. Jeffrey S Bland, Ph.D.
Autoimmunity and Inflammation As one ages with a poor immune system the body can begin to attack itself. •Thyroid As the body begins to destroy this gland, T3 and T4 are diminished. The result is low energy, poor muscle function, altered digestive function, constipation, hair loss, loss of skin integrity, menstrual irregularities and alterations in heart function. This suggests that an important feature of healthy aging is to prevent the body from becoming allergic to itself and from developing autoimmunity.
Autoimmunity and Inflammation
Conditions linked to Food Allergy • Irritable bowel syndrome • Migraines • Auto-immune diseases • ADHD and behavior disorders • Enuresis and incontinence • Joint pains Every receptor found in the CNS is also found on immune cells Every thought and every chemical that effects the CNS will effect the immune system
EFA Imbalances & Inflammation Arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease Auto-immune diseases Eczema Asthma Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular disease
Omega 6 Fatty Acids Anti-Inflammatory Pro-Inflammatory Eicosanoids Arachidonic Acid Phospholipase A2 NSAIDs Motrin Advil Aspirin Cyclooxygenase (COX) LipoxygenaseA2 Prostaglandin H2 Thromboxanes A2 Prostaglandins PGD2 PGE2 PGF2 Prostacyclins (PGI2 Leukotrienes Liver Spleen Heart Mast Cells Histamine Bronchospasm
Major roles of EFAs • Structural components of all membranes – Increased fluidity & permeability – Optimal organelle function • Precursors for eicosanoid synthesis – “Local” hormones – Regulate inflammation • Structural components of all membranes – Increased fluidity & permeability – Optimal organelle function • Precursors for eicosanoid synthesis – “Local” hormones – Regulate inflammation
168 Cell Membranes The fluidity and permeability of membranes is largely determined by the degree of unsaturation of the fats in the membrane phospholipids.
Injury Agent, Physical or Chemical Injury to Cell Cell Membrane Damage Arachidonic Acid, Phopholipase A2 EPA PG2, Cyclooxygenase TXA 2 PDGF Platelet Aggregation PG3 TXA3 No Platelet Aggregation Aspirin Binds Cox EPA Competes for Cox
Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic Acid Oils of corn, safflower, sunflower, sesame Alpha-linolenic Acid Flax, pumpkin, chia, walnut GLA Arachidonic Acid Animal meat, milk EPA/DHA PGE2 PGE3 IL-1, Il-6 IL-2, PGE 3, PGE 6
Ratio Omega 6 Fatty Acid to Omega 3 Fatty Acid 1:1 4:1 45:1
Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation
Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation O A B AB
Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation •The classification of an individual’s blood type is made possible by the fact that blood cells clump together or agglutinate when exposed to specific substances. •Substances on the surface of red blood cells give those cells a unique chemical personality and are responsible for the unique pattern of agglutination that results in blood typing. Manufacture of these substances is controlled by the genes. •These substances that sit on the surface of red blood cells are also found in secretions throughout the body, as well as on the surface of many tissues, such as tissues of the intestinal tract, lungs and liver. •These substances called antigens, are specific proteins that impart a chemical message to the surface of the tissue or in the biological fluids, creating a unique reaction between antigen and the external world.
Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation •The classification of an individual’s blood type is made possible by the fact that blood cells clump together or agglutinate when exposed to specific substances. •Substances on the surface of red blood cells give those cells a unique chemical personality and are responsible for the unique pattern of agglutination that results in blood typing. Manufacture of these substances is controlled by the genes. •These substances that sit on the surface of red blood cells are also found in secretions throughout the body, as well as on the surface of many tissues, such as tissues of the intestinal tract, lungs and liver. •These substances called antigens, are specific proteins that impart a chemical message to the surface of the tissue or in the biological fluids, creating a unique reaction between antigen and the external world.
Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation Lectins and Inflammation Lectins, abundant and diverse proteins found in food, have agglutinating properties that affect the blood. Agglutinating actions of Lectins gum the works. The connection of food lectins to ABO blood type and disease risk is further amplified when an individual is exposed to potentially infectious bacteria. Bacteria have antigens sitting on their surface, and those antigens can crossreact with either type A or type B blood food lectins. This association indicates; diets that contain lectins that are incompatible with a specific blood type antigen could increase the risk of bacterial adherence to the digestive tract and subsequent infection.
Anti-Oxidents & Inflammation Enzymatic SOD Catalase Glutathione Peroxidase Non-Enzymatic Vitamin E Vitamin C Glutathione
Anti-Oxidents Antioxidents are plant-based agents from food that act like protectors that neutralize free radicals. They do this by pairing an electron to the outermost shell of the free radical oxygen molecules, which make them harmless. Antioxidents are nutrients like vitamins A, C, E, minerals, and enzymes that can conteract the normal effects of oxidation in body tissues. These along with beta-carotene, luteins, lycopene, and selenim make up the force to rescue healthy cells. By breaking the chain of free radicals or to prevent oxidation.
Free Radicals (ROS) Demonstrate Apple Free radicals are atoms with an odd (unpaired number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these Highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction, like dominoes. Their chief danger comes from the damage they can do when they react with important cellular components such as DNA, or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs. To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidents
Free Radicals (ROS) Even though some free radical production is normal, things like stress, smoking, exercise, and aging contribute to the production of harmful free radicals. No one can avoid free radicals. It is even thought that free radicals play a part in disease processes like cancer.
If the organs of your body are not defended by sufficient antioxidants against oxidative stress, they lose function over time, and their ability to produce hormones or control immune function is lost. After several years , free radical-induced organ damage can result in the appearance of “twisted molecules”. These unnatural twisted molecules can activate the body’s immune system to combat misidentified foreign invaders, resulting in damage to organs like the thyroid. 183 Free Radicals (ROS) White blood cells specialize in producing free radicals which are used in host defense to kill invading pathogens
Inflammation and Cancer
Cancer Cancer is a disease process in which normal cells begin to divide uncontrollably and can spread to healthy tissues by a process called metastasis (transfer of disease from one organ to another not directly connected) 2 Types of Cancer Carcinoma Sarcoma
What is the Definition of Cancer Cancer is a disease process in which “normal” cells begin to divide uncontrollably and can spread to healthy tissues by a process called metasisis. Types of Cancer Carcinoma: Generally a cancer derived from epithelial tissue that line or cover body organs. Sarcoma: Generally a cancer of the bone, cartilidge, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective tissue.
Causes of Cancer Diet Too many calories/Wrong type of calories Blood sugar/Insulin ratios Insufficient nutrients Lifestyle Stress Obesity/Lack of Exercise Lack of Quality Sleep Environment Air Food/Water Skin Too much exposure to the sun/radiation Genetic Predisposition
Current Cancer Statistics “Statistics are information, not condemnation.” 1 in every 2-3 Americans will develop life-threatening cancer. The rates of virtually all cancers are increasing with the exception of lung cancer. In the majority of cases cancer has already spread by the time of initial diagnosis. In just 1 year, more people in the United States die of cancer than the number of US soldiers killed in WWII, Korea, and Vietnam wars combined “American Women’s Health Initiative. This study demonstrated that the link between obesity and breast cancer is dependent on the level of insulin in the blood, and thus the level of sugar in the diet. The study also showed that sugar may be contributing more to cancer than hormone replacement therapy.” “Genes of biological parents who died of cancer before fifty had no influence on an adoptee’s risk of developing cancer. On the other hand, death from cancer before the age of fifty of an adoptive parent (who passes on habits but not genes) increased the rate of mortality from cancer fivefold among the adoptees. This study shows that the lifestyle is fundamentally involved in vulnerability to cancer…Genetic factors contribute to at most 15 percent of mortalities from cancer.”
Current Cancer Statistics  “Dean Ornish of the University of California at San Francisco demonstrated that lifestyle changes in diet and exercise and stress reduction actually modified gene expression deep within cancer cells.”  Relative to men in the West, just as many precancerous microtumors are found in the prostates of Asian men who die before fifty from causes other than cancer. Something in their way of life prevents these microtumors from developing” (8). “In his introduction to the report of the International Agency for Cancer Research, the general director of WHO concluded, “Up to 80% of cancers may be influenced by external factors, such as lifestyle and the environment.” (64) “Cancer is more widespread today in the West and has been increasing since 1940. Hence, we must examine what has changed in our countries since World War II. There is good reason to believe that the sugar boom contributes to the cancer epidemic, as it is linked to an explosion of insulin and IGF in our bodies. Mice inoculated with breast cancer cells have been used to compare the effect on tumor growth of different foods of varying glycemic indices. After two and a half months, two thirds (sixteen) of the twenty-four mice whose blood sugar peaked frequently were dead, compared to only one of the twenty that had been on a low-glycemic-index diet.” (68).
Current Cancer Statistics  “In addition, people with diabetes (characterized by high blood sugar levels) are known to be at above-average risk for cancer.” Example of egg, small changes make a big difference Crime in area arrest all criminals or environmental, poverty, poor education
How a Cancer Cell Survives Low pH (Acidic) Anaerobic Environment (Low Oxygen) Apoptosis (Cell Death) Angiogenisis ( New Blood Vessels) Sugar (Glucose) Impaired Immune System Inflammatory Environment
The Basics of Cancer  Cancer lies dormant in all of us. Cancer cells really do act like armed bandits, roving outside the law. They are unhindered by any of the restraints a healthy body respects. With their abnormal genes, they escape the mechanisms controlling normal, healthy tissues. For example, they lose the obligation to die after a certain number of divisions. They become immortal. They ignore signals from surrounding tissues – alarmed by the overcrowding – that tell them to stop multiplying. Still worse, they poison these tissues with the particular substances they secrete. These poisons create a local inflammation that stimulates the cancerous expansion even more, at the expense of neighboring territories. Finally, like an army on the march seeking fresh supplies, they requisition nearby blood vessels. They force them to proliferate and furnish the oxygen and nutrients needed for the growth of what will soon become a tumor” (32).
The Basics of Cancer three stages of tumor growth – initiation, promotion, and progression – growth of weeds. Initiation is the phase when a seed settles in the soil. Promotion is the phase when the seed becomes a plant. Progression is the phase when the plant becomes a weed, developing beyond control, invading flower beds and garden paths, growing right up to the sidewalk. Initiation – the presence of a potentially dangerous seed – depends largely on our genes and toxins in our environment (radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, etc.). But the seed’s growth (promotion) depends on the existence of the indispensable conditions for its survival: favorable soil, water, and sun. Promotion is reversible, depending on whether the early cancer growth is given the right conditions in which to grow. This is where dietary factors are so important. These dietary factors, called promoters, feed cancer growth. Other dietary factors, called anti-promoters, slow cancer growth. Cancer flourishes when there are more promoters than anti-promoters. Cancer growth slows or stops when the anti-promoters prevail. Even when the nutritional conditions for maximum promotion are present – as is the case in Western diets – it is thought that fewer than one cancerous cell out of ten thousand manages to become a tumor capable of invading tissues. By acting on the soil in which these cancer seeds are deposited, it is thus possible to considerably reduce their chances of developing.
Cancer Feeds On Sugar  “Consumption of refined sugar has skyrocketed. Whereas our genes developed in an environment where one person consumed at most 2 kilograms (4 pounds) of honey a year, human sugar consumption rose to 5 kilograms (11 pounds) a year in 1830 and a shocking 70 kilograms (150 pounds) a year at the end of the twentieth century. The German biologist Otto Heinrich Warburg won the Nobel Prize in medicine for his discovery that the metabolism of malignant tumors is largely dependent on glucose consumption. (Glucose is the form of digested sugar in the body.) In fact, the PET scan commonly used to detect cancer simply measures the areas in the body that consume the most glucose. If a particular area stands out because it consumes too much sugar, cancer is very likely the cause. When we eat sugar or white flour – foods with a high “glycemic index” – blood levels of glucose rise rapidly. The body immediately releases a dose of insulin to enable the glucose to enter cells. The secretion of insulin is accompanied by the release of another molecule, called IGF (insulin like growth factor), whose role is to stimulate cell growth. In short, sugar nourishes tissues and makes them grow faster. Furthermore, insulin and IGF have another effect in common: They promote the factors of inflammation, also stimulate cell growth and act, in turn, as fertilizer for tumors.
Cancer Feeds On Sugar Today, we know that the peaks of insulin and the secretion of IGF directly stimulate not only the growth of cancer cells, but also their capacity to invade neighboring tissues. Moreover, after injecting breast cancer cells into mice, researchers have shown that the cancer cells are less susceptible to chemotherapy when the mouse’s insulin system has been stimulated by the presence of sugar. The researchers concluded that a new class of medications is needed now to fight cancer: medicines that reduce insulin peaks and IGF in the blood.” “In the second half of the twentieth century, a new ingredient took root and spread like a weed in Western diets: high-fructose syrup extracted from corn (a mix of fructose and glucose). Our bodies already had trouble tolerating the refined sugar we were loading up on. Now they were totally overwhelmed by this sugar syrup ubiquitous in processed foods. Removed from its natural matrix (there is fructose in all fruits) and mixed with glucose, it can no longer be handled by the insulin our bodies produce, at least not without collateral damage. It then becomes toxic. “The study, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, concludes that it is not only obesity per se that is a risk factor for breast cancer, but rather high insulin levels that tend to be associated with excessive body weight. The women with the higher insulin levels (and who were not diabetic or taking hormone replacement therapy) had almost twice the risk of developing breast cancer during the follow-up period compared to those whose insulin levels were the lowest.”
Cancer Feeds On Sugar
Cancer Feeds On Sugar The Warburg Effect Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells' metabolism is different than the one of normal adult cells. Normal adult cells use a small energy plant located inside them to produce most of their energy needs from oxygen, this is an aerobic process. In contrast, cancer cells rely mainly on the first part of the energy production process dependant on glucose (sugar), this is an anaerobic process. The anaerobic process is called glycolysis. The paradox is that cancer cells rely on glycolysis even if oxygen is available. This phenomenon is called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect.
Glycolytic Metabolism Glycolysis Normal Cellular Metabolism; Aerobic Glycolysis Kreb Cycle 36 ATP Abnormal Cellular Metabolism; Anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Lactic Acid Increased acidic pH, Fatigue, Undernourished
Inflammation and Cancer “As soon as a lesion – from shock, cutting, burning, poison, infection – affects a tissue, it is detected by blood platelets. As they gather around the damaged segment, they release a chemical substance – PDGF, or platelet-derived growth factor. PDGF alerts the white cells of the immune system. The white cells in turn produce a series of other transmitter substances. They have odd names and many effects. These cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes coordinate the repair operations. First, they dilate the vessels surrounding the damaged site to facilitate the influx of other immune cells called in as reinforcements. Next, they seal off the opening by provoking the coagulation of blood around the built-up pile of platelets. Then they render the neighboring tissue permeable so that the immune cells can enter and pursue the intruders wherever they may be. Finally, they trigger growth of the damaged tissue’s cells. The tissue can then regenerate the missing piece and grow small blood vessels locally to deliver oxygen and food to the construction site.” “Growth of new tissue stops as soon as the essential replacements have been carried out. The immune cells activated to deal with intruders return to their watchful, standby mode. This is an essential step to prevent the immune cells from continuing on and attacking healthy tissue.”
Inflammation and Cancer “National Cancer Institute brought out a report highlighting inflammation research too often ignored by oncologists. The report describes in great detail the processes by which cancer cells manage to lead the body’s healing mechanisms astray. Just like immune cells gearing up to repair lesions, cancer cells need to produce inflammation to sustain their growth. “In the case of normally healing lesions, the production of inflammatory chemical substances stops when the tissue is restored. In the case of cancer, proliferation of these substances occurs continuously. In turn, surplus inflammatory chemicals in neighboring tissues block a natural process called apoptosis – the suicide of cells. Apoptosis is genetically programmed into every cell to prevent anarchy due to overproduction of tissues. Cells naturally enter apoptosis in response to signals indicating that enough cells have been created to form healthy tissue. Thus, at the same time that they stimulate their own growth, cancer cells are also protected from death. It is the combination of these factors that causes the tumor to gradually expand.” By adding fuel to the fire of inflammation, tumors create yet another disruption. They “disarm” the immune cells in the vicinity. In simple terms, the overproduction of inflammatory factors throws neighboring white blood cells into disarray. The natural killer cells and other white blood cells are neutralized. They don’t even try to fight the tumor, which prospers and grows in plain sight
Inflammation and Cancer By encouraging immune cells to produce inflammation, the tumor gets the body to make the fuel needed for its own growth and invasion of surrounding tissues. The larger the tumor, the more inflammation it causes and the better it sustains its own growth If the tumor’s environment is deprived of the inflammatory factors needed for its growth, it will not succeed in spreading. The fact is that these inflammatory factors, these fertilizers for cancer, are provided directly by our diet. Major dietary fertilizers are refined sugars, which drive up proinflammatory insulin and IGF; insufficient amounts of omega-3s and the corresponding excess of omega-6s, which change into inflammatory molecules; and growth hormones (present in meat and nonorganic dairy products), which also stimulate IGF. Conversely, diet may also furnish “antipromoters,” such as all the phytochemical components of some vegetables or particular fruits, which directly counterbalance inflammatory mechanisms. (From Nature, by researchers at the Cancer Research Institute of the University of California at San Francisco)
Inflammation and Cancer Natural killer (NK) cells are very special agents of the immune system. Like all white blood cells, they patrol the organism continually in search of bacteria, viruses, or new cancer cells. But while other cells of the immune system need previous exposure to disease agents in order to recognize and combat them, NK cells don’t need prior introduction to an antigen in order to mobilize. As soon as they detect an enemy, they gather around the intruders, seeking membrane to membrane contact. Once they make contact, NK cells aim their internal equipment at their target, like a tank turret. This equipment carries vesicles filled with poisons. On contact with the cancer cell’s surface, the vesicles are released and the chemical weapons of the NK cells – perforin and granzymes – penetrate the membrane At the core of the cancer cell, the granzymes then activate the mechanisms of programmed self-destruction. It’s as if they give the cancer cell an order to commit suicide, an order it has no choice but to obey. In response to this message, its nucleus crumbles, leading to he cancer cell’s collapse. The deflated remains of the cell are then ready to be digested by macrophages, which are the garbage collectors of the immune system and are always found in the wake of NK cells.” (36)
Inflammation and Cancer Human NK cells are capable of killing different types of cancer cells, in particular sarcoma cells as well as those of breast, prostat“The less active the NK and other white blood cells were under the microscope, the more rapid the cancer’s progress and the more it spread throughout the body in the form of metastases“Cancer cells will flourish only within an individual whose immune defenses have been weakened. It may be primarily the lack of healthy defenses that allows otherwise dormant cancer cells to become aggressive tumors.e, lung, or colon cancer. immune cells (including NK cells and white blood cells targeted against cancer) show that they are at their best when our diets are healthy, our environment is “clean”, and our physical activity involves the entire body (not just our brains and our hands). Immu“Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor. It’s red, it’s swollen, it’s warm, and it’s painful. Beneath these simple outward signs, complex and powerful operations go on.” (41). ne cells are also sensitive to our emotions.
Inflammation and Cancer Picture of Inflammation and Cancer
Angiogenisis and Cancer Cancer cells must have nourishment imported and waste exported. To survive, tumors thus need to be deeply infiltrated with capillaries. But since tumors grow at high speed, new blood vessels must be made to sprout quickly Blood vessels are typically a stable infrastructure. Their wall cells don’t multiply and, except in particular circumstances, they don’t create new capillaries. New blood vessels grow when there is a need to repair wounds and after menstruation. This mechanism of “normal” angiogenesis is self-limiting and firmly controlled. Limits naturally placed on it prevent the creation of fragile vessels that would bleed too easily. In order to grow, cancer cells hijack the body’s capacity to create new vessels for their own use Microtumors cannot change into dangerous cancers without creating a new network of blood vessels to feed them To do so, they produce a chemical substance called angiogenin that forces the vessels to approach them and to sprout new branches. The new tumor cells that spread to the rest of the body – metastases – are dangerous only when they are able, in turn, to attract new blood vessels.
Angiogenisis and Cancer
Angiogenisis and Cancer Large primary tumors send out metastases. But as in any colonial empire, they prevent these distant territories from becoming too important by producing another chemical substance that blocks the growth of new blood vessels – angiostatin. (This explains why metastases sometimes suddenly grow once the principal tumor has been surgically removed.) In addition, it was shown that angiostatin attacked fast-growing blood vessels and didn’t affect existing vessels in the least. Nor did it attack the body’s healthy cells, in contrast to traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Physical Measurements of Aging •Muscle Mass/Strength •Fat Percentage •Blood Pressure •Aerobic Capacity •Basal Metabolic Rate •Bone Density •Temperature Regulation •One-Minute Sit-ups •One-Minute Pushups •Low Back Flexibility •Shoulder Flexibility •Waist to Hip Ratio •Body Mass Index
Physical Measurements Laboratory •Blood Sugar/Insulin •Cholesterol/HDL Ratio ++ •LDL/VLDL •CBC w/ Diff Liver Profile •Cortisol/24hour •DHEA •Hs-C-Reactive Protein •Estrogen/Testosterone •Fibrinogen •Homocysteine •Intrinsic Growth Factor •pH Blood/Urine •TSH/T3/T4/Reverse T3
Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (REQUIRED) Vitamin A (beta carotene) 1,000-5,000 IU Vitamin A (retinol) 500-1,000 IU B1 Thiamine 25-100 mg B2 Riboflavin 25-100 mg B3 Niacin 50-100mg B5 Pantothenic Acid 50-100 mg B6 Pyridoxine 50-100 mg B12 Cyanocobalamin 100-500 mcg Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 1,000-3,000 mg Vitamin D 400-800 IU Vitamin E (mixed tocopheryls) 1,000-2,000 IU Vitamin K 100-150 mcg Bioflavonoids 1000-2000 mg Lutein 8-12 mg Lycopene 5-10 mg Biotin 200-300 mcg Folate 5 Methyl tetrahydrofolate 1000mcg DIET
Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (REQUIRED) PABA 25-50 mg Choline 50-100 mg Boron 3-6 mg Inositol 25-100 mg Calcium 1,000-1,500 mg Chromium 200 mcg Copper 2-3 mg Iodide 150 mcg Iron 10-15 mg Magnesium 500-750 mg Manganese 5 mg Molybdenum 30 mcg Selenium 100-200 mcg Potassium 100-300 mg Vanadium 30 mcg Zinc 10-25 mg DIET Silica 250-500 mg
Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (SUGGESTED) Alpha Lipoic Acid 500mg Co-Enzyme Q 10 100 mg Conjugated Linoleic Acid 500mg DHEA 25-50 mg Garlic (allium) 500 mg Indole-3-Carbinol 300 mg L-Carnitine 500 mg N-Acetylcysteine 500 mg Quercetin 50 mg Silymarin Milk Thistle 200 mg DIET Digestive Enzymes Essential Fatty Acids EPA 300mg DHA 400mg NPA Natural Products Association NSF National Sanitation Foundation TGA Therapeutic Goods Association GMP Good Manufacturing Practices Aspirin 80 mg
Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplements Recommendations Aloe Vera (SUGGESTED) Astragalus (membranaceus) 150 mg Cat’s Claw 200 mg Curcumin 1,000 mg Echinacea (purpurea 80 mg Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Melatonin 2 grams Panax Ginsng 150 mg Reservatrol 50 mg DIET Mushroom (Maitake, Shiitake)
Aloe Vera Anti-Angiogenisis Astragalus (membranaceus) 150 mg Cat’s Claw 200 mg Chinese Skullcap Chinese Wormwood Curcumin 1,000 mg Echinacea (purpurea 80 mg Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) European Mistletoe Green Tea Melatonin 2 grams Milk Thistle Panax Ginsng 150 mg Reservatrol 50 mg DIET Mushroom (Maitake, Shiitake) Quercetin 50 mg
pH of Foods Acid-Alkaline Forming Foods Acid/Alkaline (pH) are the two characteristic conditions of blood and cell solution. Any solution is either more acid or more alkaline. If acidic characteristics dominate, the solution is acid. However, there is no absolute acid or alkaline. An acid solution always contains some alkaline factors, and an alkaline solution always contains some acid factors. Neutrality is an ideal condition in which the amount of acid and alkalinity is equal. It is an ideal state, and not realistic. In reality, what we eat or drink is always more acid or alkaline. ACIDOSIS is not in itself a specific disease; it is a general condition of the blood and is thus the root of many different diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, cancer, tumors and many more. Many people today have this blood condition without knowing about it. ALKALOSIS is not as common as acidosis but indicates an unbalanced blood condition. All natural foods contain both acid and alkaline forming elements. In some, acid forming elements dominate; in others, alkaline forming elements dominate. According to modern biochemistry, it is not the organic matter of foods that leave acid or alkaline residues in the body. The inorganic matter (sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium) determines the acidity or alkalinity of the body luids. Food comparatively rich in acid forming elements are acid forming foods; those comparatively rich in alkaline forming elements are alkaline forming foods. Acidic condition inhibits nerve action, alkalinity stimulates nerve action. One who has a balanced condition can think and act (decide) well.
pH of Foods Acid-Alkaline Forming Foods Cont. A balanced food plan is a great help in maintaining the pH balance of the blood; however it does not reveal results in a day or two. It takes a longer time to show the effect. Cold showers make the blood alkaline, while hot showers make the blood acid. If the blood develops a more acidic condition, then our body inevitably deposits these excess acidic substances in some area of the body such so that the blood will be able to maintain an alkaline condition. As this tendency continues, such areas increase in acidity and some cells die; then these dead cells themselves turn into acids. However, some other cells may adapt in that environment. In other words, instead of dying as normal cells do in a acid environment some cells survive by becoming abnormal cells. These abnormal cells are called malignant cells. Malignant cells do not correspond with brain function nor with our own DNA memory code. Therefore, malignant cells grow indefinitely and without order. This is cancer, and cancer develops in the following stages: 1. Ingestion of many acid forming foods, fatty foods, refined foods, carcinogenic substances such as nitrates, and chemically treated foods in general. X-ray scans contribute even at this stage. 2. Increased constipation. 3. Increase of acidity in the blood. This causes an increase of white cells and a decrease of red cells, which is the beginning of leukemia. 4. Increase of acidity in the extracellular fluids.
pH of Foods Foods may be classified in relation to the metabolic process as acid alkaline. Alkalies are soluble salts and acids are corrosive agents which have trouble combining with other things. A balanced diet contains 20% acid forming foods and 80% alkaline. DIET HIGHLY ALKALINE -Beans string -Banana speckled -Dandelion greens -Dates -Figs/ Prune -Raisins -Swiss chard HIGH ALKALINE -Almonds -Avocado -Banana yellow -Bean fresh -Beet -Blackberries -Carrot -Chives -Cranberries -Endive -Grapes sour -Kale -Peach dried -Persimmon -Pomegranate -Plum -Raspberries -Spinach NEUTRAL OILS -cold pressed -expeller pressed -Almond -Avocado -Coconut -Canola -Cottonseed -Linseed -Olive -Safflower -Sesame -Soy -Sunflower -Walnut
pH of Foods DIET ALKALINE -Agar -Alfalfa -Apple & fresh -Apple cider -Apricot fresh -Artichokes globe -Bamboo shoots -Bean snap -Beans sprouted -Berries most -Blueberries -Broccoli -Brussels sprouts -Cabbage -Cantaloupe -Cauliflower -Celery -Cherries -Chestnuts -Chicory ALKALINE -Coconut milk & fresh meat -Collards -Corn fresh & sweet -Cucumbers -Daikon -Eggplant -Escarole -Garlic -Ginger root -Gooseberry -Grapefruit -Guave -Horseradish fresh & raw -Kelp -Kohlrabi -Leek -Lemon & peel ALKALINE -Lettuce -Lime -Loganberry -Mango -Melons -Milk raw, also acidophilus -yogurt & whey -Mushrooms -Nectarines -Okra -Onion -Oranges -Parsnips -Peach fresh -Pear fresh -Peas, sprouted -Peppers, red & green -Pineapple ripe ALKALINE -Potatoes yellow, red, white, sweet & blue -Prickly pear -Pumpkin -Quince -Radishes -Rhubarb -Rutabaga -Sauerkraut with lemon -Soybeans -Squash, summer -Tamari -Tangerine -Teas herbal -Tofu -Tomato -Turnip -Watercress -Watermelon -Yeast
pH of Foods ACID -Mutton -Peas, dry -Pecans -Plums damson -Pork -Poultry -Tofu fried -Waterchestnuts ACID FATS -Butter -Cream -Margarine -Animal fat -Lard DIET HIGHLY ACID -Alcohol -Artichoke root -Barley -Bread -Buckwheat -Caffeine -Coffee -Corn,dry & products -Custards -Drugs -Flour all -Ginger preserved -Honey -Lentil dry -Mate -Millet -Oatmeal -Peanuts HIGHLY ACID -Rice all -Rye grain -Soy bread -Soy noodles -Sorghum,grain -Squash, winter -Spaghetti & other pasta -Sugar-cane, raw, beet -Tobacco -Walnut, english -Wheat grain ACID -Asparagus -Beans dried -Beef -Cashews -Coconut dried -Cranberry juice & concentrate -Egg yolk -Filbert --Fish all salt & fresh water -Fruit jellies -jams canned sulphured, sugared & dried -Gelatin -Goat meat -Grapes sweet -Milk products & pasteurized
Anti-Inflammatory DIET
Daily Healthy-Aging Diet Recommendations (SUGGESTED) • Water (pure) with Lemon 60 oz/Daily • Diet • 40 % Carbohydrates • 60% Complex Carbohydrates • 20% Fiber • 20 % Sugar (Low Glycemic Index) • 30% Protein • Consider Protein Powder Drink with Full Compliment of Amino Acids • 30% Fat • 80% Unsaturated Fatty Acids • 20% Saturated Fatty Acids •High Alkaline Foods •Lower Daily Caloric Intake •Juicing? DIET •Eat Organic Foods/Wash Fruits and Vegetables
Daily Healthy-Aging Diet Recommendations Foods High in ORAC Scale (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) 3,000/Daily •Wolfberry 25,300 (3.5 oz) •Blueberries 2,400 (3.5 oz) •Garlic 1,939 (3.5 oz) •Spinach 1,260 (3.5 oz) • Thyme Oil 159,590 (3.5 oz) •Reduce Intake Of Soft Drinks/Refined Sugars •Minimize use of Artificial Sweeteners DIET •Eat High Quality Breakfast ½ Hour after Awakening •Eat 6 Small Meals/Day •Fiber Soluble 20g •Fiber Insoluble 10g •Eliminate Allergy Potential Foods
Daily Healthy-Aging Daily Activities Recommendations •Exercise •30 Minutes 5X/Week Aerobic @ heart rate between 80-120 •The ability of a cell to produce ATP (energy) from fat or carbohydrates due to an unlimited supply of oxygen •O2 + Carbohydrates/Fat = ATP (energy) •30 Minutes 3X/Week of Strength Training 70%/1rep •Lack of oxygen prevents the cell from utilizing fat as an energy source. The cell ineffecectively burns carbohydrate. Pyruvate is blocked and lactic acid is produced. •Carbohydrate – O2 = Decreased ATP and lactate •In the absence of O2,fat, Sugar the cell can produce a very fast energy source. The amount of energy produced is very limited and only lasts for seconds Lifestyle
Daily Healthy-Aging Daily Activities Recommendations •Colonics •Proper Dental Hygiene •8 Good Hours of Sleep/Night •Stretch 15 Minutes/Daily •Stress Holmes-Rahe Stress Rating Scale •Deep Breathing Techniques •Meditation •Listen to De-Stressing CD’s •Use Aromatherapy •Think Positive Thoughts •Laugh •Infrared Sauna 30 Minutes/3X/Week •Sea Salt Baths Lifestyle STOP SMOKING
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
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Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?
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Cancer: Are We Losing the Fight?

  • 1. Integrative Health Version 20.14 Cancer Why We Are Losing the Fight & What Can We Do to Change the Outcomes Through Diet, Daily Activities, & Environmental Changes Presented By: Dr Don E. Harris
  • 2. Dr. Don E. Harris Memberships and Associations: • American Academy of Anti Aging Medicine (A4M) • American Academy of Environmental Medicine(AAEM) • American College for Advancement in Medicine (ACAM) • American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) • American Nutraceutical Association (ANA) • American Nutrition Association (ANA) • American Society for Nutrition (ASN) • American Society of Clinical Oncologists (ASCO) • IDEA Health and Fitness Association • Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) • International and American Society of Clinical Nutritionists ( IAACN) • Society for Nutrition Education (SNE) Post Doctural Education: • Post Doc Fellowship: Integrative Cancer Therapy (Current) • Certified Clinical Nutritionist 2014 • Certified Health Trainer • Certified Cancer Exercise Trainer Employment: • University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Oral Biology • Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition, President 25 Years in Practice Specializing in Clinical Nutrition with Emphasis on Integrative Cancer Therapies Education: •Bridgewater State College 1986 BS Biology BS Psychology •National University of Health Science 1992 BS Human Biology Doctor of Chiropractic •University of South Florida MS Integrative Cancer Therapy 2014
  • 3. Disclaimer The information given and discussed at this workshop is for information and research purposes only and is not intended to prescribe treatment.
  • 4. Harris Integrative Health & Nutrition An Integrative Health Care/Clinical Nutrition practice dedicated to assisting clients learn how each individual can alter their Lifestyle to live a L o n g e r / H e a l t h i e r life.
  • 5. The Goal of Today's Workshop 1) Understand the principles behind health issues facing our lives today and our future . 2) How these principles can positively affect our health and well being. 3) Prepare you to make informed decisions concerning your health 4) Not to put you to sleep.
  • 6. Common Conditions 2014 Neurococognitive Disorders Alzheimer's Attention Deficient Disorder Parkinson’s ALS Dementia Stroke Infectious Disorders Viral Bacterial Fungal Parasitic Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Insulin Resistance Thyroid Hormone Replacement Adrenal Dysfunction Hormone Dysfunction Gastro-Intestinal Disorders Crohn's IBS Leaky Gut Dysbiosis Esophageal Reflux Disease Ulcers/Ulcerative Colitis Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis Heart Attack Stroke Systemic Disease Chronic Fatigue Fibromyalgia Autoimmune Arthritis Inflammation Sexual Dysfunction Metabolic Syndrome Cancer
  • 7. Etiology for Most Diseases •Infections •Inflammation •Hypercoagulation •Dysbiosis •Maldigestion •Immune Dysfunction •Hyperglycemia •Allergies •Hormone Imbalances •Oxidative Stress •Angiogenisis, Apoptosis, Immune Function, Inflammation, pH, Free Radicals, Genetics, Altered Detoxification, Hormone Control, Energy Metabolism, Dysbiosis, Cellular Communication , Genetics •Acidosis Physiology Related to the Development of Cancer
  • 8.
  • 9. Linear Approach to Healthcare Symptom Treatment We must begin to approach health care as a web-like environment, and not just a single cause mentality.
  • 10. Web-Like Design Digestion/Absorption Endocrine Dysfunction Immune/Inflammatory Imbalance Detoxification/Elimination
  • 11. Symptom Treatment Symptom Symptom Cause Treatment Treatment Cause and Effect
  • 12. Refined CHO Ingestion Plasma Glucose Insulin Secretion Insulin Receptor Down Regulation Early Death MI Blindness Limb Amputation Inter-Relationships of Disease Blood Lipids Pain CV Risk Insulin Resistance Hypoglycemia HyperInsulinemia Syndrome X Kidney Failure Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Resistance PPAR gamma “thrifty gene Arthritis Serotonin/ Endorphin Receptors Weight Gain Kidney Na Retention Stress CHO Hunger Inflammation Fatigue Depression Hypertension AGE Cancer Dysbiosis
  • 13. Refined CHO Ingestion Plasma Glucose Insulin Secretion Insulin Receptor Down Regulation Early Death MI Blindness Limb Amputation Insulin Resistance Hypoglycemia HyperInsulinemia Syndrome X Kidney Failure Diabetes Mellitus
  • 14. Refined CHO Ingestion Weight Gain Fatigue Depression
  • 15. Refined CHO Ingestion Insulin Resistance PPAR gamma “thrifty gene Arthritis Inflammation Pain Cancer Early Death
  • 16. Toxins 1LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Symptoms Balanced Illness Health
  • 17. Toxins 2LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
  • 18. Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 1LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
  • 19. Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 2LB Inflammation Symptoms Unbalanced Illness Health
  • 20. Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 3LB Symptoms Balanced Illness Health
  • 21. Toxins 3LB Proper Diet, Daily Activities, Environment 4LB Anti- Inflammation Symptoms Pro-Balanced Illness Health
  • 22. More People are Going to Doctors Than Ever Before More people are getting X-rays, diagnostic testing than ever before More people are taking prescription and nonprescription drugs than ever before More surgeries are being performed than ever before
  • 23. More People get Colds and flues than ever before More people have diabetes than ever before More people have pre-diabetic conditions than ever before More people have heart disease than ever before More people have multiple sclerosis, lupus, crohns, RA , IBS, colitis, (auto-immune), than ever before More people have acid reflux ulcers, and stomach problems than ever before More women have menopause problems than ever before More women have more frequent PMS and more severe PMS than ever before More kids have attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity than ever before More people have chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia than ever before More people have insomnia than ever before More people have skin problems than ever before More people suffer from depression, anxiety, and stress than ever before More men and women suffer from sexual dysfunction and infertility than ever before More people suffer from allergies, asthmas, arthritis, migraine headaches than ever before More men suffer from prostate problems and more women get yeast infections than ever before
  • 24. Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900 Infectious Illness Life Expectancy 47 Life Expectancy 78 1.Pneumonia/Flu 2. Tuberculosis 3. Dysentery 4.Heart Disease 5. Stroke 6. Kidney Infections 7. Accidents 8. Cancer 9. Senility 10. Diphtheria 2011 Chronic Inflammation 1.Heart Disease 2.Cancer 4. Stroke 5. Accidents 6. Alzheimer’s 7. Diabetes 8. Pneumonia/Flu 9. Kidney Infection 70% 55% 2.2% 3.Chronic Lower Respiratory Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, 10. Self Harm
  • 25. 65 % of Deaths are Related to Poor Diet, Lifestyle, Environment •Heart Disease 25.6% •Cancer 23.3% •Chronic Lower Respiratory 5.6% •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) 5.3% •Accidents 4.8% •Alzheimer’s 3.2% •Diabetes 2.8% •Pneumonia/Flu 2.2% •Kidney Disease 2.0% •Self Harm 1.5% 54.5%
  • 26. Most Expensive Drugs (Billions) Chronic Disorders • Lipitor $7.20 Cholesterol • Nexium $6.3 Heartburn • Plavix $6.1 Blood Clots • Advair $4.7 Asthma • Abilify $4.6 Antipsychotic • Seroquel $4.4 Antipsychotic • Singulair $4.1 Asthma • Crestor $3.8 Cholesterol • Actos $3.5 Diabetes • Epogen $3.3 Anemia 48 Billion 250 Billion
  • 27. Most Prescribed Drugs (Millions) Chronic Disorders • Hydrocodone (with acetaminophen) 131.2 Pain • Zocor 94.1 Cholesterol • Lisinopril (BP) 87.4 BP • Synthroid 70.5 Thyroid • Norvasc (BP) 57.2 BP • Prilosec (not OTC) 53.4 Antacid • Z-Pak/Zithromax 52.6 Antibiotic • Amoxicillin 52.3 Antibiotic • Glucophage (metformin) 48.3 Diabetes • Hydrochlorothiazide (BP) 47.8 BP 694 Million
  • 28. - The age of a person expressed in terms of the period elapsed from the time of birth. - The age of a person expressed in terms of the physiological maturity of organs and systems. Chronological Age Biological Age
  • 29. 10 Biomarkers of Aging Tufts University Strength Muscle Mass Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR/REE) Fat Percentage Aerobic Capacity Blood Sugar Tolerance Cholesterol/HDL Ratio Blood Pressure Bone Density Temperature Regulation
  • 30. Heredity Heredity accounts for one - quarter of the variation in human life expectancy. The other three quarters of this variation are based on the fact that, after the age of 50 , genetic expression is influenced by lifestyle, environmental, and nutritional factors.
  • 31.
  • 32. The heritability of life span is relatively minor. Our genes alter how our metabolism functions in response to certain environmental and lifestyle factors, which control our disease patterns and and our life expectancy. We Inherit Genetic Tendencies, Not Genetic Certainties. Heredity
  • 33. Organ Reserve: At a younger age organ reserve provides a margin of defense to people exposed to various stress related factors As individuals age they lose organ reserve. A stress related factor can now exceed the ability of the organ to maintain homeostasis. This loss of organ reserve can develop into a pathological process. Organ Reserve Biological Aging
  • 34. Contributing Factors that can Modify Organ Reserve 1 Diet: A) Most RDA’s for vitamins and minerals (cofactors), are inadequate for maintaining organ reserve in today’s environment. B) Proper glucose regulation is a key factor in determining enhanced organ reserve. C) Antioxidants are crucial in preventing free radical oxidative damage especially to mitochondrial DNA. 2 Environment: A) Stress increases production of hormones which can lead to altered cell physiology. B) Anxiety is physiologically similar to stress in it’s response. 3 Daily Activities: A) Increases in muscle mass and aerobic respiration are the two most important controllable biomarkers related to organ reserve. 1) Increase in bone density 2) Decrease in blood pressure 3) Better control of glucose and cholesterol 4) Increase in strength and REE
  • 35. Altered Terrain Two individuals are exposed to the exact same stimulus; bacteria, virus, toxin One individual may develop an adverse response Infection Disease Inflammation One individual may not be affected at all
  • 36. World Health Organization Disability-Adjusted Life Years “The United States spends 3X more per person on health care than any other country, yet in DALE its care ranks in the world.” 24th •WHO scientists have developed a new way of calculating the number of years that a person can be expected to live in full health. •It is known as the DALE (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) system, and gives a truer picture of the health of a country than simply studying death rates. •To calculate DALE, the years of ill-health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from the expected overall life expectancy to give the equivalent years of healthy life. "Basically, you die earlier and spend more time disabled if you're an American rather than a member of most other advanced countries."
  • 37. The Cost of Health Care in the United States Overall Male Female Japan 74.5 71.9 77.2 Australia 73.2 70.8 75.5 France 73.1 69.3 76.9 Sweden 73.0 71.2 74.9 Spain 72.8 69.8 75.7 Italy 72.7 70.0 75.4 Greece 72.5 70.5 74.6 Switzerland 72.5 69.5 75.5 Monaco 72.4 68.5 76.3 Andorra 72.3 69.3 75.2 San Marino 72.3 69.5 75.0 Canada 72.0 70.0 74.0 Netherlands 72.0 69.6 74.4 United Kingdom 71.7 69.7 73.7 Norway 71.7 68.8 74.6 Belgium 71.6 68.7 74.6 Austria 71.6 68.8 74.4 Luxembourg 71.1 68.0 74.2 Iceland 70.8 69.2 72.3 Finland 70.5 67.2 73.7 Malta 70.5 68.4 72.5 Germany 70.4 67.4 73.5 Israel 70.4 69.2 71.6 United States of America 70.0 67.5 72.6
  • 38. The Cost of Health Care in the United States GDP of the United States 14.3 Trillion United States spends 16% of GDP on health care annually United States spends 2.1 TRILLION on health care annually United States spends $7,900/person on health care annually 78%, or $2.1 trillion annually – are for the treatment of preventable, lifestyle related conditions such as type II diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Japan spends 8.2% of GDP on health care annually Australia spends 8.8% of GDP on health care annually France spends 11.2% of GDP on health care annually Sweden spends 9.2% of GDP on health care annually Spain spends 8.2% of GDP on health care annually Obesity $92 Billion 128 million 5.9 trillion/8.2% 483 billion $3,800/person 22.3 million 1.5 trillion/8.8% billion $/person 65 million 2.8 trillion/11.2% billion $/person 10 million 539 billion/9.2% billion $/person 47 million 1.6 trillion/8.2% billion $/person Diabetes $180 Billion Heart Disease $445 Billion Cancer $125 Billion
  • 39. By the Numbers Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 Definitions: Obesity: Having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher. •Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure of an adult’s weight in relation to his or her height, specifically the adult’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her height in meters. •In 1990, among states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 10 states had a prevalence of obesity less than 10% and no states had prevalence equal to or greater than 15%. •By 1998, no state had prevalence less than 10%, seven states had a prevalence of obesity between 20-24%, and no state had prevalence equal to or greater than 25%. •In 2007, only one state (Colorado) had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Thirty states had a prevalence equal to or greater than 25%; three of these states (Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee) had a prevalence of obesity equal to or greater than 30%.
  • 40. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person) 1998 2007 1990 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
  • 41. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) Before1990 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
  • 42. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 1991 - 1998 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
  • 43. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS 1990, 1998, 2007 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 1999 - 2007 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
  • 44. By the Numbers Approximate Grams Potential Calories Carbohydrate Glucose in Blood and Interstitial Fluids 20 Glycogen Liver 85 Muscles 350 80 1,820 340 1,400 Fat (Assuming 15% Body Fat) 10,500 94,500 Protein 10,500 42,000 TOTAL 138,320
  • 45. Height/Weight Based on the North American Association for the Study of Obesity Males 5’ 00” 122 5’ 01” 126 5’ 02” 131 5’ 03” 135 5’ 04” 139 5’ 05” 144 5’ 06” 148 5’ 07 152 5’ 08” 157 5’ 09” 161 5’ 10” 166 5’ 11” 171 6’ 00” 175 6’ 01” 179 6’ 02” 184 6’ 03” 189 6’ 04” 195 Females 4’ 10” 114 4’ 11” 118 5’ 00” 121 5’ 01” 124 5’ 02” 128 5’ 03” 131 5’ 04” 134 5’ 05” 137 5’ 06” 140 5’ 07 144 5’ 08” 147 5’ 09” 150 5’ 10” 153 5’ 11” 157 6’ 00” 161 15%-20% 20%-25%
  • 46. By the Numbers How Many Calories 175 10 1,750 1. _____________ X __________ = ___________________ Unhealthy Weight 10(F) 11(M) Basic Calorie Needs (REE) (B) 1,750 20% 350 2. ____________________ X______________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) % Activity Level Activity Calorie Needs (A) 1,750 350 2100 3. _________________ + ___________________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) Activity Calorie Needs (A) (C) 2100 210 4. ___________X .1 =________________ (C) Digestion Cal (D) 1,750 350 210 2,310 5. ________ + ________ + ________ = ___________________________ (B) (A) (D) TOTAL DAILY CALORIE NEEDS Activity Level Sedentary (20%) Sit, Drive, Stand Light Active (30%) Light Walking Moderately Active (40%) Dance, Exercise 3-4/Wk Very Active (50%) Exercise 4-6/Wk
  • 47. By the Numbers How Many Calories Do You Need? 130 10 1300 1. _____________ X __________ = ___________________ Healthy Weight 10(F) 11(M) Basic Calorie Needs (REE) (B) 1300 20% 260 2. ____________________ X______________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) % Activity Level Activity Calorie Needs (A) 1300 260 1560 3. _________________ + ___________________ = _____________ Basic Calorie Needs (B) Activity Calorie Needs (A) (C) 1560 156 4. ___________X .1 =________________ (C) Digestion Cal (D) 1300 260 156 1716 4. ________ + ________ + ________ = ___________________________ (B) (A) (D) TOTAL DAILY CALORIE NEEDS Activity Level Sedentary (20%) Sit, Drive, Stand Light Active (30%) Light Walking Moderately Active (40%) Dance, Exercise 3-4/Wk Very Active (50%) Exercise 4-6/Wk
  • 48. By The Numbers How Many Calories Do You Need? 1716 Total Daily Calorie Needs (A) __________ 1716 686 171 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 4 = __________________ (A) Calories/Carbs/Day(40%) Grams/Carbs 1716 514 128 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 4 = __________________ (A) Calories/Protein/Day(30%) Grams/Protein 1716 514 57 __________ X ___________________ Divided By 9 = __________________ (A) Calories/Fat/Day(30%) Grams/Fat
  • 49.
  • 50. Sarcopenia •Muscle Loss “ No decline with age is as dramatic or potentially more significant than the decline in Lean Body Mass . In fact, there may be no single feature of age-related decline more striking than the decline in Lean Body Mass in affecting ambulation, mobility, energy intake, intestinal function, overall nutrient intake and status, immune function, inflammatory control.”
  • 51. Health Care Professional Vs. Over the Counter Weight Loss Programs Total Weight Loss Lean Body Mass DSP OTC -11 -13 +4 -11
  • 52. Inflammation •Cancer Inflammation •Chronic Lower Respiratory •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) •Skin problems •Diabetes •Autoimmune Disease •Arthritis •Fatigue •Alzheimer’s Disease •Heart Disease
  • 53. Digestion & Absorption Detox & Elimination INFLAMMATION Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune INFLAMMATION Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction DIET Daily Activities Environment Immune Imbalances Endocrine Imbalances
  • 54. Inflammation Chronic Inflammation Systemic inflammation and the presence of pro-inflammatory proteins circulating in the blood stream, exerting their effects on tissues of the body generally. Acute Local Systemic Chronic
  • 55. Inflammation Definition: a protective response to injury in which blood vessels facilitate accumulation of fluid and leukocytes in extravascular tissue
  • 56. Inflammation Inflammation is divided into acute inflammation, which occurs over seconds, minutes, hours, and days, and chronic inflammation, which occurs over longer times. Acute inflammation is a quick natural response of the host to tissue injuries and certain foreign injurious agents. The response is mediated by neutrophils and certain plasma proteins and other chemicals. The response is aimed at containing the injurious insult and repairing the damage. Neutrophils are recruited from blood to the site of injury in a series of steps beginning with the release of certain substances at the site of injury that help guide the neutrophils exodus. Acute inflammation may last for hours to several days
  • 57. Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Acute Short duration (minutes-days) with emigration of fluid, plasma proteins, and into tissue. Chronic Longer duration (days-months) with tissue accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, & macrophages plus variable proliferation of
  • 58. Inflammatory Markers Chemical messengers that coordinate and mediate the body’s response to injury and foreign invaders. These initial effects of the innate immune system are highly protective and necessary for survival. Chemokines: Chemokines help immune system cells coordinate an attack against a foreign substance (such as a virus) that enters the body. Once a foreign substance has been identified in the body, white blood cells called macrophages release chemokines. The chemokines signal immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes and macrophages, to travel towards the infection and destroy the invading substance. Interferons: Interferons help prevent viruses from replicating inside the body. Interferons stimulate natural killer (NK) T-cells to destroy body cells that have become infected with viruses or cancer. The NK T-cells have pouches, called granules, which are filled with chemicals that destroy infected cells on contact. Interleukins: Interleukins are proteins that help regulate the inflammatory and immune responses by activating the body's white blood cells, such as T-lymphocytes. There are more than 20 known types of interleukins, which each have a unique functio Tumor necrosis factor (TNF): Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a protein that stimulates the destruction of some types of cancer cells in the body. While macrophages are the primary producers of TNF, other cells, including red and white blood cells and cells that line the blood vessels, also release TNF. When cancer cells are detected in the body, TNF is released into the blood. The TNF then binds to the cancer cell, causing changes in the cell that ultimately lead to cell death.
  • 60. Chronic Inflammation •Heart Disease 25.6% 54.5% •Cancer 23.3% •Chronic Lower Respiratory 5.6% •Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) 5.3% •Accidents 4.8% •Alzheimer’s 3.2% •Diabetes 2.8% •Pneumonia/Flu 2.2% •Kidney Disease 2.0% •Self Harm 1.5%
  • 61. Inflammation Your Diet, Lifestyle, and Environment can affect many aspects of your health but most importantly it increases INFLAMMATION in your body
  • 63. Inflammation Bacteria and other pathogens enter the wound Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at the site Mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodialation and vascular constriction. Delivery of blood plasma, and cells to the injured area increases Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade patogens Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair The inflammatory response continues the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired.
  • 64.
  • 65. Chronic Inflammatory Disease Digestion & Absorbtion Detoxification & Elimination Endocrine Imbalances Immune/Inflammatory Imbalances Mouth Stomach Sm/Lg Intestines Liver Pancreas/Gall Bladder Liver & Kidneys Skin Small Intestines Bladder Colon Pituitary Thyroid /Adrenals Testes/Ovaries Pancreas Thymus Lymph Nodes White Blood Cells Macrophages T-Cells Minimal Chewing Digestive Enzyme Deficiency Dysbiosis/Periodontal Disease Leaky Gut Increased Sugar Intake Increased Free Radicals Toxins Decreased EFA’s Stress Exo/Endo Toxins Decrease Vitamin Intake Decreased Mineral Intake Depression/Anxiety Obesity Sexual Dysfunction Kidney/Liver Disease Bowel Dysfunction/Inflammation Cognitive Disorders Arthritis Neuro-Cognitive Disorders Allergies Environment Genetics Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Lung Disease/Pulmonary Dysfunction Diabetes/Metabolic Syndrome Cognitive Disorders Chronic Fatigue/Fibromyalgia Auto-Immune Disease Reproductive Disorders Skin Disorders Osteoporosis Viral/Bacterial Infections
  • 66. Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
  • 67. Common GI Disorders • Acid Reflux (GERD) • Bowel Obstruction • Celiac Disease • Constipation • Crohn’s Disease • Diarrhea • Diverticulitis • Gallstones • Gastritis • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Pancreatitis • Peptic Ulcer • Ulcerative Colitis
  • 68. Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract • Aging also decreases the amount of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach • By the age of 35 most people produce 1/3 the amount of hydrochloric acid • Improperly digested food exists the stomach in an unusable form and can cause bowel dysfunction and dysbiosis DYS ALTERED BIO LIFE
  • 69. Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract • Decreased Digestive Enzymes •Lipase •Protease •Amylase •Altered Gastric pH •Dysbiosis •Bacterial •Parasitic •Yeast •Excitotoxins •Leaky Gut If Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates aren’t broken down properly by digestive enzymes, opportunistic bacteria will benefit
  • 70. Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract •NSADs •Food Allergens •Intestinal Infection •Parasites •Maldigestion •Malabsorbtion •Ingestion of Chemicals •Trauma •Alcohol •Radiation Therapy •Aging
  • 71. Inflammation Via the Intestinal Tract •Processed Foods •High Glycemic Foods •Decreased Protein Intake •Pesticides •Herbicides •Saturated Fats •Essential Fatty Acids •Caloric Intake
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 74. Trans Fatty Acids Found In: French Fries Cookies Candy Cakes Potato Chips Mayonnaise Corn Chips Tortilla Chips Doughnuts Margarine Salad Dressing Deep Fried Chicken •Trans Fatty Acids find there way into brain tissue competing with the essential fatty acid DHA. •Trans Fatty Acid inhibits the brain from producing DHA Schmidt, M., Smart Fats, 2000
  • 75. Partially Hydrogenated Fats •Hydrogenation is the process of forcing hydrogen atoms into the holes of unsaturated fatty acids. •Vegetable oil is too soft for margarine because it is a liquid. Saturated fat is too hard. Margarine requires something in the middle. “ So many different compounds can be made during the partial hydrogenation that they stagger the imagination. The end result is that many of these compounds are toxic to our systems.”
  • 77. Digestive Enzymes Protease Digestive Enzyme that breaks down protein Amylase Digestive Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates Lipase Digestive Enzyme that breaks down fat Pepsinogin, HCL, IF, Mucin, Lysozyme, Secretin, CCK
  • 78. Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
  • 79. For the first time in the history of the world, percent human beings are now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death. In the less than two decades of their use, the synthetic chemicals have been so thoroughly distributed throughout the animate and inanimate world that they occur virtually everywhere. 100
  • 80. Disorders Linked To Toxicant Exposure • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Fibromyalgia • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity • Allergies, Asthma • Atherosclerosis
  • 81. Disorders Linked To Toxicant Exposure • Autoimmune Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases • Endocrinopathies (Hypothyroid) • Reproductive Disorders • Chronic Dermatitis • Neurodegenerative Disorders • Autism • Cancer
  • 82. Common Signs & Symptoms Linked to Chronic Toxicant Exposure • Recurrent headaches • Muscle aching & weakness • Paresthesias and neuropathic pain • Recurrent infections • Infertility
  • 83. Common Signs & Symptoms Linked to Chronic Toxicant Exposure • Marked sensitivity to environmental chemicals, odors, medications, and/or nutritional supplements • Chronic, debilitating fatigue & lethargy • Depression, anxiety &/or mood swings • Cognitive dysfunction (poor memory and concentration; learning disorders)
  • 84. Amount of Toxic Chemicals Released into the Environment Through 1994 •On-Site Land 4 Million Pounds •Surface Water 25 Million Pounds •Air 42 Million Pounds •On-site Deep -well 40 Million Pounds •Total Reported Release 111Million Pounds •Total Estimated Release 2.2Billion Pounds
  • 85. Xenobiotic Exposure • Since WWII, between 75,000 to 80,000 new synthetic chemicals have been released into the environment; less than half have been tested for potential toxicity to adult humans • Over 4 billion pounds of pesticides are used annually in the U.S. This amounts to 8 pounds for every man, woman, and child (EPA’s Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, 1999) • Current law allows 350 different pesticides to be used on the food we eat • The average home contains 3-10 gallons of hazardous materials • 400 synthetic chemicals can be found in the average human body
  • 86. Xenobiotics & Toxicity Center for Children’s Health & the Environment, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine • Drugs are assumed to be toxic & must be proven safe (by FDA standards) before they can be marketed. • There is no single regulatory agency that oversees industrial chemicals to ensure their safety: industrial chemicals are presumed safe until proven hazardous, even though they may have physiological effects that are almost identical to a drug and are often manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. • Any toxicity testing that is done typically involves individual compounds in highly controlled settings and almost never investigates effects of complex mixtures. • Very little post-release safety monitoring occurs.
  • 87. Phase I (Bioactivation) • It is potentially more toxic than the parent toxin and therefore must be converted to a non-toxic, water–soluble molecule as soon as possible. • In addition, this reaction also generates ROS directly as a spin-off product; therefore, dietary antioxidants can help protect tissue from damage that may occur by this reaction.
  • 88. Phase II (Conjugation) • In Phase II the biotransformed toxin is attached to a water soluble moiety via sulfation, glucuronidation, methylation, amino acid conjugation, glutathione conjugation, and acetylation. • These reactions require an adequate amount of cofactors be continually replenished, since they are attached to a toxin and excreted. • A great deal of energy is used and also must be replenished.
  • 89. Balanced & Healthy Detoxification • These two activities (Phase I and Phase II) work in concert, and must be balanced. In particular, Phase II must be able to keep up with Phase I generation of reactive intermediates. • If a reactive intermediate is not immediately conjugated and removed it can act as a ROS and bind DNA, proteins, and RNA, causing irreversible damage to a cell.
  • 90. Detoxification Enzyme Capacity is Highly Variable • Many phase 1 enzymes are induced by their substrates. • These are often xenobiotics. • This leads to more rapid production of reactive intermediates. • Many substances including xenobiotics, drugs and even nutrients (grapefruit) can inhibit some phase 1 enzymes. • This inhibition leads to an accumulation of their substrates in the bloodstream and increased storage in fatty tissues.
  • 91. Phase 2 • Phase 2 enzymes are highly dependent on energy and on adequate dietary protein. • Phase 2 enzymes can be induced by numerous substances found in fruits, vegetables, spices and herbs. • Both phase 1 and 2 are highly dependent on adequate nutritional status for their activity.
  • 92. Causes of Impaired Detoxification: Summary • Overwhelming toxic load exogenous + endogenous) • Impaired excretion (constipation or increased transit time; renal dysfunction) • Inefficient fuels (macronutrient imbalance) • Deficiency of detoxifying substances (antioxidants, cofactors, conjugating agents) • Genetic Variation
  • 93.
  • 94. Why not just fast? • Breakdown of adipose tissue (lipolysis) results in surge of toxins into the circulation further overloading already impaired liver function • Lack of fiber impedes fecal excretion and increases enterohepatic recirculation • Insufficient calories impairs biotransformation (detoxification is highly energy dependent)
  • 95. The Problem with Fasting • Fasting induces phase I enzymes--leading to overproduction of toxic intermediates • Lack of exogenous antioxidants + depletion of endogenous glutathione = inadequate quenching of free radicals • Lack of cofactors impairs phase II conjugation • End result: oxidative stress, inflammation, aggravation of symptoms
  • 96. Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
  • 97. Characteristics that Identify Insulin Resistance •Tendency to gain fat in the upper body •Menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovaries. •Marginally elevated LDL cholesterol. •Marginally elevated blood fats (triglycerides). •Marginally elevated blood pressure •A “sweet tooth.” •Symptoms that resemble hypoglycemia. •A family history of maturity - onset diabetes.
  • 98. Characteristics that Identify Insulin Resistance •Tendency to gain fat in the upper body •Menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovaries. •Marginally elevated LDL cholesterol. •Marginally elevated blood fats (triglycerides). •Marginally elevated blood pressure •A “sweet tooth.” •Symptoms that resemble hypoglycemia. •A family history of type II diabetes.
  • 99. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Whenever we're angry, scared, anxious, or tense, the brain produces cortisol and adrenaline: hormones specifically designed to incite the fight-or- flight response that was once crucial to our survival. Adrenaline's main role is to make you alert and focused, with exceptional concentration and memory. Cortisol helps increase heart and respiratory rates and getting your muscles tensed and ready. Since, physiologically speaking, your body thinks you've run a mile or two or done something active in response to the 'threat', the hormone sends signals to refuel the body as soon as possible. It's a biological green light to indulge in foods loaded with carbs and fat that leads to weight gain in the chronically stressed. It's a vicious cycle of stress, followed by elevated cortisol, followed by that foods you don't need.
  • 100. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation While those physiological processes worked well for our prehistoric ancestors, they're not as useful in a world where physical dangers are seldom. The trouble is, whenever we're stressed these hormones are released into your system. Though adrenaline levels plummet as the stress subsides, cortisol remains in the body much longer. Your liver and muscles are not able to remove the increased blood sugar due to the increased cortisol. This also increases the output of insulin causing a condition known as insulin resistance. Research has found that fat cells deep inside the belly are especially good at attracting cortisol. Simply put, the cascade of responses caused by stress encourages the accumulation of excess 'stress fat', the layer of fat below the abdominal muscle. 'This creates "toxic weight" - or extra fat inside the abdomen - which is the only type of fat on the body associated with death. This type of fat has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and diabetes.
  • 101. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Your liver and muscles are not able to remove the increased blood sugar due to the increased cortisol. This also increases the output of insulin causing a condition known as insulin resistance. Research has found that fat cells deep inside the belly are especially good at attracting cortisol. Simply put, the cascade of responses caused by stress encourages the accumulation of excess 'stress fat', the layer of fat below the abdominal muscle. 'This creates "toxic weight" - or extra fat inside the abdomen - which is the only type of fat on the body associated with death. This type of fat has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and diabetes.
  • 102. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Metabolic Syndrome This state of persistent increased levels of cortisol leads into insulin resistance. This is usually called metabolic syndrome, although some experts call it Syndrome X or prediabetes. Metabolic syndrome begins years before obesity appears; millions of people who are not obese have metabolic syndrome, while nearly everyone who is obese or diabetic has metabolic syndrome.
  • 103. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Insulin resistance occurs when cells become insensitive to the insulin message. When cells don’t respond effectively to insulin, blood sugar is not properly managed, and the pancreas is required to secrete more insulin. When insulin levels in the blood become very high, they influence gene expression, altering cellular effects and promoting accelerated aging. The connection between life span and the hormone insulin is extraordinary. Control of blood sugar and its companion hormone insulin is a major point of investigation because insulin plays a principal role in communicating with the genes and altering their expression
  • 104.
  • 105.
  • 106. Insulin Resistance and Inflammation •36% of HMO expenditures are related to diabetes •Insulin Resistance may affect as many as 25% of the non obese, non diabetic population. 60 million Americans •Annual Morbidity and Mortality of Diabetes in the US •12,000-24,000 new cases of blindness •54,000 amputations •178,000 deaths
  • 107. Carbohydrates and Inflammation How Cellular Energy Comes From Food Carbohydrates Simple (Mono) Simple/Complex (Di) Complex (Poly) Fiber (Cellulose) Energy Glycogen (stored) Triglycerides (liver) VLDL’s Adipose Glucose
  • 108. Carbohydrates and Inflammation Glycemic Index Sugar Fruits Veggies Breads/Cer Beans 20m 30m 40-50m 45m-90m 90m-180m
  • 109. Carbohydrates and Inflammation Types of Food Food Preparation Interfering Factors Inadequate Supply of Dietary Nutrients Depletion of Body Stores of Nutrients Biochemical Abnormalities Pathological Changes in Cells and Tissues
  • 110. Carbohydrates and Inflammation Excess intake of food Increase in blood sugar Increase in insulin production Insulin Resistance ( Syndrome X ) Switched Metabolism Obesity, Fatigue, Cognitive Problems, Diabetes, Cancer, Cardiovascular, AD/HD CHILDHOOD RELATED DISORDERS
  • 111. Carbohydrates and Inflammation Over Consumption of Sugar •Sugar is one of the most important nutrients for bacteria. •If levels of sugar are increased in the GI tract, unfriendly bacteria feast off the sugar which can lead to increased levels of “unfriendly” bacteria in the intestines •Increased bacteria release excess byproducts which can cause gastrointestinal problems and systemic illnesses such as: Heart Disease Arthritis Neurocognitive Disorders Allergies Cancer
  • 112. Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
  • 113. Top Hormones Hormones are chemical substances, produced in the body by an organ or cells of an organ which has a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. •TSH, T3, T4 •Insulin •Glucagon •DHEA •Cortisol •Human Growth Hormone •Testosterone •Estrogen •Progesterone
  • 114. Top Hormones Estrogen Produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands. Stress Adrenal glands stop producing estrogen and produce the stress hormone cortisol. More difficult transition into menopause. May require more medications and early hormone replacement therapy.
  • 115.
  • 116. What Constitutes “Stress? • “Fight or flight” responses; fear, anxiety, worry • •Depression, feelings of defeat or helplessness • •Pain syndromes • •Infection, inflammation • •Hypoglycemia • •Inadequate sleep • •Disrupted light cycles • •Toxic exposure
  • 117. The Stress Response “Overwhelmingly, it is psychological rather than physiologic stress which has the capacity to elevate and maintain the stress response chronicallycausing disease consequences.” Sapolsky, R.M., Stress, Stress related Disease, and Emotional Regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Hand Book of Emotional Regulation. (pp. 606-615).New York, Guilford, 2007
  • 118. The Stress Response • Disruptions in homeostasis (i.e., stress) place demands on the body that are primarily met by the activation of 2 systems:  the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA/HPT) axis  the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) •Stressor-induced activation of the HPA axis and the SNS results in a series of neural and endocrine adaptations known as the “stress response” or “stress cascade.”
  • 119. The Stress Response “Every stress leaves an indelible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a stressful situation by becoming a little older.” Hans Selye, MD, PhD
  • 120. The Stress Response Rapid Pulse Sexual Response/Reproduction General Irritability Dryness of the Throat & Mouth Inability to Concentrate Sleep Disturbances Increase Cholesterol Headaches Decreased Immune Response Fatigue of Unknown Origin Anxiety/Depression Weakness/Dizziness Diarrhea/Indigestion Decreased Testosterone/Estrogen Trembling/Nervous Ticks
  • 121. Stress Response Flight or Fight Syndrome Stress (emotional/Physical) Fight Flight General Adaptation Syndrome
  • 122. Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
  • 123. Sex Hormones It is questionable whether the decline in these hormones to levels that reduce quality of life and functional ability is a natural consequence of aging or as a result of altered gene expression through poor choices in lifestyle, diet and environment.
  • 124. Sex Hormones Estrogen Dominance Cervical Dysplasia Thyroid Dysfunction Uterine Fibroids Fat Gain Risk of Endometrial Cancer Fibrocystic Breast Disease Water Retention Fatigue Risk of Breast Cancer Headaches Depression with Anxiety or Agitation
  • 125. Sex Hormones Why Estrogen Dominance Exists Pesticides Aromatase Hormones in Meat Plastics Premarin Lifetime Estrogen Exposure
  • 126. Sex Hormones Balance Each woman is an individual and hormonal balance must be the ultimate goal. All three major hormones, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone need to be in balance in order for menopause to be a healthy transition rather than a debilitating struggle.
  • 127. Sex Hormones Adrenopause Symptoms Women Versus Men Reduced Libido Reduced Libido Disturbed Sleep Disturbed Sleep Depression Depression Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Irritability Irritability Heart Disease Atherosclerosis Heart Disease Athero Thinning Skin Thinning Skin Fatigue Fatigue Slow Wound Healing Slow Wound Healing Reduced Estrogen/Progesterone Reduced Testosterone Irregular Menstruation Erectile Dysfunction Hot Flashes Ejaculatory Problems
  • 128. Sex Hormones •Like testosterone, estrogens are also growth promoting hormones. •One of estrogens primary roles is the stimulation of growth and proliferation of the endometrial lining of the uterus and cells of the breast in preparation for pregnancy and lactation. •Estrogens accomplish this by stimulating estrogen receptors located on cells at these sites…Estrogens enlarge the pool of target cells that may become cancerous. •Estrogens may also promote the growth of already established cancer
  • 129. Sex Hormones Estrogen Functions Progesterone Functions Secondary Sex Development Prevents Osteoporosis Reduces Hot Flashes Reduces Vaginal Dryness/Thinning Maintains Muscle Mass Maintains Strength Prevents Heart Disease Prevents Stroke Reduces Cholesterol Feeling of Well Being Improves Sleep Improves Concentration and Memory Prevents Alzheimer’s Improves Libido Buttresses the effects of Estrogen Precursor of Sex Hormones Maintains Uterine Lining Embryo/Fetal Survival Protects Against Fibrocystic Breast Diuretic Fat Burning Thermogenisis Antidepressant Facilitates Thyroid Hormone Normalizes Blood Clotting Sex Drive Blood Sugar Support Cancer Protection Endometrial Breast Promotes Osteoblastic Bone
  • 130. Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
  • 131. Adrenal Dysfunction: The Role of Stress
  • 132. Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress/Inflammation • Challenge the body to increase hormones by the use of precursors to increase functional organ reserve. • Depending on what we are thinking or feeling or feeling our mind can change our hormones. • According to Dr. Sears, Control of hormones equates to control of Aging.
  • 133. Adrenal Dysfunction: Pathophysiology • The adrenal glands produce the hormones cortisol and DHEA. • Over secretion of cortisol triggered by daily stress from work, family or other sources can wear down the internal system and • During this process DHEA may be compromised, causing other functions to suffer. cause fatigue.
  • 134. General Adaptation Syndrome Stress controls the release of cortisol Alarm Corticosteroids Resistance Corticosteroids Altered Glucose Tolerance Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Adrenal/Thyroid Dysfunction Sex Hormone Alterations Cholesterol Catabolism Exhaustion The Stress Response
  • 137. THE STEROIDOGENIC PATHWAYS STRESS Cortisol & DHEA derive from the same precursors
  • 138. “Cortisol Steal” When you’re continuously making stress hormones your body will decrease production of sex hormones, as well as aldosterone, this is called cortisol steal. Lower sex hormones will lead to hormonal imbalances such as irregular menstrual cycles, infertility and low libido. Lower aldosterone levels will prevent your kidneys from absorbing sodium and therefore spilling sodium into the bladder. Wherever sodium goes, water follows. This will cause dilute urine and frequent urination, as well as the craving of salt. Higher cortisol levels also block the 5’ deiodinase enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 which is made in the thyroid, to T3, which is converted primarily in the liver and kidneys. When this enzyme is blocked it will increase the production of reverse T3. T3 is the thyroid hormone which has the most effect on the body. Therefore, when cortisol blocks this enzyme it will lower thyroid function, which leads to lower metabolism and weight gain. This could be one of the reasons people have symptoms of a low thyroid, but their TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is normal, as well as T4. The T3 and reverse T3 levels are rarely checked. Stress will also have effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It will decrease hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) and mucus production, slow the motility of the small intestine and increase the motility of the large intestine. When you have a decrease in stomach acid and mucus production, this will decrease the amount of gastric protection of the stomach. The high cortisol levels from stress will decrease immune function, therefore making it a favorable environment for Helicobacter Pylori to proliferate, and causing a gastric ulcer. If the small intestine is slower to recover from stress the motility is impaired and constipation results. When the large intestine is slower to recover from stress, motility is increased and diarrhea results.
  • 139. Adrenocorticol Hyperactivity • Life-saving in the short-term! (catabolism frees up energy reserves) • Persistent cortisol production immune • suppression, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, • central adiposity, hypertension, memory • impairment (hippocampal damage), • hyperlipidemia, impaired hepatic T4 T3 • conversion
  • 140. Adrenal Dysfunction: Pathophysiology Corticosteroids are group of natural and synthetic analogues of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, more commonly referred to as the pituitary gland. These include glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory agents with a large number of other functions; mineralocorticoids, which control salt and water balance primarily through action on the kidneys; and corticotropins, which control secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland.
  • 141. Adrenal Dysfunction: The principal glucocorticoid hormone is cortisol, which regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Specifically, it increases the catabolism or breakdown of protein in bone, skin, muscle, and connective tissue. Cortisol also diminishes cellular utilization of glucose and increases the output of glucose from the liver. Because of their effects on glucose levels and fat metabolism, all the glucocorticoids are referred to as anti-insulin diabetogenic hormones. They increase the blood sugar level, raise the concentration of plasma lipids, and, when insulin secretion is insufficient, promote formation of ketone bodies, thus contributing to ketoacicidosis. Other physiologic processes within the body can occur only in the presence of or with the “permission of€” the glucocorticoids. For example, the secretion of digestive enzymes by gastric cells and the normal excitability of myocardial and central nervous system neurons require a certain level of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids also promote transport of amino acids into the extracellular compartment, making them more readily available for the production of energy. In times of stress the glucocorticoids influence the effectiveness of the catecholamines, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. For example, the presence of cortisol is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress. This particular property of cortisol demonstrates the one identifiable relationship between hormones from the adrenal cortex and those from the adrenal medulla. One of the medullary hormones is norepinephrine, which is secreted in large quantities when the gland is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. Another effect of cortisol is that of dampening the body's inflammatory responce to invasion by foreign agents. When present in large amounts, cortisol inhibits the release of histamine and counteracts potentially destructive reactions, such as increased capillary permeability and the migration of leukocytes. Since the immune responce can damage body cells as well as those of foreign agents, the antiinflammatory protective mechanisms of cortisol help preserve the integrity of body cells at the site of the inflammatory response.
  • 142. Actions of Cortisol – Catabolic • Maintains blood glucose levels during stress reactions (gluconeogenesis) additional glucose to brain, heart, lungs, skeletal muscle. • Promotes hepatic protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis; stimulates protein catabolism elsewhere in body. • Stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis • Participates with aldosterone in Na reabsorption • Anti-inflammatory – downregulates phospholipase A2, inflammatory cytokines • Inhibitory feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary downregulation of CRH and ACTH • Cortisol highest in a.m., with gradual decline over course of day; normal diurnal curve indicates healthy adaptation to stress
  • 143. Actions of DHEA – Anabolic • Prohormone for sex steroids • • Anti-glucocorticoid • • Immune supporting • • Anti-atherogenic, lowers serum triglycerides • • Enhances insulin sensitivity; anti-obesity effect • • Maintains tissue strength and repair, supports • bone density • • Neuroprotective; enhances memory • • Promotes sense of well-being
  • 144. Endocrine Dysfunction: The Role of Stress Sex Hormones Thyroid Adrenals
  • 145. Thyroid Dysfunction: The Role of Stress
  • 147.
  • 148. Signs of Low Thyroid Function • Dry skin, elbow keratosis, brittle nails • Diffuse hair loss • Puffy face, swollen eyelids; edema in legs, feet, hands • Elevated cholesterol, generally LDL • Easy bruising • Prolonged Achilles tendon reflex • Keratoderma • Enlarged thyroid gland
  • 149. Symptoms of Low Thyroid Function • Fatigue, usually persistent, especially on waking; less toward the evening • Cold intolerance, with cold extremities • Slow speech, movement, heart rate • Morning stiffness, arthralgias, muscle pain/cramps, particularly in calves, thighs, and upper arms
  • 150. Symptoms of Low Thyroid Function • Memory concentration problems • Diffuse headache, migraines • Depression; melancholia • Constipation: hard bowel movements and decreased frequency • Low libido • Reactive hypoglycemia
  • 151. Top 10 Signs and Symptoms when Suspecting Suboptimal Thyroid Function • 1. Fatigue • 2. Weight Gain • 3. Feeling Cold • 4. Dry Hair and Skin • 5. Hair Loss • 6. Menstrual Irregularities • 7. Edema • 8. Muscle Aches and Joint Pain • 9. Constipation • 10. Depression
  • 152. Hypothalamus HPA/HPT Axis Liver/Kidney TRH Pituitary TSH 95% T4 Thyroid Gland 5%T3 rT3 T3 85% Cell Nucleus (Inactive) (Active) (5 Deidodinase)
  • 153. Hypothalamus HPA/HPT Axis Liver/Kidney TRH Pituitary TSH 95% T4 Thyroid Gland 5%T3 Stress rT3 T3 85% Cell Nucleus (Inactive) (Active)
  • 154. Digestion & Absorption Detoxification & Elimination Immune Dysfunction Endocrine Dysfunction
  • 155. Causes of a Dysfunctional Immune System •Free Radical Damage •Stress •Too Much or Too Little Exercise •Poor Nutrition •Medications •Toxins •External •Poor Liver Detoxification
  • 156. Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Serum proteins which are induced following contact with antigen. They Antibody bind specifically to the antigen which induced the formation. Are any molecules which are recognized by the immune system and Antigen induce an immune response. In a healthy immune system antibodies are produced in response to antigens entering the body via lungs, digestive tract and skin, or are produced by contact with internal invaders such as cancer cells. In an unhealthy immune system antigens are not fought off and are free to cause damage and cancer cells are not destroyed and could lead to cancer.
  • 157. Auto Immune Allergies Hyper Active Internal Hyper Active External Hypo Active Internal Hypo Active External Cancer Colds/Infections
  • 158. Inflammation & Immune Dysfunction Many Autoimmune Diseases are rare, but together they affect 24 million people in the United States More than 40 autoimmune conditions have been identified. Together they constitute the third leading cause of sickness and death after Heart disease and cancer. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis
  • 159. Free Radicals and Autoimmunity If the organs of your body are not defended by sufficient anti-oxidants against oxidative stress, they lose function over time, and their ability to produce hormones or control immune function is lost. After several years , free radical-induced organ damage can result in the appearance of “twisted molecules”. These unnatural twisted molecules can activate the body’s immune system to combat misidentified foreign invaders, resulting in damage to organs like the thyroid. Jeffrey S Bland, Ph.D.
  • 160. Autoimmunity and Inflammation As one ages with a poor immune system the body can begin to attack itself. •Thyroid As the body begins to destroy this gland, T3 and T4 are diminished. The result is low energy, poor muscle function, altered digestive function, constipation, hair loss, loss of skin integrity, menstrual irregularities and alterations in heart function. This suggests that an important feature of healthy aging is to prevent the body from becoming allergic to itself and from developing autoimmunity.
  • 161.
  • 163. Conditions linked to Food Allergy • Irritable bowel syndrome • Migraines • Auto-immune diseases • ADHD and behavior disorders • Enuresis and incontinence • Joint pains Every receptor found in the CNS is also found on immune cells Every thought and every chemical that effects the CNS will effect the immune system
  • 164.
  • 165. EFA Imbalances & Inflammation Arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease Auto-immune diseases Eczema Asthma Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular disease
  • 166. Omega 6 Fatty Acids Anti-Inflammatory Pro-Inflammatory Eicosanoids Arachidonic Acid Phospholipase A2 NSAIDs Motrin Advil Aspirin Cyclooxygenase (COX) LipoxygenaseA2 Prostaglandin H2 Thromboxanes A2 Prostaglandins PGD2 PGE2 PGF2 Prostacyclins (PGI2 Leukotrienes Liver Spleen Heart Mast Cells Histamine Bronchospasm
  • 167. Major roles of EFAs • Structural components of all membranes – Increased fluidity & permeability – Optimal organelle function • Precursors for eicosanoid synthesis – “Local” hormones – Regulate inflammation • Structural components of all membranes – Increased fluidity & permeability – Optimal organelle function • Precursors for eicosanoid synthesis – “Local” hormones – Regulate inflammation
  • 168. 168 Cell Membranes The fluidity and permeability of membranes is largely determined by the degree of unsaturation of the fats in the membrane phospholipids.
  • 169.
  • 170.
  • 171. Injury Agent, Physical or Chemical Injury to Cell Cell Membrane Damage Arachidonic Acid, Phopholipase A2 EPA PG2, Cyclooxygenase TXA 2 PDGF Platelet Aggregation PG3 TXA3 No Platelet Aggregation Aspirin Binds Cox EPA Competes for Cox
  • 172. Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic Acid Oils of corn, safflower, sunflower, sesame Alpha-linolenic Acid Flax, pumpkin, chia, walnut GLA Arachidonic Acid Animal meat, milk EPA/DHA PGE2 PGE3 IL-1, Il-6 IL-2, PGE 3, PGE 6
  • 173. Ratio Omega 6 Fatty Acid to Omega 3 Fatty Acid 1:1 4:1 45:1
  • 174. Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation
  • 175. Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation O A B AB
  • 176. Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation •The classification of an individual’s blood type is made possible by the fact that blood cells clump together or agglutinate when exposed to specific substances. •Substances on the surface of red blood cells give those cells a unique chemical personality and are responsible for the unique pattern of agglutination that results in blood typing. Manufacture of these substances is controlled by the genes. •These substances that sit on the surface of red blood cells are also found in secretions throughout the body, as well as on the surface of many tissues, such as tissues of the intestinal tract, lungs and liver. •These substances called antigens, are specific proteins that impart a chemical message to the surface of the tissue or in the biological fluids, creating a unique reaction between antigen and the external world.
  • 177. Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation •The classification of an individual’s blood type is made possible by the fact that blood cells clump together or agglutinate when exposed to specific substances. •Substances on the surface of red blood cells give those cells a unique chemical personality and are responsible for the unique pattern of agglutination that results in blood typing. Manufacture of these substances is controlled by the genes. •These substances that sit on the surface of red blood cells are also found in secretions throughout the body, as well as on the surface of many tissues, such as tissues of the intestinal tract, lungs and liver. •These substances called antigens, are specific proteins that impart a chemical message to the surface of the tissue or in the biological fluids, creating a unique reaction between antigen and the external world.
  • 178. Blood Type, Diet and Inflammation Lectins and Inflammation Lectins, abundant and diverse proteins found in food, have agglutinating properties that affect the blood. Agglutinating actions of Lectins gum the works. The connection of food lectins to ABO blood type and disease risk is further amplified when an individual is exposed to potentially infectious bacteria. Bacteria have antigens sitting on their surface, and those antigens can crossreact with either type A or type B blood food lectins. This association indicates; diets that contain lectins that are incompatible with a specific blood type antigen could increase the risk of bacterial adherence to the digestive tract and subsequent infection.
  • 179. Anti-Oxidents & Inflammation Enzymatic SOD Catalase Glutathione Peroxidase Non-Enzymatic Vitamin E Vitamin C Glutathione
  • 180. Anti-Oxidents Antioxidents are plant-based agents from food that act like protectors that neutralize free radicals. They do this by pairing an electron to the outermost shell of the free radical oxygen molecules, which make them harmless. Antioxidents are nutrients like vitamins A, C, E, minerals, and enzymes that can conteract the normal effects of oxidation in body tissues. These along with beta-carotene, luteins, lycopene, and selenim make up the force to rescue healthy cells. By breaking the chain of free radicals or to prevent oxidation.
  • 181. Free Radicals (ROS) Demonstrate Apple Free radicals are atoms with an odd (unpaired number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these Highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction, like dominoes. Their chief danger comes from the damage they can do when they react with important cellular components such as DNA, or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs. To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidents
  • 182. Free Radicals (ROS) Even though some free radical production is normal, things like stress, smoking, exercise, and aging contribute to the production of harmful free radicals. No one can avoid free radicals. It is even thought that free radicals play a part in disease processes like cancer.
  • 183. If the organs of your body are not defended by sufficient antioxidants against oxidative stress, they lose function over time, and their ability to produce hormones or control immune function is lost. After several years , free radical-induced organ damage can result in the appearance of “twisted molecules”. These unnatural twisted molecules can activate the body’s immune system to combat misidentified foreign invaders, resulting in damage to organs like the thyroid. 183 Free Radicals (ROS) White blood cells specialize in producing free radicals which are used in host defense to kill invading pathogens
  • 185. Cancer Cancer is a disease process in which normal cells begin to divide uncontrollably and can spread to healthy tissues by a process called metastasis (transfer of disease from one organ to another not directly connected) 2 Types of Cancer Carcinoma Sarcoma
  • 186. What is the Definition of Cancer Cancer is a disease process in which “normal” cells begin to divide uncontrollably and can spread to healthy tissues by a process called metasisis. Types of Cancer Carcinoma: Generally a cancer derived from epithelial tissue that line or cover body organs. Sarcoma: Generally a cancer of the bone, cartilidge, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective tissue.
  • 187. Causes of Cancer Diet Too many calories/Wrong type of calories Blood sugar/Insulin ratios Insufficient nutrients Lifestyle Stress Obesity/Lack of Exercise Lack of Quality Sleep Environment Air Food/Water Skin Too much exposure to the sun/radiation Genetic Predisposition
  • 188. Current Cancer Statistics “Statistics are information, not condemnation.” 1 in every 2-3 Americans will develop life-threatening cancer. The rates of virtually all cancers are increasing with the exception of lung cancer. In the majority of cases cancer has already spread by the time of initial diagnosis. In just 1 year, more people in the United States die of cancer than the number of US soldiers killed in WWII, Korea, and Vietnam wars combined “American Women’s Health Initiative. This study demonstrated that the link between obesity and breast cancer is dependent on the level of insulin in the blood, and thus the level of sugar in the diet. The study also showed that sugar may be contributing more to cancer than hormone replacement therapy.” “Genes of biological parents who died of cancer before fifty had no influence on an adoptee’s risk of developing cancer. On the other hand, death from cancer before the age of fifty of an adoptive parent (who passes on habits but not genes) increased the rate of mortality from cancer fivefold among the adoptees. This study shows that the lifestyle is fundamentally involved in vulnerability to cancer…Genetic factors contribute to at most 15 percent of mortalities from cancer.”
  • 189. Current Cancer Statistics  “Dean Ornish of the University of California at San Francisco demonstrated that lifestyle changes in diet and exercise and stress reduction actually modified gene expression deep within cancer cells.”  Relative to men in the West, just as many precancerous microtumors are found in the prostates of Asian men who die before fifty from causes other than cancer. Something in their way of life prevents these microtumors from developing” (8). “In his introduction to the report of the International Agency for Cancer Research, the general director of WHO concluded, “Up to 80% of cancers may be influenced by external factors, such as lifestyle and the environment.” (64) “Cancer is more widespread today in the West and has been increasing since 1940. Hence, we must examine what has changed in our countries since World War II. There is good reason to believe that the sugar boom contributes to the cancer epidemic, as it is linked to an explosion of insulin and IGF in our bodies. Mice inoculated with breast cancer cells have been used to compare the effect on tumor growth of different foods of varying glycemic indices. After two and a half months, two thirds (sixteen) of the twenty-four mice whose blood sugar peaked frequently were dead, compared to only one of the twenty that had been on a low-glycemic-index diet.” (68).
  • 190. Current Cancer Statistics  “In addition, people with diabetes (characterized by high blood sugar levels) are known to be at above-average risk for cancer.” Example of egg, small changes make a big difference Crime in area arrest all criminals or environmental, poverty, poor education
  • 191. How a Cancer Cell Survives Low pH (Acidic) Anaerobic Environment (Low Oxygen) Apoptosis (Cell Death) Angiogenisis ( New Blood Vessels) Sugar (Glucose) Impaired Immune System Inflammatory Environment
  • 192. The Basics of Cancer  Cancer lies dormant in all of us. Cancer cells really do act like armed bandits, roving outside the law. They are unhindered by any of the restraints a healthy body respects. With their abnormal genes, they escape the mechanisms controlling normal, healthy tissues. For example, they lose the obligation to die after a certain number of divisions. They become immortal. They ignore signals from surrounding tissues – alarmed by the overcrowding – that tell them to stop multiplying. Still worse, they poison these tissues with the particular substances they secrete. These poisons create a local inflammation that stimulates the cancerous expansion even more, at the expense of neighboring territories. Finally, like an army on the march seeking fresh supplies, they requisition nearby blood vessels. They force them to proliferate and furnish the oxygen and nutrients needed for the growth of what will soon become a tumor” (32).
  • 193. The Basics of Cancer three stages of tumor growth – initiation, promotion, and progression – growth of weeds. Initiation is the phase when a seed settles in the soil. Promotion is the phase when the seed becomes a plant. Progression is the phase when the plant becomes a weed, developing beyond control, invading flower beds and garden paths, growing right up to the sidewalk. Initiation – the presence of a potentially dangerous seed – depends largely on our genes and toxins in our environment (radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, etc.). But the seed’s growth (promotion) depends on the existence of the indispensable conditions for its survival: favorable soil, water, and sun. Promotion is reversible, depending on whether the early cancer growth is given the right conditions in which to grow. This is where dietary factors are so important. These dietary factors, called promoters, feed cancer growth. Other dietary factors, called anti-promoters, slow cancer growth. Cancer flourishes when there are more promoters than anti-promoters. Cancer growth slows or stops when the anti-promoters prevail. Even when the nutritional conditions for maximum promotion are present – as is the case in Western diets – it is thought that fewer than one cancerous cell out of ten thousand manages to become a tumor capable of invading tissues. By acting on the soil in which these cancer seeds are deposited, it is thus possible to considerably reduce their chances of developing.
  • 194. Cancer Feeds On Sugar  “Consumption of refined sugar has skyrocketed. Whereas our genes developed in an environment where one person consumed at most 2 kilograms (4 pounds) of honey a year, human sugar consumption rose to 5 kilograms (11 pounds) a year in 1830 and a shocking 70 kilograms (150 pounds) a year at the end of the twentieth century. The German biologist Otto Heinrich Warburg won the Nobel Prize in medicine for his discovery that the metabolism of malignant tumors is largely dependent on glucose consumption. (Glucose is the form of digested sugar in the body.) In fact, the PET scan commonly used to detect cancer simply measures the areas in the body that consume the most glucose. If a particular area stands out because it consumes too much sugar, cancer is very likely the cause. When we eat sugar or white flour – foods with a high “glycemic index” – blood levels of glucose rise rapidly. The body immediately releases a dose of insulin to enable the glucose to enter cells. The secretion of insulin is accompanied by the release of another molecule, called IGF (insulin like growth factor), whose role is to stimulate cell growth. In short, sugar nourishes tissues and makes them grow faster. Furthermore, insulin and IGF have another effect in common: They promote the factors of inflammation, also stimulate cell growth and act, in turn, as fertilizer for tumors.
  • 195. Cancer Feeds On Sugar Today, we know that the peaks of insulin and the secretion of IGF directly stimulate not only the growth of cancer cells, but also their capacity to invade neighboring tissues. Moreover, after injecting breast cancer cells into mice, researchers have shown that the cancer cells are less susceptible to chemotherapy when the mouse’s insulin system has been stimulated by the presence of sugar. The researchers concluded that a new class of medications is needed now to fight cancer: medicines that reduce insulin peaks and IGF in the blood.” “In the second half of the twentieth century, a new ingredient took root and spread like a weed in Western diets: high-fructose syrup extracted from corn (a mix of fructose and glucose). Our bodies already had trouble tolerating the refined sugar we were loading up on. Now they were totally overwhelmed by this sugar syrup ubiquitous in processed foods. Removed from its natural matrix (there is fructose in all fruits) and mixed with glucose, it can no longer be handled by the insulin our bodies produce, at least not without collateral damage. It then becomes toxic. “The study, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, concludes that it is not only obesity per se that is a risk factor for breast cancer, but rather high insulin levels that tend to be associated with excessive body weight. The women with the higher insulin levels (and who were not diabetic or taking hormone replacement therapy) had almost twice the risk of developing breast cancer during the follow-up period compared to those whose insulin levels were the lowest.”
  • 196. Cancer Feeds On Sugar
  • 197. Cancer Feeds On Sugar The Warburg Effect Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells' metabolism is different than the one of normal adult cells. Normal adult cells use a small energy plant located inside them to produce most of their energy needs from oxygen, this is an aerobic process. In contrast, cancer cells rely mainly on the first part of the energy production process dependant on glucose (sugar), this is an anaerobic process. The anaerobic process is called glycolysis. The paradox is that cancer cells rely on glycolysis even if oxygen is available. This phenomenon is called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect.
  • 198. Glycolytic Metabolism Glycolysis Normal Cellular Metabolism; Aerobic Glycolysis Kreb Cycle 36 ATP Abnormal Cellular Metabolism; Anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Lactic Acid Increased acidic pH, Fatigue, Undernourished
  • 199. Inflammation and Cancer “As soon as a lesion – from shock, cutting, burning, poison, infection – affects a tissue, it is detected by blood platelets. As they gather around the damaged segment, they release a chemical substance – PDGF, or platelet-derived growth factor. PDGF alerts the white cells of the immune system. The white cells in turn produce a series of other transmitter substances. They have odd names and many effects. These cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes coordinate the repair operations. First, they dilate the vessels surrounding the damaged site to facilitate the influx of other immune cells called in as reinforcements. Next, they seal off the opening by provoking the coagulation of blood around the built-up pile of platelets. Then they render the neighboring tissue permeable so that the immune cells can enter and pursue the intruders wherever they may be. Finally, they trigger growth of the damaged tissue’s cells. The tissue can then regenerate the missing piece and grow small blood vessels locally to deliver oxygen and food to the construction site.” “Growth of new tissue stops as soon as the essential replacements have been carried out. The immune cells activated to deal with intruders return to their watchful, standby mode. This is an essential step to prevent the immune cells from continuing on and attacking healthy tissue.”
  • 200. Inflammation and Cancer “National Cancer Institute brought out a report highlighting inflammation research too often ignored by oncologists. The report describes in great detail the processes by which cancer cells manage to lead the body’s healing mechanisms astray. Just like immune cells gearing up to repair lesions, cancer cells need to produce inflammation to sustain their growth. “In the case of normally healing lesions, the production of inflammatory chemical substances stops when the tissue is restored. In the case of cancer, proliferation of these substances occurs continuously. In turn, surplus inflammatory chemicals in neighboring tissues block a natural process called apoptosis – the suicide of cells. Apoptosis is genetically programmed into every cell to prevent anarchy due to overproduction of tissues. Cells naturally enter apoptosis in response to signals indicating that enough cells have been created to form healthy tissue. Thus, at the same time that they stimulate their own growth, cancer cells are also protected from death. It is the combination of these factors that causes the tumor to gradually expand.” By adding fuel to the fire of inflammation, tumors create yet another disruption. They “disarm” the immune cells in the vicinity. In simple terms, the overproduction of inflammatory factors throws neighboring white blood cells into disarray. The natural killer cells and other white blood cells are neutralized. They don’t even try to fight the tumor, which prospers and grows in plain sight
  • 201. Inflammation and Cancer By encouraging immune cells to produce inflammation, the tumor gets the body to make the fuel needed for its own growth and invasion of surrounding tissues. The larger the tumor, the more inflammation it causes and the better it sustains its own growth If the tumor’s environment is deprived of the inflammatory factors needed for its growth, it will not succeed in spreading. The fact is that these inflammatory factors, these fertilizers for cancer, are provided directly by our diet. Major dietary fertilizers are refined sugars, which drive up proinflammatory insulin and IGF; insufficient amounts of omega-3s and the corresponding excess of omega-6s, which change into inflammatory molecules; and growth hormones (present in meat and nonorganic dairy products), which also stimulate IGF. Conversely, diet may also furnish “antipromoters,” such as all the phytochemical components of some vegetables or particular fruits, which directly counterbalance inflammatory mechanisms. (From Nature, by researchers at the Cancer Research Institute of the University of California at San Francisco)
  • 202. Inflammation and Cancer Natural killer (NK) cells are very special agents of the immune system. Like all white blood cells, they patrol the organism continually in search of bacteria, viruses, or new cancer cells. But while other cells of the immune system need previous exposure to disease agents in order to recognize and combat them, NK cells don’t need prior introduction to an antigen in order to mobilize. As soon as they detect an enemy, they gather around the intruders, seeking membrane to membrane contact. Once they make contact, NK cells aim their internal equipment at their target, like a tank turret. This equipment carries vesicles filled with poisons. On contact with the cancer cell’s surface, the vesicles are released and the chemical weapons of the NK cells – perforin and granzymes – penetrate the membrane At the core of the cancer cell, the granzymes then activate the mechanisms of programmed self-destruction. It’s as if they give the cancer cell an order to commit suicide, an order it has no choice but to obey. In response to this message, its nucleus crumbles, leading to he cancer cell’s collapse. The deflated remains of the cell are then ready to be digested by macrophages, which are the garbage collectors of the immune system and are always found in the wake of NK cells.” (36)
  • 203. Inflammation and Cancer Human NK cells are capable of killing different types of cancer cells, in particular sarcoma cells as well as those of breast, prostat“The less active the NK and other white blood cells were under the microscope, the more rapid the cancer’s progress and the more it spread throughout the body in the form of metastases“Cancer cells will flourish only within an individual whose immune defenses have been weakened. It may be primarily the lack of healthy defenses that allows otherwise dormant cancer cells to become aggressive tumors.e, lung, or colon cancer. immune cells (including NK cells and white blood cells targeted against cancer) show that they are at their best when our diets are healthy, our environment is “clean”, and our physical activity involves the entire body (not just our brains and our hands). Immu“Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor. It’s red, it’s swollen, it’s warm, and it’s painful. Beneath these simple outward signs, complex and powerful operations go on.” (41). ne cells are also sensitive to our emotions.
  • 204. Inflammation and Cancer Picture of Inflammation and Cancer
  • 205. Angiogenisis and Cancer Cancer cells must have nourishment imported and waste exported. To survive, tumors thus need to be deeply infiltrated with capillaries. But since tumors grow at high speed, new blood vessels must be made to sprout quickly Blood vessels are typically a stable infrastructure. Their wall cells don’t multiply and, except in particular circumstances, they don’t create new capillaries. New blood vessels grow when there is a need to repair wounds and after menstruation. This mechanism of “normal” angiogenesis is self-limiting and firmly controlled. Limits naturally placed on it prevent the creation of fragile vessels that would bleed too easily. In order to grow, cancer cells hijack the body’s capacity to create new vessels for their own use Microtumors cannot change into dangerous cancers without creating a new network of blood vessels to feed them To do so, they produce a chemical substance called angiogenin that forces the vessels to approach them and to sprout new branches. The new tumor cells that spread to the rest of the body – metastases – are dangerous only when they are able, in turn, to attract new blood vessels.
  • 207. Angiogenisis and Cancer Large primary tumors send out metastases. But as in any colonial empire, they prevent these distant territories from becoming too important by producing another chemical substance that blocks the growth of new blood vessels – angiostatin. (This explains why metastases sometimes suddenly grow once the principal tumor has been surgically removed.) In addition, it was shown that angiostatin attacked fast-growing blood vessels and didn’t affect existing vessels in the least. Nor did it attack the body’s healthy cells, in contrast to traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • 208. Physical Measurements of Aging •Muscle Mass/Strength •Fat Percentage •Blood Pressure •Aerobic Capacity •Basal Metabolic Rate •Bone Density •Temperature Regulation •One-Minute Sit-ups •One-Minute Pushups •Low Back Flexibility •Shoulder Flexibility •Waist to Hip Ratio •Body Mass Index
  • 209. Physical Measurements Laboratory •Blood Sugar/Insulin •Cholesterol/HDL Ratio ++ •LDL/VLDL •CBC w/ Diff Liver Profile •Cortisol/24hour •DHEA •Hs-C-Reactive Protein •Estrogen/Testosterone •Fibrinogen •Homocysteine •Intrinsic Growth Factor •pH Blood/Urine •TSH/T3/T4/Reverse T3
  • 210. Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (REQUIRED) Vitamin A (beta carotene) 1,000-5,000 IU Vitamin A (retinol) 500-1,000 IU B1 Thiamine 25-100 mg B2 Riboflavin 25-100 mg B3 Niacin 50-100mg B5 Pantothenic Acid 50-100 mg B6 Pyridoxine 50-100 mg B12 Cyanocobalamin 100-500 mcg Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 1,000-3,000 mg Vitamin D 400-800 IU Vitamin E (mixed tocopheryls) 1,000-2,000 IU Vitamin K 100-150 mcg Bioflavonoids 1000-2000 mg Lutein 8-12 mg Lycopene 5-10 mg Biotin 200-300 mcg Folate 5 Methyl tetrahydrofolate 1000mcg DIET
  • 211. Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (REQUIRED) PABA 25-50 mg Choline 50-100 mg Boron 3-6 mg Inositol 25-100 mg Calcium 1,000-1,500 mg Chromium 200 mcg Copper 2-3 mg Iodide 150 mcg Iron 10-15 mg Magnesium 500-750 mg Manganese 5 mg Molybdenum 30 mcg Selenium 100-200 mcg Potassium 100-300 mg Vanadium 30 mcg Zinc 10-25 mg DIET Silica 250-500 mg
  • 212. Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Recommendations (SUGGESTED) Alpha Lipoic Acid 500mg Co-Enzyme Q 10 100 mg Conjugated Linoleic Acid 500mg DHEA 25-50 mg Garlic (allium) 500 mg Indole-3-Carbinol 300 mg L-Carnitine 500 mg N-Acetylcysteine 500 mg Quercetin 50 mg Silymarin Milk Thistle 200 mg DIET Digestive Enzymes Essential Fatty Acids EPA 300mg DHA 400mg NPA Natural Products Association NSF National Sanitation Foundation TGA Therapeutic Goods Association GMP Good Manufacturing Practices Aspirin 80 mg
  • 213. Daily Anti-Inflammatory Supplements Recommendations Aloe Vera (SUGGESTED) Astragalus (membranaceus) 150 mg Cat’s Claw 200 mg Curcumin 1,000 mg Echinacea (purpurea 80 mg Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Melatonin 2 grams Panax Ginsng 150 mg Reservatrol 50 mg DIET Mushroom (Maitake, Shiitake)
  • 214. Aloe Vera Anti-Angiogenisis Astragalus (membranaceus) 150 mg Cat’s Claw 200 mg Chinese Skullcap Chinese Wormwood Curcumin 1,000 mg Echinacea (purpurea 80 mg Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) European Mistletoe Green Tea Melatonin 2 grams Milk Thistle Panax Ginsng 150 mg Reservatrol 50 mg DIET Mushroom (Maitake, Shiitake) Quercetin 50 mg
  • 215. pH of Foods Acid-Alkaline Forming Foods Acid/Alkaline (pH) are the two characteristic conditions of blood and cell solution. Any solution is either more acid or more alkaline. If acidic characteristics dominate, the solution is acid. However, there is no absolute acid or alkaline. An acid solution always contains some alkaline factors, and an alkaline solution always contains some acid factors. Neutrality is an ideal condition in which the amount of acid and alkalinity is equal. It is an ideal state, and not realistic. In reality, what we eat or drink is always more acid or alkaline. ACIDOSIS is not in itself a specific disease; it is a general condition of the blood and is thus the root of many different diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, cancer, tumors and many more. Many people today have this blood condition without knowing about it. ALKALOSIS is not as common as acidosis but indicates an unbalanced blood condition. All natural foods contain both acid and alkaline forming elements. In some, acid forming elements dominate; in others, alkaline forming elements dominate. According to modern biochemistry, it is not the organic matter of foods that leave acid or alkaline residues in the body. The inorganic matter (sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium) determines the acidity or alkalinity of the body luids. Food comparatively rich in acid forming elements are acid forming foods; those comparatively rich in alkaline forming elements are alkaline forming foods. Acidic condition inhibits nerve action, alkalinity stimulates nerve action. One who has a balanced condition can think and act (decide) well.
  • 216. pH of Foods Acid-Alkaline Forming Foods Cont. A balanced food plan is a great help in maintaining the pH balance of the blood; however it does not reveal results in a day or two. It takes a longer time to show the effect. Cold showers make the blood alkaline, while hot showers make the blood acid. If the blood develops a more acidic condition, then our body inevitably deposits these excess acidic substances in some area of the body such so that the blood will be able to maintain an alkaline condition. As this tendency continues, such areas increase in acidity and some cells die; then these dead cells themselves turn into acids. However, some other cells may adapt in that environment. In other words, instead of dying as normal cells do in a acid environment some cells survive by becoming abnormal cells. These abnormal cells are called malignant cells. Malignant cells do not correspond with brain function nor with our own DNA memory code. Therefore, malignant cells grow indefinitely and without order. This is cancer, and cancer develops in the following stages: 1. Ingestion of many acid forming foods, fatty foods, refined foods, carcinogenic substances such as nitrates, and chemically treated foods in general. X-ray scans contribute even at this stage. 2. Increased constipation. 3. Increase of acidity in the blood. This causes an increase of white cells and a decrease of red cells, which is the beginning of leukemia. 4. Increase of acidity in the extracellular fluids.
  • 217. pH of Foods Foods may be classified in relation to the metabolic process as acid alkaline. Alkalies are soluble salts and acids are corrosive agents which have trouble combining with other things. A balanced diet contains 20% acid forming foods and 80% alkaline. DIET HIGHLY ALKALINE -Beans string -Banana speckled -Dandelion greens -Dates -Figs/ Prune -Raisins -Swiss chard HIGH ALKALINE -Almonds -Avocado -Banana yellow -Bean fresh -Beet -Blackberries -Carrot -Chives -Cranberries -Endive -Grapes sour -Kale -Peach dried -Persimmon -Pomegranate -Plum -Raspberries -Spinach NEUTRAL OILS -cold pressed -expeller pressed -Almond -Avocado -Coconut -Canola -Cottonseed -Linseed -Olive -Safflower -Sesame -Soy -Sunflower -Walnut
  • 218. pH of Foods DIET ALKALINE -Agar -Alfalfa -Apple & fresh -Apple cider -Apricot fresh -Artichokes globe -Bamboo shoots -Bean snap -Beans sprouted -Berries most -Blueberries -Broccoli -Brussels sprouts -Cabbage -Cantaloupe -Cauliflower -Celery -Cherries -Chestnuts -Chicory ALKALINE -Coconut milk & fresh meat -Collards -Corn fresh & sweet -Cucumbers -Daikon -Eggplant -Escarole -Garlic -Ginger root -Gooseberry -Grapefruit -Guave -Horseradish fresh & raw -Kelp -Kohlrabi -Leek -Lemon & peel ALKALINE -Lettuce -Lime -Loganberry -Mango -Melons -Milk raw, also acidophilus -yogurt & whey -Mushrooms -Nectarines -Okra -Onion -Oranges -Parsnips -Peach fresh -Pear fresh -Peas, sprouted -Peppers, red & green -Pineapple ripe ALKALINE -Potatoes yellow, red, white, sweet & blue -Prickly pear -Pumpkin -Quince -Radishes -Rhubarb -Rutabaga -Sauerkraut with lemon -Soybeans -Squash, summer -Tamari -Tangerine -Teas herbal -Tofu -Tomato -Turnip -Watercress -Watermelon -Yeast
  • 219. pH of Foods ACID -Mutton -Peas, dry -Pecans -Plums damson -Pork -Poultry -Tofu fried -Waterchestnuts ACID FATS -Butter -Cream -Margarine -Animal fat -Lard DIET HIGHLY ACID -Alcohol -Artichoke root -Barley -Bread -Buckwheat -Caffeine -Coffee -Corn,dry & products -Custards -Drugs -Flour all -Ginger preserved -Honey -Lentil dry -Mate -Millet -Oatmeal -Peanuts HIGHLY ACID -Rice all -Rye grain -Soy bread -Soy noodles -Sorghum,grain -Squash, winter -Spaghetti & other pasta -Sugar-cane, raw, beet -Tobacco -Walnut, english -Wheat grain ACID -Asparagus -Beans dried -Beef -Cashews -Coconut dried -Cranberry juice & concentrate -Egg yolk -Filbert --Fish all salt & fresh water -Fruit jellies -jams canned sulphured, sugared & dried -Gelatin -Goat meat -Grapes sweet -Milk products & pasteurized
  • 221. Daily Healthy-Aging Diet Recommendations (SUGGESTED) • Water (pure) with Lemon 60 oz/Daily • Diet • 40 % Carbohydrates • 60% Complex Carbohydrates • 20% Fiber • 20 % Sugar (Low Glycemic Index) • 30% Protein • Consider Protein Powder Drink with Full Compliment of Amino Acids • 30% Fat • 80% Unsaturated Fatty Acids • 20% Saturated Fatty Acids •High Alkaline Foods •Lower Daily Caloric Intake •Juicing? DIET •Eat Organic Foods/Wash Fruits and Vegetables
  • 222. Daily Healthy-Aging Diet Recommendations Foods High in ORAC Scale (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) 3,000/Daily •Wolfberry 25,300 (3.5 oz) •Blueberries 2,400 (3.5 oz) •Garlic 1,939 (3.5 oz) •Spinach 1,260 (3.5 oz) • Thyme Oil 159,590 (3.5 oz) •Reduce Intake Of Soft Drinks/Refined Sugars •Minimize use of Artificial Sweeteners DIET •Eat High Quality Breakfast ½ Hour after Awakening •Eat 6 Small Meals/Day •Fiber Soluble 20g •Fiber Insoluble 10g •Eliminate Allergy Potential Foods
  • 223. Daily Healthy-Aging Daily Activities Recommendations •Exercise •30 Minutes 5X/Week Aerobic @ heart rate between 80-120 •The ability of a cell to produce ATP (energy) from fat or carbohydrates due to an unlimited supply of oxygen •O2 + Carbohydrates/Fat = ATP (energy) •30 Minutes 3X/Week of Strength Training 70%/1rep •Lack of oxygen prevents the cell from utilizing fat as an energy source. The cell ineffecectively burns carbohydrate. Pyruvate is blocked and lactic acid is produced. •Carbohydrate – O2 = Decreased ATP and lactate •In the absence of O2,fat, Sugar the cell can produce a very fast energy source. The amount of energy produced is very limited and only lasts for seconds Lifestyle
  • 224. Daily Healthy-Aging Daily Activities Recommendations •Colonics •Proper Dental Hygiene •8 Good Hours of Sleep/Night •Stretch 15 Minutes/Daily •Stress Holmes-Rahe Stress Rating Scale •Deep Breathing Techniques •Meditation •Listen to De-Stressing CD’s •Use Aromatherapy •Think Positive Thoughts •Laugh •Infrared Sauna 30 Minutes/3X/Week •Sea Salt Baths Lifestyle STOP SMOKING